JANE'SLAND-BASEDAIR DEFENCE

1992-93Edited by Tony Cullen and Christopher F Fiss

Upgrade kits for fire control systems.Experience tells us that fire control systems from the70's and earlier simply don't deliver the performanceaccuracy of today's modern systems. Many of these sys-tems are being scrapped and replaced with new ones.

Stop, wait a minute ! Don't throw away a perfectlygood system when it can be upgraded to work like new.Thanks to a joint venture between NobelTech andTERMA, upgrade kits are now available for ageing anti-aircraft fire control systems as well as artillery and navyfire control systems.

Each upgrade kit includes a new computer, new dis-plays and a new Ku-band frequency agility radar with

MTI capability. These improvements will boost the hitprobability, cut the reaction time and increase theECCM capability. And if you've been plagued by pooravailability in the past, we can guarantee an MTBF ofmore than 1 ,000 hours for our upgrade kits.

Price considerations are overwhelmingly in favourof upgrading, as a new system offering comparable per-formance costs three to four times as much.

For additional information on what our upgradeconcept can offer you in the way of better performanceat an affordable price, give us a call.

Eg NobelTechNobel Industries

NobelTech Electronics AB. S- 175 88 Jarfalla, Sweden. Tel: +46 758 10000. Fax: +46 758 32244.(As of April l.Tel: + 468580 84000. Fax:+46 858032244)

#}l. fj

(S-0C+K

FLYCATCHER

AAL LOW-LADAR AND FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM

Rapid, deployment

Flycatcher is Signaal's mobilcLLAD system for all-weather point and area defence against any target, fromhigh-speed aircraft to hovering helicopters and even toterfaip-fpllowing missiles. Flycatcher copes with ,the airthreat as expected for the' year 2000. and beyond.The system requires little time for deployment,.From a moving condition, it only takes a few minutesto get Flycatcher operationally ready; furthermore,reaction time is extremely short. wklJ^Mik.'

Hollandse Signaalapparaten B.V. P.O. Box 42 7550 GD Hengelo Ov The Netherlands

Multiple weapon control

Flycatcher is capable of controlling various types ofmedium -calibre guns, surface-to-air missile launchers, ora combination of both. Furthermore, Flycatcher cansupply additional, stand-alone weapon sites with earlywarning, alerting and cueing data via a data link, thusextending area coverage.Flycatcher's high reliability and accurate search andtrack radars guaranee,

Nexcellent performance during

night and day and against any air threat.

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IAT SYSTEMS

F2fc 10/91

S71 1 Gap FillerRadar

MarksmanAnti AircraftGun Turret

Long Range Martello3D Surveillance Radar

Blindfire Radar forRapier SAM system

AIR DEFENCERADAR CAPABILITY

Marconi designs and supplies the complete range of sensors across the entire electro magneticspectrum, together with the weapon control systems for surface based strategic and tactical air defence.

MarconiRadar and Control Systems

Marconi Radar and Control Systems Limited, P.O. Box 133, Chobham Road, Frimiey, Camberley, Surrey GU16 5PE. England.Telephone: 0276 6331 1 Telex: 858289 Fax: 0276 695498.

JANE'SLAND-BASEDAIR DEFENCE

FIFTH EDITION

EDITED BY

TONY CULLEN and CHRISTOPHER F FOSS

1992-93

ISBN 7106 0979 5JANES DATA DIVISION

"Jane's" is a registered trade mark

Copyright 1 992 by Jane's Information Group Limited, Sentinel House, 1 63 Brighton Road, Coulsdon, Surrey CR5 2NH, UK

In the USA and its dependenciesJane's Information Group Inc, 1340 Braddock Place, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314-1651, USA

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers.

Licences, particularly for use of the data in databases or local area networks are available on application to the Publishers.Infringements of any of the above rights will be liable to prosecution under UK or US civil or criminal law.

Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of this publication to ensure its accuracy at the time of going to press, the Publisherscannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions or any loss arising therefrom.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford and King's Lynn.

^ALMA,

F PROTFPT THJWFALENIA DEFENSE SYSTEMS. We design and produce surveillance

and missile systems, command, control and communications

systems for air, sea and land defense. Alenia is Italy's leading

company in aeronautics, electronics and space technology.

Alenia. Guaranteeing the protection of the peace. Because at

Alenia, tomorrow's know-

ledge is already at work. AleniaGRUPPO I R I FINMECCANICA

Contents

Foreword [IT

Land-Based Air Defence

National and International Air Defence Systems 1

Manportable Surface-to-Air Missile Systems 28

Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns 59

Self-Propelled Surface-to-Air Missiles 101

Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns 161

Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun Sights 222

Static and Towed Surface-to-Air Missile Systems 233

Inventory 293

Addenda 312

Index 317

[5]

Alphabetical list of advertisers

M

Alenia SpaSettore Difesa

Via Tiburtina, KM 12-400, 1-00131 Rome, Italy [4]

Marconi Radar and Control Systems LtdPO Box 133, Chobham Road, Frimley,Camberley, Surrey GU1 6 5PE, UK [2]

B

Breda Meccanica Bresciana SpAVia Lunga 2, 1-25126 Brescia,Italy [10]

E

Ericsson Radar Electronics ABS-43 1 84 Molndal, Sweden Outside Back Cover

Eurosam63 bd de la Liberie, BP 5,F-92323 Chatillon, Cedex France Bookmark

N

NobelTech Electronics ABS-175 88 Jarfalla, Sweden Inside Front Cover

Oerlikon Aerospace Inc225 Boul. Du Seminaire Sud,Saint-Jean-Sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada J3B 8E9 [14]

OTO Melara SpAVia Valdilocchi 15, 1-19100 La Spezia,Italy Outside Front Cover

H

Hollandse Signaalapparaten BVPO Box 42, N-7550 GD Hengelo,Netherlands

Swedish Ordnance[1] S-691 80 Karlskoga, Sweden [7]

Classified list of advertisers

The companies advertising in this publication have informed us that they are involved in the fields of manufacture indicated below:

Air Defence Weapon SystemsAleniaBreda Meccanica BrescianaEurosamNobelTech ElectronicsOerlikon Aerospace

Air Defence SystemsAleniaBreda Meccanica BrescianaEurosamHollandse SignaalapparatenMarconi Radar & Control SystemsNobelTech SystemsSwedish Ordnance

Anti Aircraft Gun TurretAleniaBreda Meccanica BrescianaMarconi Radar & Control Systems

Data LinksAleniaNobelTech Electronics

Fire Control RadarsAleniaEricsson Radar ElectronicsHollandse SignaalapparatenNobelTech Electronics

Fire Control SystemsAleniaHollandse SignaalapparatenNobelTech Electronics

Gun Control EquipmentAleniaNobelTech Systems

FuzesEricsson Radar Electronics

Search RadarsAleniaEricsson Radar ElectronicsHollandse SignaalapparatenNobelTech Electronics

Self-Propelled, Anti-Aircraft GunsOTO Melara

Self-Propelled, Surface-to-Air MissilesAlenia

SimulatorsAleniaNobelTech Systems

Systems IntegrationAleniaNobelTech Systems

Towed Anti-Aircraft GunsBreda Meccanica Bresciana

Training EquipmentAleniaEricsson Radar Electronics

Upgrade & Refurbishment of ExistingSystems

AleniaBreda Meccanica BrescianaNobelTech Electronics

Weapon SystemsAleniaBreda Meccanica Bresciana

[6]

RBS90-proven right

Swedish Ordnance, through Bofors, has for manyyears worked with the principle that low signature,jamming resistance and simplicity are essential inmodern warfare - the recent conflict in the Gulf hasproven us right.

The RBS 90 fully auto-nomous air defence missi-le system meets all theserequirements. It integratesa whispering 3-D searchand acquisition radar, low

energy laser beamguidance and passivetracking with TV/TISto ensure extremely

low signature and high-level jamming resistance- and it's even safe from anti-radiation missiles.

Its Missile Mk 2 carries a combined warheadwith laser proximity fuze that'll tackle any aerialthreat.

The RBS 90 is an air defence system made forthe modern battlefield plus it's cost effective withlow-cost training and low life cycle costs.

Swedish OrdnanceS-691 80 KARLSKOGA, SwedenTelephone +46-586 810 00Telefax +46-586 581 45. Telex 73210 sweord s

[7]

Raytheon Patriot four-round surface-to-air missile launcher deployed in Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Storm.The Patriot was used successfully in action for the first time defending Israel and Saudi Arabia against attack from Iraqi

surface-to-surface missiles (US Department of Defense).

JANE'SLAND-BASEDAIR DEFENCE

1992-93

Jane's Information Group Limited, Sentinel House, 1 63 Brighton Road, Coulsdon, Surrey CR5 2NH, UKJane's Information Group Inc, 1340 Braddock Place, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314-1651, USA

As proven by recent operations, the strategic installations

of a country, such as radars, airfields, communication

centres, logistic depots, etc. require a powerful point

defence, effective not only against aircraft and helicopters

but also their stand-off weapons such as anti-radiation

missiles, cruise missiles, precision guided weapons

.

With a rate of fire of 1800 rds/min from each battery oftwo twin mountings, proximity fuzed ammunition, min-

imum reaction time and exceptional accuracy the

BREDA 40 mm FAST FORTY'GUARDIAN'

is the first Low Level Air Defence System specificallyconceivedfor defeating these new threats

.

V 5 *V*

"+%** ^VA MECCANO BftESCfAWA^PSE^?a 25126 BRft

Foreword

The start of 1991 saw the full might of UN sanctionedCoalition forces thrown against the regional Super Power,Iraq, to liberate the small Gulf country of Kuwait and bringIraq's infrastructure virtually back to where it was at thecountry's birth.

At a conservative estimate the Iraqi strategic and battle-field air defence forces fielded a total of: 1 7 000 SAMsof the SA-2/SA-3/SA-6/SA-7/SA-8/SA-9/SA-13/SA-14/SA-16/HN-5/Roland types; some 9 to 10 000 AAA guns ofthe 14.5 mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4, 23 mm ZU-23,23 mm ZSU-23-4, 30 mm M53/59, 30 mm M53/70,35 mm GDF-001, 37 mm M 1937, 37 mm Type 55, 57 mmS-60, 57 mm Type 59, 57 mm ZSU-57-2, 85 mm KS-12,100 mm KS-19 and 130 mm KS-30 types; and 13 squad-rons (totalling around 3 1 aircraft) of MiG-2 1 Fishbed F/J,Xian F-7B, MiG-23 Flogger E, MiG-25 Foxbat A/E,MiG-29 Fulcrum A and Mirage F-1EQ interceptors armedwith AA-2 'Atoll', AA-8 'Aphid', AA-6 'Acrid', AA-10'Alamo', AA-11 'Archer', Magic R550 and Super R530air-to-air missiles.

Iraq itself was divided into four air defence regions, eachwith a major command and control operations centre andcovert backup facility. These regional centres wereadministered by the central Air Defence Command Centrecomplex in Baghdad, connected by high technologycommunications and data link systems and serviced by anextensive integrated network of both Western and Sovietsupplied early warning/surveillance radars. These includedamongst others 'Tall King', 'Spoon Rest', 'Squat Eye','Barlock', TRS-2215 and TRS-2230 types.A limited amount of force multipliers were also available

to the air defence forces in the form of an airborne AWACSsystem, which was at the prototype stage (with at leastthree Ilyushin 11-76 'Adnan' AEW aircraft modificationsflying in two distinctly different configurations), and anair-to-air refuelling force of locally modified tankerversions of Antonov An- 12 'Cubs' and Ilyushin 11-76'Candid' transports.The key to the Coalition's dramatic destruction of these

defences was the time taken for the war to happen. Whilstall eyes were on the build up of the Coalition air, groundand naval Desert Shield forces in the region and thepolitical posturing at the United Nations, the electronicintelligence gatherers were patiently building up the Iraqiair defence order-of-battle (ORBAT) using every availabletype of allied strategic and tactical air, sea and spaceborneplatforms to obtain COMINT, ELINT, IMINT,PHOTINT, RADINT, TELINT and, wherever possible,HUMINT data from special forces units on the ground forthe collation process.

The myriad of processed information was then fed intothe Coalition's air-land battle master plan for targeting andplanning purposes, and used tactically to help reconfigureallied ECM systems and adapt electronic threat signaturelibraries to cover Western designed equipment and previ-ously unknown Soviet systems in the Iraqi inventory.Once all this information was assimilated, the planning

and training completed and political approval given for theattack to commence then the Coalition force unleashed itsprecision air and seaborne strike assets on the nights of

16/17 January 1991 to seize air superiority and start thestrategic phase of the plan so as to inflict strategic paralysisupon the Iraqi military machine.

Selective attacks by BGM-109 cruise missiles andLockheed F-117A Stealth fighter-bombers (armed withprecision laser-guided munitions) were targeted against themost heavily defended areas, especially the intelligenceidentified hardened military associated communications,headquarters and air defence control nodal centres. TheF-l 17s alone hit 37 major targets in Kuwait and Iraq onthis night without being detected. The follow-up strikepackages, involving formations of aircraft flying at low leveland high speed and supported by various ECM, tanker,defence suppression (Wild Weasel) and fighter escort air-craft to counter Iraqi radars and interceptors, then used theIraqi air defence ORBAT information and, where feasible,aid from E-3B Sentry AWACS aircraft to route themselvesaround the most heavily defended areas to complete co-ordinated attacks on other military and strategic infrastruc-ture targets. Although 668 aircraft attacked Iraq on the firstnight (530 US Air Force, 90 US Navy/Marine Corps, 24British, 12 French and 12 Saudi Arabian) no aircraft werelost. By midnight on 17 January over 1300 combat sortieshad been flown for the loss in combat of six aircraft (a USNF/A-18C Hornet, USN A-6E Intruder, Kuwaiti A-4KUSkyhawk, two RAF GR-1A Tornadoes and an Italian IDSTornado).The Coalition loss rates experienced on the first day and

for the rest of the Desert Storm period remained stagger-ingly low for the number of aircraft committed and the109 876 sorties flown over the entire 43 day war. Only 38Coalition aircraft were classed as combat losses ( 1 4 US AirForce, 8 US Marine Corps, 7 US Navy, 1 Kuwaiti, 1 Italian,1 Saudi Arabian and 6 British). Of these, 10 were assessedas being lost to SAMs and the majority of the remainder toIraqi 'Golden BBs' (the Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery). Onearea of Iraqi air defence which does merit special consider-ation is that SA-8 and ZSU-23-4 systems did shoot down anumber of the cruise missiles. A significance that has notbeen unnoticed in other quarters where air defences are of aconsiderably better quality.Although the aircraft losses were relatively small in

number, it should not be forgotten that the Iraqi air defencesystems also managed to damage a considerable number ofother Coalition aircraft and prevent others from reachingtheir primary targets. Which is in reality what the airdefences are there for, and not to shoot down masses ofaircraft.

The Coalition side also emplaced its own air defencenetwork in Saudi Arabia to cover its field forces and bases,using the infrastructure already present with the Saudi Ara-bian air defence forces, the various Gulf states and suchweaponry as the MIM-104 Patriot, Rapier and Crotaleflown in as part of the Desert Shield build up. The nationalair defences of Israel and Turkey were also augmentedduring the war by deployments of Patriot air defence mis-sile systems and, in the case of the latter country, Rolandsystems.

Although primarily assigned to the anti-aircraft role thePatriot system started on Friday 18 January to take on its

[11]

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[12]

FOREV

role in the war as the 'Scud Buster', when a US ArmyPatriot battery firing PAC-2 standard missiles specificallydeployed to support allied forces successfully engaged anIraqi 'Scud' in-bound to Dharan. Contrary to popular be-lief held by numerous 'experts' during the war the Patriot'seffectiveness againt the 'Scud' was not something thatarrived miraculously overnight, but was the result of acontinuing in-field development process which evolved tomeet problems as they arose during the combat operations.In fact, during the period of Desert Shield/Desert Storm atotal of 35 separate modifications were made to the Patriotsystem software, including the early fielding of the Build-3software package. In short Patriot did the job it wasrequired to do.The ramifications of the war, however, are being felt

throughout the world. In America it is felt that there is aneed to provide an adequate air defence for unit operationsin the field which will protect against all types of attackfrom air-breathing systems to Tactical Ballistic Missiles(TBMs). The systems designed to provide this protectionare being developed under various programmes such asTHAAD and Corps SAM. The procured systems will even-tually be integrated into a layered defence network andeither replace or complement the current air defence

t

weapons.The then Soviet Union embarked upon a thorough re-

view of its complete air defence network and the changes itrequires because of the lessons from the war. The combatdebut of 'Stealth' and cruise missiles were of particularconcern but they are matched by the sophistication andcompetence of the latest generation of Soviet missilesystems, which are slowly being revealed to the West asinformation and photographs are released by their formerWarsaw Pact allies and the system manufacturers them-selves. The latter, in both the Soviet technical press and at

I

the various defence shows they now attend.The S-300 (SA- 1 'Grumble') appears every bit as able as

the Patriot whilst the ZRK Tor (SA-1 5) is the world's firstoperational land-based vehicle-mounted vertical launchSAM with characteristics similar to Roland. However, thedisintegration of the Soviet Union into various independ-ent states and loose confederations brings into question thefate of the whole centralised Soviet armed forces, includingits air defence troops. It also brings the prospect of fourseparate nuclear states - Russia, the Ukraine, Byelorussiaand Kazakhstan. The answer to all this is not by any meansclear and straightforward and it would appear that onlytime will allow one to be established.

In the UK the death of the faithful old 'Dog', the Blood-hound Mk 2, was finally announced in mid- 1991. Laid torest as being non cost-effective by the RAF, despite themillions spent on the system over the last decade or so toprevent it being so, it would appear that Bloodhound be-came one of the victims of the officially 'non-existent' inter-ference by the UK Treasury in MoD cost matters. A re-placement is being looked for but the wording on thedocumentation sent out to industry would appear, in thenow typically British fashion on such defence matters, to dowhat appears to be the right thing whilst leaving everyconceivable option open to do absolutely nothing as thepolitical situation allows. In short the basic problem isBritain now has no long-range air defence missile systemavailable and is not likely to have any until the mid- to late1990s, if at all. This is a decision which must surely

eventually rank alongside those infamous decisions of the1957 White Paper (which essentially ruled out all namedfighters other than the P-l Lightning for the RAF in lieu ofguided missiles) and the 1966 Defence Review (whichkilled conventional aircraft carriers for the Royal Navy andeffectively left tactical air power at sea in the 1970s toland-based aircraft provided and operated by the RAF).The British Army will suffer its own air defence prob-

lems in that as part of the restructuring it is undergoing theTracked Rapier system will be withdrawn from use. Its defacto replacement will be the Shorts Starstreak self-propelled HVM system. However, some plaudits must begiven to the MoD and the British Army in the fact that theShorts Starburst nonportable SAM system came as apleasant surprise to the military world during DesertShield/Desert Storm. A British missile system whichdeserves considerable success on the world's air defencemarket as a worthy rival to competing French, Swedish andAmerican manportable systems.A little known fact about another British SAM system

which deserves wider acclaim, especially in the light of thepotential chemical warfare threat in the Gulf, is that theBAe Rapier 2000 system has been specifically built withchemical hardening features designed into the individualcomponents. A practice that is heartily welcomed by itsusers and which will make its operational use under NBCconditions considerably easier than current systems.

In France the Crotale NG SAM system has been orderedfor the French Air Force which will provide additionalimpetus for it to be sold on the world market, especially astraditional French customers in the Middle and Far Eastreview their air defence requirements in the light of theGulf war.Kuwait has to virtually rebuild its defence forces from

the ground up, whilst Saudi Arabia and the various Gulfstates will need to bolster their air defence forces withadditional equipment. The knock on effect will also spreadthroughout other countries in the immediate area and intoneighbouring regions where conflicts of similar proportionscould flare up easily.The potential use of the Scud TBM to deliver chemical

and/or biological weapons is one scenario which is spread-ing disquiet, especially as of mid- 1990 some 23 countrieshad been confirmed or suspected of having chemical war-fare programmes. A total of 10 have or were suspected ofhaving biological warfare programmes and, by the year2000, 1 5 developing countries would have the technologi-cal capability to build their own TBMs. The figure of 1

5

includes 6 countries which will have IRBM type systemsavailable by the turn of the century, but does not include thecountries which can afford to buy TBM/IRBM missiles onthe international arms market. In addition, some of thecountries now developing their own missiles have nuclearweapons programmes, which means a missile deliverednuclear option will exist for them.Of the most well known problem areas the threat ofArab

TBMs with various conventional and chemical/biologicalweapon type warheads has already spurred Israel into aco-venture with the United States, the Arrow (Chetz)programme. Whilst in the Far East, Taiwan has utilisedimported Patriot technology in its own Tien Kung family ofsurface-to-air missiles, which may ultimately prove to havea limited ATBM capability.The need for South Korea and Japan to have some

[13]

Two choicesthat prove the technological

superiority ofADATS.

ADATS mounted on I IS. Army Bnuilcy |*| ADAT. \w forces M,

The ADATS missile system has eliminated all competitionin a challenging array of tests and has been pronounced

by United States officials as the only low-level air defence systemcapable of meeting modern military threats.

ADATS also provides strategically mobile air defencefor the Canadian Forces and is the only new generationlow-level air defence system to be deployed in NATO.

OerlikonAerospace

[14]

FOREWG. D

ATBM capability is driven by the continuing presence ofthe massive North Korean offensive missile and massdestruction weapon development programmes.Rapid changes in Eastern Europe, including the break up

of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), has ledto a considerable amount of new information becomingavailable on some of the more recent Soviet air defencesystems.

In the last 1 8 months, the former USSR started to mar-ket some of its latest weapon systems in the Middle Eastand elsewhere, which has led to a significant amount ofnew

(information being released on a number of weaponsystems, including the unique 2S6 self-propelled airdefence system combining both guns and missiles, theSA-10 Grumble SAM system and the SA-15 Tor systemthat utilises vertically launched SAMs.

In the past, such advanced systems were not normallyreleased for the export market until some years after theyhad been in service with the Soviet armed forces, and theirearly release for export indicates the degree to which theyrequire foreign exchange to boost their bankrupt economy.

Information on some of the other Soviet air defencesystems which have been in service for many years, forexample the SA-1 1 Gadfly, is still difficult to obtain, as isinformation on more recent systems. Hopefully thissituation will change in the future.Marconi Radar and Control Systems has now delivered

the first three production Marksman twin 35 mm air de-fence turrets to Finland where they have been integratedonto existing T-54/T-55 MBT chassis. Finland holds anoption on an additional batch of Marksman turrets which isstill to be exercised.

In the US, trials with the two competing designs of theLight Armored Vehicle - Air Defence (FMC and GeneralElectric being the contenders) have been completed andone is expected to be selected for final development andproduction in the near future. Both contenders for theabove are based on an 8 x 8 chassis provided by the DieselDivision, General Motors of Canada and feature a two manpower-operated turret armed with a 25 mm cannon andStinger fire-and-forget missiles. Typically the Stinger wouldbe used to engage targets at a longer range with the 25 mmcannon being used over shorter distances.The Soviet 2S6 gun/missile air defence system, which

has been in service for several years, has similar capabilitiesand effectively integrates the two complimentary weaponsystems into a highly capable air defence system which canengage a variety of battlefield targets.

First details were also released in 1991 of the privateventure General Dynamics/RAFAEL High Value SiteDefense (HVSD)/Air Defence Advanced Mobile System(ADAMS), with a full scale mock-up being shown at theParis Air Show. This combines two well known weaponsystems, the US General Dynamics 20 mm PhalanxClose-In Weapon System (CIWS), originally developed fornaval applications, and the Israeli RAFAEL Barak-

1

vertically launched missile originally developed for navalapplications.

There is little to report in towed anti-aircraft gunsystems, indeed Oerlikon-Contraves has now stoppedmarketing their twin 25 mm Diana light anti-aircraft gunsystem and their 25 mm infantry gun litis. They have alsostopped all work on the Escorter twin 35 mm self-propelledair defence system on a 4 x 4 high mobility cross-countrytruck chassis. Oerlikon-Contraves continue to manufactureand market their highly effective twin 35 mm towed anti-aircraft gun systems as well as a variety of upgrade pack-ages for these weapons.A number of countries are now looking at fitting their

existing anti-aircraft guns with new sighting systems andthe latest details of these are given in the Towed Anti-aircraft Gun Sights section.

AddendaThis edition of Jane's Land-Based Air Defence has some 22new entries and over 1 50 photographs, many of which havenot appeared before.As this issue was going to press, South Africa released

details of three new air defence systems, the ZA-35 twin35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system on theRooikat 8x8 armoured car chassis, the Crotale SAM up-grade package and the ZA-HVM self-propelled SAM sys-tem. The latter consists essentially of the ZA-35 with thetwin 35 mm cannon replaced by the SAHV-3 missiles usedin the Crotale upgrade package.

Details of all three of these systems are given in theaddenda.

AcknowledgementsThe editors would like to take this opportunity to thank themany manufacturers, defence forces and privateindividuals who have contributed to this edition of Jane'sLand-Based Air Defence.

Special thanks are due to Bernard Blake who compiledthe first section and Duncan Lennox for his input on anti-tactical ballistic missile defences. Additional details onstrategic weapons, including defensive systems, can befound in Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems.

Special thanks are also due to Raymond Cheung, HenryDodds. Kensuke Ebata, Terry Gander, Scott Gourley,David Isby, Gunter Lippert, John W Loop, Cookie Sewelland Steve Zaloga for their most valuable assistance in manykey areas.Under the leadership of Keith Faulkner. Ruth Simmance

and her editorial team including Sulann Staniford, AbigailAnfam, Sarah Erskine and Christine Varndell, have allbeen vital in the checking and processing of information forthe production of this edition.

Additional information and photographs for the sixthedition should be sent to the editors at Jane's InformationGroup. Data Division, Sentinel House, 163 Brighton Road,Coulsdon, Surrey CR5 2NH, UK, as soon as possible.

Tony Cullen, Christopher F FossJanuary 1992

[15]

National and International AirDefence Systems

Note: Many countries now have an air defence system based primarily onlong- and medium-range radar equipments. The size of these systemsdepends to a large extent on what individual countries can afford and thedegree of likely threat. There are some highly comprehensive andsophisticated systems such as those forming the defensive shields of theUnited States and Soviet Union which incorporate several different types ofradar and air defence missiles, and are intended to counter the threat ofballistic missile, cruise missile and manned aircraft attacks. Anothercomprehensive network is NADGE (NATO Air Defence GroundEnvironment), which covers most of Western Europe. National systemstend to be somewhat simpler and can vary from one or two radar equipmentsplaced at strategic points on the periphery of the particular country to morecomplex systems such as Britain's UKADGE, the French STRIDA and the

Saudi Arabian Peace Shield. During the past decade the use of mobile ortransportable radar-based systems has become more prevalent, this enablesa network to be moved rapidly, making it less vulnerable to air attack.

Air defence is a particularly sensitive subject and consequently informationon some nations' systems and equipment is somewhat limited. Political aswell as military reasons are frequently the cause of manufacturers' reluctanceto divulge the destination of equipments such as radar or computers, whichmight otherwise enable assessments of the air defence provisions ofparticular countries.

It should be noted that many countries have a link-up between their civilair traffic control system and their air defence network. This gives themgreater management and coverage of the airspace, as well as a backup intimes of national emergency.

ABU DHABI

Due to long-running problems in the Gulf area, Abu Dhabi has initiated anurgent requirement for an air defence system which includes both radarand the necessary communications links. Equipment to the value of around$700 million is involved and the United States, United Kingdom and SovietUnion have had discussions with Abu Dhabi. These discussions started

during 1987 and. as yet. no announcements have been made as to theirprogress or the type of equipment being sought. Since Abu Dhabi is part ofthe United Arab Emirates (see later) it is almost certain that any air defencerequirements will form part of an overall UAE system.

SOUTHERN AFRICA

This area covers Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique. Namibia,Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It does not include the Republic of SouthAfrica. Angolan air defence is described under a separate entry.

In general, Southern Africa has been supplied with both ground andairborne air defence equipment from Soviet sources, however, in somecases Chinese aircraft and AA guns are in operational use. Although thereappears to be no centralised air defence the area is well supplied withsurveillance radar systems, most of which are Soviet types, and it isassumed that each country operates its own air defence centre. Theaccompanying diagram gives locations of those sites that have beenidentified, together with their coverage on 1 nv target at 6096 m. Sovietradars in operational use include Bar Lock, Spoon Rest, Flat Face, SideNet, Odd Pair, Squat Eye and Thin Skin. Most of the SAMs deployed arealso of Soviet types, including SA-2, SA-3, SA-6, SA-7, SA-8, SA-9 andSA-13, plus AA guns of various types and calibres.More recently, the various countries of Southern Africa have turned to

the West for defence products. An example of this is the Watchman radardelivered to Zimbabwe late in Autumn 1991. Although this system is forATC purposes at Harare, it can be easily incorporated into the air defencenetwork.

2 WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS Angola Australia

ANGOLA

For reasons that are not difficult to understand, very little is known about theair defence systems operating in Angola. Virtually all radar systems andother military equipment have been supplied by the Soviet Union and muchof it is operated by Cuban personnel, although the latter are being withdrawnunder the Brazzaville agreement. Over 20 radar sites using a variety ofRussian surveillance and search radars have been identified including TallKing. Spoon Rest. Bar Lock. Flat Face. Squat Eye and Side Net systems.The accompanying diagram gives location of the radar sites that have beenidentified, with coverage up to 6096 m.The Angolan Air Force, maintained and operated largely by Soviet and

Cuban personnel, consists almost entirely of Soviet aircraft with a smallnumber of other types. The main strike force consists of MiG-17. MiG-21and MiG-23 aircraft with a few Su-22 ground attack aircraft. The strike forceappears to number around 160 aircraft. In addition there are large numbersof helicopters, mainly of French and Soviet manufacture, and a mixture oftransport types.

Surface-to-air missiles in operational deployment include SA-2. 3. 6. 7, 8.9, 13. 14 and 16.

Map of Angola with radii showing radar range of up to 6096 m

ARGENTINA

With the changes in government after the Falklands campaign against theUnited Kingdom, very little has emerged from Argentina on the subject ofair defence. It is known that a programme for an integrated air defence/ATCwas being carried out in the 1970s by Thomson-CSF of France but theextent of this has not been made public. It is believed to be similar inprinciple to that provided for Brazil. In 1985 the President of Argentinaintroduced a new plan to reorganise the defence of the nation, with a newNational Defence Council replacing the former military committee. Thecouncil was established in 1988 and responsible for carrying out wide-ranging defence structure and planning. Until the Anglo Argentine hostilitiesin 1982. Argentina was spending somewhere in the region of eight per centof its GNP on defence - by far the highest proportion in South or CentralAmerica. During the early part of 1989, Argentina was reported to beconsidering a defence equipment procurement bill totalling $4 billion spreadover the five years. This amount is in addition to the current defence budgetallocation. With the very high inflation rate in Argentina it is difficult toassess what this really means in terms of actual expenditure, and whetherthe economy can actually afford it.

During the late 1970s three Westinghouse ANrTPS-43 radars wereprocured and a number of Cardion-built AN/TPS-44 systems were alsosupplied. No official information has been disclosed but it seems likely that

these systems were deployed to afford cover for the main naval and airbases near Buenos Aires. Port Belgrano. Commodoro Rivadavia. SantaCruz. Rio Gallegos. Rio Grande and Ushaia. In 1 982 one of the AN TPS-43radars was deployed in the Falklands and subsequently captured by theBritish forces. After being refurbished in the UK it returned to the Falklandsand is now based at Port Stanley. It seems likely that early steps weretaken to replace this item following Argentina's withdrawal from the Falklands.either with another AN TPS-43 or a similar type such as the Thomson-CSFTRS-221 5 or TRS-2230. It has also been reported, although not confirmed,that Argentina has recently placed an order for a number of SeleniaRAT-31S radar systems.The Argentine Air Force is quite extensive and includes the A-4 Skyhawk.

Mirage IIIEA/IIICJ and IAI Dagger A Mirage V. as well as two COINsquadrons equipped with Pucara aircraft. The Daggers and Mirage V havebeen upgraded with a new electronics package and the planned acquisitionof 24 ex-Israeli A-4s is still likely. In addition, Argentina has opened initialtalks to obtain a number of AMX fighter-bombers.The surface-to-air missile force is operated by the Argentine Army Marine

Corps and consists of a variety of French. British and Soviet missiles,including Roland. RBS 70 and Tigercat, plus the manportable SA-7 andBlowpipe.

AUSTRALIA

A wide-ranging defence strategy was outlined in a Defence White Paperproduced in March 1987. It committed Australia to high quality intelligencetogether with flexible, long-range capabilities for maritime surveillance andinterdiction, aimed at denying effective use of the sea or air to the north ofthe country to any hostile nation. The 1990 defence budget was set at$8,372 billion (US$6.5 billion) which represented zero growth on the previousyear. In May 1991 a major restructuring of the defence forces was announcedwhich will cut 5200 personnel from the army, 4200 from the air force. 1 020from the navy and 3840 civilians. The cuts will save $1.57 billion over thenext 10 years.The restructuring represents a major policy change and allows a surge

combat capability for the front line F-1 1 1 and F/A-18 aircraft for the RAAFby allowing former air crew to continue flying the aircraft as members of a

newly formed reserve force. It has been calculated that the F-1 1 1 s can beoperated until the year 2010 and it is likely that both the F-1 11s and theF/A-18s will eventually be replaced by the one type.Other than the strike force of F-1 1 1s and F A-18s. the major elements of

the new strategy for air defence are the development of the Jindalee over-the-horizon radar and upgrading of the P-3C maritime surveillance aircraft.The latter includes the replacement of the aircraft's surface surveillanceradar. As an additional force to be integrated with the Jindalee radar, it wasannounced in 1988 that Australia intended to procure a number of airborneearly warning aircraft. Three airframes were under consideration, the BoeingE-3 Sentry, the Lockheed P-3 Orion and the Lockheed C-130. but by mid-1991 it was apparent that interest was centring on a smaller and cheapersystem. In late 1 991

.the leading contender for this procurement appears to

Australia Austria /WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS 3be the Ericsson PS890 radar-based AEW system which, under the name ofErieye, has been extensively flight tested in a Fairchild Metro commuteraircraft.

The original air defence system was known as Hub Cap and providedthree-dimensional airspace surveillance and fighter control to intercepthostile aircraft over a wide area. It operates from fully mobile air-conditionedshelters designed for deployment by C-130 aircraft. Since the sparsepopulation and continental size of Australia combine to make a conventionalstatic air defence organisation, similar to that of the USA. an unrealisticproposition, an effective compromise was achieved by the combination oftwo Hub Cap systems, with the search radars and part of the infrastructureneeded for the control of civil and military air traffic serving the mainpopulation centres of the country. The new strategy will update Hub Capand implementation is being carried out currently and over the next fewyears The original Hub Cap radars were replaced by three WestinghouseAN/TPS-43 radars and the sites were subsequently rewired with fibre opticcabling for enhanced operator safety. A tactical air defence system, alsosupplied from Westinghouse, is operational and allows for radar-directedcontrol of defensive fighter operations wherever the system is deployedThe use of digital computing allows automatic tracking of targets from

primary radar, while plot extraction from the secondary radar returns isused to reinforce the primary radar auto-tracking For the RAAF requirementsthe computer is programmed to take into account aircraft characteristics,perform an assessment of an interception situation when supplied with therelevant data on weapon availability and provide a number of alternativeintercept solutions for selections by the controller. Comprehensivecommunication facilities are also provided with the Hub Cap system.

Construction of a backscatter over-the-horizon (OTH-B) radar for thedetection of aircraft, ballistic missiles and ships was first revealed in 1974.

Code name for the project is Jindalee. An experimental narrowbeamJindalee system, operated from a site near Alice Springs, indicated that thefuture surveillance of the Australian coast and offshore regions could beundertaken by this technique. As a result of these tests a larger and morepowerful version, with greater transmitter power and a larger receivingantenna, was constructed and produced highly successful results. It hasnow been confirmed that a network of three, possibly four, Jindalee OTHradars will be constructed.

In December 1990. it was announced that a consortium of TelecomAustralia. GEC-Marconi of UK, and Lockheed Technology had been awardedan A$907 million contract for development and production of Jindalee. Inaddition to upgrading the Alice Springs station, two other sites will beconstructed, one at Laverton in central Western Australia and another nearLongreach in central Queensland. A network co-ordination centre will beestablished at the RAAF base in Salisbury. South Australia. In the longterm a fourth site may be constructed in the Northern Territory TheJindalee system is scheduled to become operational in the mid-1990s.

It is interesting to note that a number of designers associated withJindalee have claimed that it is able to detect stealth' aircraft by monitoringthe air turbulence they generate in flight. The use of the HF waveband forover-the-horizon systems also helps in this connection and the combinationwould negate many of the advantages of this type of aircraft, if the claimsare substantiatedThe Royal Australian Air Force is equipped with F-111C long-range

attack aircraft which has been upgraded with the Pave Tack target acquisitionand tracking system The strike/interceptor force uses F/A-18s. For SAMapplications the Army operates Rapiers equipped with Blindfire radar andmanportable RBS 70.

AUSTRIA

In the mid-1970s Austria commenced the planning of an integrated civil/military air surveillance system. The military part of the system was giventhe project name of Goldhaube. both military and civil parts are fullyoperational The Goldhaube system consists of six medium-range 3D fixedradar stations, each equipped with SSR interrogators for use in the ATCrole. Three of the radars are military and three civil, although all are used formilitary air surveillance as well as ATC purposes. The stations are atKolomannsberg, Steinmandl, Speikkogel. Koralpe. Feichtberg andBuschberg. Two mobile radars were also acquired and fed into the overallnetwork. These mobile systems can also operate autonomously and eachis fully equipped with its own processing and display subsystem in anoperations shelter. The radar data is transmitted via narrowband data linksto an Air Defence Operations Centre and an Air Traffic Control Centre.The six fixed radar stations are Selenia RAT-31S systems and the two

mobile stations consist of the Selenia MRCS-403. which incorporates theRAT-31S as the basic radar. The main characteristics of the RAT-31Ssystem are simultaneous range, azimuth and elevation measurements oftargets at all altitudes, good ECCM performance and high resistance toground/weather clutter.The system produces an air situation picture which is transmitted back to

the superior command centres via a narrowband data link, together withfunctions such as automatic track initiation, automatic tracking, automaticand/or manual height measurement and automatic track reporting. The

Internal view of a Selenia MRCS-403 system operational shelter suppliedto the Austrian MoD

The first Austrian site to be equipped with Selenia s MRCS-403/RAT-31

S

air defence radar

system can process 3D low and medium altitude air situations and is able toperform autonomous control functions such as identification, interceptorcontrol and missile control.The operations shelter contains a dual computer, three display consoles,

a communications control unit, and ground-to-air facilities. The computer isintegrated locally with the 3D surveillance radar and for remote IFF/SSR

4 WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS /Austria Brazilinputs the system is equipped with a data link interface for receiving plots.The computer-processed information is fed to the display subsystem assynthetic alert track information and to remote centres as track informationvia a data link.There is no Austrian air force as such, since all aircraft are part of the

Army. In line with the Austrian neutral stance there have been no fighter,interceptor aircraft in the past, only types mainly devoted to army support

and reconnaissance. The Army, however, has taken delivery of 24refurbished J-35D Draken aircraft as the J-350

In April 1989 the Austrian Army announced its intention to purchase itsfirst SAM system in 1 990 as part of an air defence modernisation programmeManportable SAM systems under evaluation include Stinger. RBS 70.Javelin, Mistral and the SA-14 Gremlin'. The programme also includesupdating of the 35 mm GDF anti-aircraft guns.

BELGIUM

As part of NATO. Belgium's air defence system is fully integrated into theNATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE) system, and as suchBelgian defence forces operate under NATO control. The Belgian Air Forcehas a number of fighter/ground attack squadrons comprising Mirage 5BA/Daircraft and F-16A/Bs. It had been the intention to buy a new generation offighter aircraft, either Rafale, the EFA or the Agile Falcon, but under recentdefence cuts this plan has been shelved. It is now likely that the country will

opt for a mid-life upgrade for its F-16s. The only SAM system currently inservice is the Improved HAWK A number of manportable Mistral systemsare on orderThe 1990 defence budget was reduced to BFM04.7 billion ($2.6 billion),

a cut of some $42 million, which reduced air force flying time, warshipoperations and army manoeuvres. Belgium will also withdraw about 1500troops from duty in Germany over the next three years.

BRAZIL

Brazil is in the late stages of the development of an integrated civil/militaryairspace surveillance and control system, which will be the culmination of aseries of systems known as DACTA I, II and III. These represent stages ofevolution of the complete system and comprise a vast radar and operationscentre network, covering most of the Brazilian airspace, with Thomson-CSF in partnership with Brazilian industry. The complete system is underthe control of CISCEA (Commissao de Implantacao do Sistema de Controledo Espaco Aereo). DACTA I was initiated in 1972 covering the central partof Brazil. This led to a series of phased extensions and updating programmes(DACTA II. DACTA III and Amazonia) to expand the coverage and modernisethe original DACTA I at a later stage.DACTA I uses the Thomson-CSF LP-23M long-range surveillance radars

and RS 870 SSRs. supplying data to the Brasilia Regional control centrewhich provides radar control over the Rio/Sao Paulo/Brasilia triangle. TheDACTA II phase relates to the introduction of TRS-2230 3D radars andmore RS 870s to provide coverage and control over military and civil trafficin the southern part of the country from Curtiba centre. The completionof these two phases gives unbroken coverage of about 4 million km2 .DACTA III will extend this coverage over the north-eastern region with anew regional centre at Recife. Two-dimensional primary radars with SSRare used in this phase of the programme. In total the DACTA II and III

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Brazil China /WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS 5facilities were manufactured in Brazil with Thomson-CSF partnership.Brazilian contractors involved in the project include ESCA (Engenharia deSistemas de Controle e Automatacao) SA, ELEBRA Controles SA, andTecnasa Eletronica Profissional SA.The Brazilian President manages the country's national security with the

help of a National Security Council and the respective Service chiefs. Thereis no overall ministry responsible for defence matters, and it should beremembered that the Brazilian constitution prohibits its armed forces fromattempting offensive operations. The strike/interceptor force of the BrazilianAir Force consists mainly of Northrop F-5E aircraft and Mirage IIIEBR, it isunderstood that both types are being upgraded. Brazil is also acquiring

more refurbished airframes of these models. Seventy-nine Embraer AMXfighters have been ordered with the first of these having been delivered. It islikely that further batches will be ordered to bring the overall total to 1 50. Inaddition Brazil operates a large COIN aircraft group with over 1 00 aircraft ofvarious types. Embraer is developing a light fighter/combat trainer as aneventual replacement for some of these planes.

For ground-based air defence the Army deploys a small number ofmobile Marder-mounted Roland SAM systems, 12 FILA systems, a varietyof anti-aircraft guns with locally designed fire control systems. The BrazilianArmy is currently undergoing a five-year modernisation programme indeployment and equipment which is designed to last until 1992.

CANADA

The air defence of Canada is inextricably tied in with that of the UnitedStates, and the 1985 North American Air Defense Modernization (NAADM)accord between the two countries underlines the joint requirements. Afterthe Canadian national elections in November 1988 the two countries havedrawn even closer economically by a free trade agreement which willeventually abolish import and export controls between them.A White Paper produced in June 1987, entitled Challenge and

Commitment, outlined Canadian defence policy for the rest of the centuryand emphasised the basic tenet that the country's defence policy "willcontinue to be based on a strategy of collective security provided by theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation, including the continental defencepartnership with the United States. Canadian forces are committed to thedirect defence of Canada, the collective defence of North America and topeacekeeping." In May 1991 it was decided by the Canadian and USgovernments to renew the North American Aerospace Defence Command(NORAD) agreement for a further five years.The basic NAADM project consists of: a new North Warning System

(NWS) to replace the elderly DEW line, including new radar sites inCanada; the OTH-B sites in the USA and the use of USAF AWACS aircraft.This last point included the setting up of dispersed operating bases for theE-3s, and the provision of forward operating locations for interceptor andtanker aircraft when "in the judgement of the Canadian Government theinternational situation so warranted." The NAADM programme is fundedjointly by Canada and the United States.The new NWS radars are being positioned in Alaska, North Canada and

down the Labrador coast, and consist of both long-range AN' FPS-1 1 7 andshort-range gap-filler AN/FPS-124 surveillance systems. Installation of theformer was completed in December 1989. Details of the system and itspresent status are contained in the relevant entry under the United States.Canada is responsible for the project management, system integration,new facility design and construction, operation and maintenance of the

system and is also supplying the complex communications network ofNWS. In Canada, CANAC/Microtel received a $268 million contract in 1 986for the creation of the communication facilities. These connect groundterminals at each of the radar sites with two large terminals serving theNorth American Air Defence System's Regional Operations Control Centreand a short-range radar development site, all located in North Bay. Ontario.CANAC/Microtel is supplying project management, system integration,design and engineering, satellite ground terminal equipment, networkmanagement systems equipment, on-site communications equipment foreach of the Canadian radar sites (47 in all), system testing, mobile satelliteground terminals during the construction phase, operation and maintenanceof the NWS communications system until 1992, documentation to supportdesign and maintenance of the NWS.Canada is also procuring a new Low Level Air Defence (LLAD) system

for the 1990s, the cost of which will exceed C$1 billion. The project is amost ambitious plan to equip Canadian armed forces with the Martin-Marietta/Oerlikon developed ADATS, the Contraves Skyguard fire controlsystem and the Oerlikon-Contraves GDF-005 twin-barrel 35 mm anti-aircraftgun. By late 1990 the Canadian Armed Forces had taken delivery of all ofthe Skyguard fire control systems, the twin 35 mm towed anti-aircraft gunsystems, and six of the ADATS systems mounted on a modified M113series armoured personnel carrier chassis.Canada is most unusual in that its defence forces are completely unified

with no distinct services as such. The strike/interceptor part of the air forcesegment consists of CF-18 aircraft of which three squadrons are based inGermany as part of the NATO force. However, in September 1991 a newdefence policy was announced whereby Canada will close its two Europeanbases and withdraw all but 1100 of its troops from Germany by 1995. TheCanadian Air Command will be reduced to four operational CF-18 squadronsin the air defence role. The current strength of the CF-18 force is 135aircraft, equipped with AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles.

CARIBBEAN AREA

To fill a gap in the air defence and air traffic control long-range surveillanceradar coverage, the USAF is developing a radar network in the Caribbeanbasin to provide an enhanced capability to US Atlantic and Southerncommands. Under Project 3159 (Caribbean Basin Radar Network) theUSAF plans to erect the radars at various locations. Eight sites have beenplanned. The USAF is buying the systems and operating them, and willshare data with the host countries. Bids were requested for the radarsystems and the Westinghouse AN/TPS-70 was selected. Each site willalso include long-range communications, ground-to-air communications,operations control and maintenance facilities. The first system hp.s been

installed in Panama and is operational. The second site in the DominicanRepublic, is also operational. Agreements for future sites have been signedwith Colombia and Honduras, with the former agreeing to two sites. Othersites are planned in Costa Rica, the Cayman Islands and Venezuela.The radar sites pass information to the Southern Region Operations

Center in Panama, and its northern counterpart at Key West, Florida.These two centres provide automatic system-level tracking and identificationfor up to 16 radars in the network. An area 2048 nm 2 can be displayedcovering the whole Caribbean area.

CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC

The armed forces of the People's Republic of China are nominally underthe control of a National Defence Council of approximately 100 members,but for all practical purposes authority is vested in the Communist PartyCentral Committee, with central direction provided by its military commission.Despite this central authority a considerable amount of autonomy is exercisedby individual area military commanders. A separate Defence Command isresponsible for all aspects of air defence.Very few details of Chinese air defence systems have been released but

there are a number of statistics regarding their size. Until comparativelyrecently the Chinese were reported to have more than 100 surface-to-air

missile battalions in service and about 16 000 AA guns of various types.The Chinese Air Force operates over 5000 combat aircraft, of whichapproximately 4000 are interceptors (mainly of marginal effectiveness).Associated with these aircraft are about 1 500 air defence radars, but little isknown of the detailed employment of these systems other than the networkprovides airspace surveillance and control, and an early warning system forthe detection of hostile aircraft. The geographical disposition of theseradars is also not known, although many are undoubtedly dispersed alongthe borders with the Soviet Union and Vietnam.

Most of the radars are Soviet systems originally built under licence, or

6 WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS China Egyptmore recent developments of these equipments. From the informationavailable it seems that the majority of the systems are of the types evolvedin the 1 960s using 2D radars with heightfinders to provide full coverage. It isalso probable that the country's air traffic control is integrated with the air

defence network to give a co-ordinated approach. The most recentinformation, however, suggests that the country's defences are beingsubstantially, albeit slowly, modernised. New radars are being designedincluding 3D planar array systems and improved versions of the SA-2Guideline' missiles, which the Chinese acquired originally from the SovietUnion and built as the HQ-1 , are being produced as the HQ-2B/J Despitethis, the overall air defence network appears to be subject to majorweaknesses, such as outmoded command, control and communicationssystems. Certainly China lacks a central and computerised air defencesystem, and responsibility for airspace control appears to rest largely withlocal area headquarters.

It is understood that in the mid-1980s a major French company suppliedsix long-range radars, three terminal area radars and control centres forairspace management of the Shanghai Beijing region. Although there hasbeen no official confirmation of this it seems fairly certain that China ismanufacturing Western-style radars under licence, as well as being engagedin an indigenous surveillance radar development programme. Certainly avery large phased-array radar has appeared in the west of the country,presumably as part of the missile warning system. China has also statedthat an OTH radar programme is being implemented, although the technical

problems and requirements of this type of radar make it appear more of a'paper exercise' than an actual programme

In proportion to size and population the current defence budget of thePeople s Republic of China is very small, less than one per cent of thegross national budget. According to Western analysts. China has cut itsexpenditure on defence by more than 50 per cent and its defence personnelby 25 per cent over the past decade. Spending levels are expected todecline still further as the country struggles against rising inflation and tightbudget reductions. This will affect both the procurement of new equipmentand the modernisation of existing weapons and systems.The territory is so vast that a completely integrated air defence system

would take many years, and an immense sum of money, to implementImplementation of new air defence systems will undoubtedly be concentratedm the major areas of population, and to safeguard military targets. Thegeneral impression, however, is that spending on the more sophisticateditems of defence is of a low priority compared to more urgent economicreforms, and that China is content for the moment to rely on its largeconventional forces for protection The confrontations and the subsequentrepression, resulting from the incidents in Tiananmen Square. Beijing, havenot helped China's cause abroad A number of proposed defenceacquisitions, particularly from the United States, have been frozen' andthese are unlikely to be resumed until there is some indication of a changein the attitude of the Chinese Government.

DENMARK

As part of NATO. Denmark's air defence system is fully integrated intoNADGE (see NATO entry). As part of the NATO updating programme, twoMarconi Martello S723 three-dimensional radars have been installed inDenmark, one of which is sited in the Faroes and the other on Bornholm inthe Baltic. In addition Denmark and Norway, funded by NATO, haveawarded contracts to Hughes Aircraft Company for an automated commandand control information system for NATO's northern Europe command. Thesystem was operational in 1989.To improve detection of low-flying intruders a Coastal Radar Integration

System (CRIS) was instituted in 1984 to link data from the Danish radarssurveying the Kattegat and Western Baltic. In mid-1986 THORN EMIElectronics of the UK installed this coastal radar integration system inDenmark to feed information from the coastal radar network to the Danishelements of NADGE.

The Royal Danish Air Force operates a number of fighter ground attacksquadrons equipped with F-16A and F-35 Draken aircraft and a fighterreconnaissance squadron with RF-35 Drakens. It also intends to retire andreplace the Drakens with about 12 more F-16s in the long-term. An AirDefence Group is equipped with Improved HAWK batteries.

In April 1991 it was announced that Danish defence spending is to bereduced. The 1990 budget of DKr14 billion ($2.1 billion) was reduced byDKr1 00 million for 1 991 and will be reduced by DKr300 million in 1 992. OneDraken squadron is being lost and a decision will be taken in 1992 whetherto scrap the second Draken squadron and replace them with a squadron ofnew F-16s.

EGYPT

Egypt has four armed services, one of which is dedicated to air defence. Asa result of a somewhat chequered background in dealing for some yearswith the Soviet Union and later with various nations. Egypt's inventorycomprises an extremely varied selection of hardware.

During the early 1980s four General Electric AN/TPS-59 and eightWestinghouse ANTPS-63 air defence radars were delivered at a cost ofsome $1 54 million. In addition 1 2 AN TSQ-1 43 mobile automated operationscentres, which interface with the radars, were provided for operation ofHAWK missile batteries. Each operations centre has four OJ-560 displayconsoles, two main computers. 12 high-density microprocessors and anaudio/video recorder that files all track data, displays and operator actions.These are now fully operational, with eight centres linked to the AN/TPS-63radars and four linked to the ANTPS-59s. In mid-1986 Egypt signed anagreement with Westinghouse to co-produce the AN/TPS-63 system. Thedeal was stated to be worth over $190 million over seven years and coversthe joint production of 34 radars by Westinghouse and Benha Electronics ofEgypt. The first of these was delivered in December 1 988 with an undisclosednumber of the remaining sets having been delivered since.

In December 1983 Hughes Aircraft Company received a $210 millioncontract for the first phase of a new Egyptian national air defence systemwhich was intended to integrate all existing radars, missiles batteries, airbases and command centres into an automated command and controlsystem In late 1987 on-site testing of this phase began and subsequentlyHughes has received another $159 million to further expand the system.This includes additional command and control sites, operational software,control displays, large screen displays and computers.

The complete network enables detection and monitoring of unidentifiedaircraft approaching the borders and fast initiation of defensive measures,including the use of fighter interceptors and missile batteries. Egypt hasalso taken delivery of five Grumman E-2C Hawkeye early warning aircraftequipped with AN/APS-1 38 series radars, which form part of the network todetect low level aircraft at long-range.The overall air defence system, known as Program 776. is scheduled to

be operational by 1992 93. Hughes had received contracts worth about$500 million, by mid-1991.The automated system includes a variety of fixed and mobile units, some

of which are up to 25 years old. They were manufactured in UK. USA.France and the Soviet Union, some of the older radars are being modernised.The computer software required by Program 776 is a highly complexsystem to cope with the separate interface needed by each system.

With the move away from Soviet equipment to Western systems (largelyAmerican and French). Egypt operates a mixture of both East and West.The split air defence system means that the Air Defence Command operatesa mixture of MiG-21 Fishbeds . Mirage 5SDEs. Shenyang F-7s andF-16AF-16Cs. while the Air Force operates fighter ground attack F-4Es,MiG-17 Frescos'. Shenyang F-6s. Alpha Jets. Mirage 5E2s and Mirage5SDRs. SAMs include a large number of SA-2. SA-3. SA-6. Crotale.Chapparal. Improved HAWK, and Skyguard Sparrow batteries. These lastmissile systems are made under licence in Egypt and are known asAmoun. The Army uses the Sakr Eye and SA-7 manportable missiles.

Finland France /WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS 7FINLAND

In 1989 the Thomson-CSF TRS 2215D radar was chosen as thelong-range component in the new Finnish air defence system. The fullpackage, under a $375 million allocation in the defence budget, includes10 long-range radars, secondary radars, equipment to meet civil aviationrequirements and a short-range radar-based missile system to meetthe country's low level air defence requirements. The Finnish airsurveillance system has also been enhanced by the acquisition ofSiemens Plessey Watchman air traffic control equipment. The missilesystem is the Crotale NG (Nouvelle Generation) mounted on SISU XA-180(6 x 6) APC chassis with deliveries commencing 1991 and lasting for twoto three years. The missile used is the VT-1 which was designed byVought LTV.The fighter segment of the Finnish Air Force is equipped with about 75

aircraft; 41 survivors of 6 J-35B, 6 J-35FS and 32 J-35S Drakens and 25survivors of 28 MiG-21bis 'Fishbed N'. Some 40 BAe Hawk trainers arealso part of the force and these can be converted quickly to the groundattack role. SAM systems include the SA-3, SA-7, SA-14 and SA-16.

In the 1992 fiscal year budget the Finnish MoD submitted a request forthe purchase of new aircraft to replace the Drakens and MiG-21s. Aircraftcurrently under evaluation include the F/A-18, F-16, Mirage 2000-5 and theJAS-39 Gripen. A decision is scheduled for mid-1992.

It must be remembered that, under the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty and theFinno-Soviet Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance (FMCA)treaty agreed in 1948. certain restrictions were placed on the size of theFinnish Armed Forces. Although no restrictions were placed on the defenceof the country, the latter treaty stipulated that Finland will not allow itsterritory to be used in an attack on the Soviet Union. It was also agreed thatFinland would be allowed only 60 operational fighter aircraft, a maximumarmy strength of 34 000 and a navy of 4500 personnel. However inSeptember 1 990 Finland said that, with the exception of the ban on nuclearweapons, the last remaining stipulations of the treaty limiting its armedforces had lost their meaning. Consequently, the Soviet Union and theUnited Kingdom were informed that Finland inteprets Section III of the ParisTreaty in a new way

FRANCE

Although part of the NATO alliance, France is not a member of theintegrated military structure. Since General de Gaulle took France out ofthe alliance in 1966, the country has had a chequered history of co-operation with NATO, although it has always been committed to the defenceof Western Europe. However, during the past two years France has beenextending its involvement with NATO, and although French forces will notcome under the direct command of the NATO supreme commander in theevent of hostilities, they will obviously co-operate to the fullest extent. This,however, does mean that much of the French air defence organisation isset up on national grounds as is evidenced in the STRIDA network outlinedbelow, although STRIDA is interlocked with both NADGE and the UnitedKingdom's UKADGE.As with many countries of Western Europe, France is reviewing its

defence budget now that the Cold War' is apparently over. With the futureof NATO somewhat cloudy and uncertain, and the collapse of the WarsawPact, France is considering a number of options in the air defence segment.The military budget for 1991 was fixed at FFr1 95.4 billion ($33.6 billion),including FFr1 03.1 billion for equipment programmes and FFr92.3 billionfor operational costs. It has been decided to hold 1 992 defence spending tothe same level. A five-year plan for defence is also being formulated.The Strategic Air Command of the French Air Force is the nuclear strike

force, and is designed to carry the ASMP tactical nuclear stand-off missile.The force will eventually consist of 18 Mirage IVs, 75 Mirage 2000Ns, plus24 Super Etendards from the Naval Aviation. The Air Defence Commandhas approximately 300 Mirage F-1C, 2000C and IIIC interceptor aircraftoperating within the STRIDA air defence system. The Tactical Commandoperates a variety of Mirage aircraft and about 45 Jaguars. Over 300Mirage 2000s have been ordered to replace the older aircraft. France hasalso ordered four Boeing E-3 AWACS aircraft, the first aircraft beingdelivered in October 1990, and all four being scheduled for delivery byNovember 1991. The complete fleet will eventually be phased in with theSTRIDA network and the overall NATO command. France is also committedto the Rafale fighter which is likely to enter service in the latter half of the1990s.

VISU IV consoles produced by the Sintra subsidiary of Thomson-CSF forthe STRIDA air defence system

A STRIDA air defence reporting centre and communications node collocatedwith a 3D radar in the Alps

STRIDA

STRIDA (Systeme de Traitement et de Representation des Informations deDefense Aerienne) is the French national air defence data handling system.It consists of a network of stations covering French territory, with thefollowing main functions:(a) detection and identification of aircraft in French airspace(b) threat evaluation and dissemination of early warnings. The air situation

is centralised and synthesised in the air defence operational centre(ADOC)

(c) updating of active means (aircraft and missiles) status in every sectoroperational centre (SOC)

(d) weapons selection, engagement and automatic interceptor guidance(e) aircraft recovery to air bases(f) control of military operational and training flights(g) co-ordination with the air traffic control system to ensure identification

and spacing of operational military flights with general air traffic(h) progressive integration of the information reported by air base radars

for improving the low altitude coverage.STRIDA is organised around a network of about 50 radar installations

(10 air defence radars, 10 civil radar stations and 30 low altitude radarstations), and seven main operational command and control centres (CDCs).Of these four are also local centres of operations located at Drachenbronn.Lyon, Mont-de-Marsan and Tours, while three others, at Contrexeville,Doullens and Nice, are secondary centres.Each local control centre has a 3D Palmier or a 2D Satrape radar, as well

as a backup 23 cm 2D radar. STRIDA is organised around two 8Mb IBM4381 computers at each centre which can each handle 2.8 MIPS (millionsof instructions per second). With the existing structure, each centre canreceive information from 50 different radar stations, process data from up to30 of them, and track 508 primary targets. It is hoped that eventually theywill be able to cope with over 1000 traces. One computer is used forgeneral air defence and the other for command and control. A third IBM4341 or 4381 dyadic processor is used as an interface between the radarsand the two other 4381 computers to provide readouts of findings. TheLyon control centre is equipped with an IBM 3090 dyadic processor whichis considerably more powerful than the previous computers. STRIDA islinked to the different systems and identification is automatic. The system islinked to the French CAUTRA civil air traffic control system, the allied airdefence networks including NADGE, UKADGE, the 41 2L network, Combat

8 WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS /France GermanyGrande of Spain and the SHAPE early warning. The system is also linkedwith the low level approach centres (CLAs), with HAWK regiment co-ordination centres and the Mirage 2000 interceptor aircraft. Links areplanned for STRIDA with air force stations and fighter squadrons.

Information is displayed on 20-30 Visu lit consoles supplied by Thomson-CSF These have been replaced at some centres by Visu IV units which aremore powerful The STID system for processing and transmitting information,using a local network with server which will communicate with the host, wasdue to be completed by the end of 1991. Transmission is by fibre opticcabling The first version of STID used for aerial surveillance will displayeither total information or information of specific interest.

Status: A continuous programme of improvements and upgrading for bothhardware and software has been carried out since the first stations becameoperational in 1963. Medium and high level coverage has been achievedand the low level STRAPP system has been completed. The plannedmodernisation of the control centres will include the replacement of the airdefence radars with Thomson-CSF TRS 22XX 3D long-range selectronicscanning systems which are due for delivery in the early to mid-1990s, and

the mobile TRS 2215 radars currently being evaluated at Istres. In additionit is intended to adapt the 23 cm radars to give an electronic countermeasurecapability and to move them to air force bases so that they can supplementexisting civil radar installations. As part of the Army 2000' restructuringprogramme, the local control centres are to be replaced by two controlcentres with zones of activity

SAAM Air Defence Systems

Thomson-CSF is developing a range of anti-missile weapon systemsThese are based on the Arabel multi-purpose scanning radar and theAerospatiale vertically launched Aster missile family Full details of theseare given under International in the Static and Towed Surface-to-Air MissileSystems section.

Contractor: Thomson-CSF, Division Systemes Defense et Controle. 18avenue du Marechal Juin, F-9253 Meudon-la-Foret Cedex, France.

GERMANY

As part of NATO, the forces of Germany are fully committed to the alliance,and the western part of the country is covered by the air defence networksof NADGE and GEADGE (see below). Since the defence forces were re-activated during the period of occupation after the Second World War theycan only operate as a part of the overall NATO force. The German Air Forcehas undergone a major re-equipment programme which was to replace theobsolete F-104 fighter/ground attack aircraft with Panavia Tornados. Mostof the latter have now been delivered. The force also operates about 175close-support Alpha Jet aircraft. Air defence equipment includes three airdefence regiments with Roland II SAMs, Patriot SAMs. Improved HAWKand manportable Redeye/Stinger systems.

GEADGE

GEADGE is the acronym for German Air Defence Ground Environment andis the network for the southern part of Germany. The system, for whichHughes Aircraft Company was nominated the prime contractor in 1979under a contract worth more than $150 million, replaced an older radarnetwork operated by the German Air Force. The system integrates new andexisting long-range surveillance radars into a single network based on fourcentralised command centres, and is now fully operational. It embracesmanned and unmanned fixed and transportable radar systems.GEADGE now receives data directly from E-3A AWACS early warning

aircraft. The southern part of Germany was not included in the originalNADGE system but GEADGE fills the gap left in that system andinterconnects directly with it. In addition to fixed and transportable gap-fillerradars, the new system uses two of four new permanently located radarsknown by the manufacturer's name of HADR (Hughes Air Defence Radar).This is an advanced 3D, multi-role system which will automatically detect,classify and report targets intruding into its coverage.

In the GEADGE system, Hughes has also supplied HMP-116 mini-computers, H-51 18M central computers, and HMD-22 display and controlconsoles, as well as being responsible for software, installation andintegration. The HMD-22 consoles are built under licence by AEG and thecommunications equipment for the system has been supplied by Tekade.More recently, the GE AN/FPS-1 17 long-range radar has been selected

for NATO use. A contract for three systems has been awarded by Germanyfor NATO infrastructure application, although one additional FPS-1 17 systemwas installed in West Berlin some time ago, to replace an obsolete radar.The GEADGE system is approaching obsolescence, and with the delays

in the ACCS programme (see NATO entry this section), Germany, theNetherlands and Belgium are considering a Central Region Initial ACCSProgramme (CRIAP) to upgrade their present air defence groundenvironment systems.

TMLD Low Level Reporting and Control System

The air defence of Germany is intimately bound up with the overall NATOAir Defence Ground Environment (NADGE) system of radars,communications and data processing and control centres, and to varyingdegrees with systems employed by allied nations present in Europe, suchas the American 407L air weapons control system. However, because oflimitations in the low level cover of parts of the former systems and becausethe AFCENT sector of the Central European NATO area is particularlysubject to the threat of low flying surprise attacks, the Luftwaffe has set up

A captain monitors the air traffic over the southern portion of Germany at aGEADGE site

the TMLD (Tiefflieger-Melde-und-Leitdienst) low level reporting service,additional and supplementary to the other radars.

This is part of the combat operational system of air defence and isdesigned particularly for the monitoring of low level airspace. The TMLDradars are located in the area near the border, the individual sites beingchosen to ensure continuous surveillance. When the radar detects a target,the information is converted into data messages and immediately transmittedto the low level reporting centres. TMLZ (Tiefflieger-Melde-und-Leitzentralen), and on to the user. The whole TMLD is completely mobile sothat changing tactical and operational circumstances can be accommodated.The main tasks of the TMLD are:(a) monitoring the lower levels of airspace in selected areas(b) processing the low level air situation in the control centres (TMLZ) and

passing the information on to the air defence control centres (for exampleNADGE, GEADGE)

(c) preliminary warning and target forecasting for HAWK SAM units(d) control of air operations.The TMLD units are combined into two sections, and are employed in the

2 ATAF and 4 ATAF areas. In each case they come under the authority ofthe commander of a Type B signals regiment. It is planned to assign themas a NATO command force. The main elements of such a unit are:(a) a radar crew to operate the radar equipment(b) an evaluation crew to man the control centre

(c) a radio relay crew for setting up communications links(d) a maintenance crew for the maintenance and repair of equipment.

In peacetime the TMLD mainly limits its activities to monitoring the areain the immediate vicinity of the border, in a quasi-static role.

At other times, however, monitoring of airspace must be extended to agreater area, making use of the system's mobility and flexibility. In this it willbe supported by the Army's AAD command and control systems, which willbe employed in monitoring the airspace over the combat area.

A Siemens MPDR-30 radar of Germany's low level air defence systemdeployed in the field

The principal hardware used in the TMLD system comprises: MPDR30/1 mobile pulie Doppler radars; TM control centre; CRC TM display unit;and a radio link set. The radar consists of two 5 ton trucks, each with a

Ind ia / WORLD AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS 91 'A ton trailer containing a generator, with one truck serving as an equipmentcarrier and the other as the antenna carrier. In the TM centre all theinformation provided by all the radar equipment within one sector isprocessed and displayed. Linked users include the NADGE/GEADGE airdefence control centres and Improved HAWK SAM batteries.

Operation

Information on air targets supplied by the TM radar is converted intomessages for transmission to the TMLZ. The data transmitted contains thepositions of the target as X/Y co-ordinates and the target identification. Twooperating modes are planned for the preparation of this information;automatic and semi-automatic.Automatic operation is regarded as the normal mode for peace time.

Targets detected are automatically evaluated on the basis of whether or notthey emit a valid IFF/SIF code and they are reported accordingly. Inaddition, the operator in the radar truck (acting on instructions from thecontrol centre) can insert further symbols manually in order to giveprominence to certain targets of particular significance.

Semi-automatic operation is of special importance when automaticoperation with the radar signal processor is not possible, for technical ortactical reasons. In this mode the operator can mark targets identified onthe radar display with the aid of a rolling ball, using symbols that he cansuperimpose on the target blip. Transmission of targets to the TMLZ or theuser is again performed automatically. For this purpose various types ofsymbol are available, to each of which a particular meaning is assigned toassist the responsible air defence officer in reaching decisions.

Status: The system has been fully operational since 1977.

Manufacturer: Siemens AG, Radio and Radar Systems Division,Landshuterstr.26. D-8044 Unterschleissheim, Federal Republic of Germany.

ICELAND

The first phase of an interim air defence system, which began operations inJuly 1988, has closed the gap that existed between defence systems in theUnited Kingdom and European NATO countries with the Joint SurveillanceSystem in the USA and Canada. The system incorporates the two BendixAN/FPS-93 ground radars used in the earlier system, positioned at Rockvilleand Stokksnes in the south-west and south-east corners of Icelandrespectively, to detect and monitor all traffic in the area around Iceland, andalso has extended surveillance coverage through links with US and NATOE-3 AWACS early warning aircraft. Two northern radar/communicationssites at the north-east and north-west corners are now operational. Operatedby the USAF, the new system ties in directly with the combined US/Canadian facilities at Griffiss AFB, New York and North Bay. Ontario. Itreplaces a manual system which was more than 30 years old.The first phase, which is an interim system, provided by Hughes Aircraft

Company, incorporates two computer networks, one of which acts as a'hot' spare and can be switched in to take over from the primary. A total of1 2 operator consoles, each having a 1 9 in monochrome CRT and a smallerscreen for data displays, are provided. Digitised radar tracking data fromthe AN/FPS-93 systems plus information from heightfinding radars ispresented. Another part of the interim system, the Iceland Command andControl Enhancement (ICCE), became operational in 1989 and will improvelinks between ground command and control and the AWACS aircraft.The next stage of the Iceland Air Defence System (IADS) includes four

GE Aerospace AN/FPS-117 radars installed at the four corners of the

island at Rockville, Bolungarvik, Gunnolfvikursfjall and Holn. The deliveryschedule for these four radars was for the first to be installed in June 1991and be operational by October 1991. The next two were due to follow atintervals of two months with the last of the four entering service in March1992. Eight consortia submitted bids to develop IADS and in June 1990Hughes Aircraft Company was awarded a $77 million contract. The systemwill be based on open architecture and allows for future expansion whenrequired. It will be based on the Hughes AMD-44 workstations andimplemented with Ada software language, using DEC computers. IADS willbe the first major air defence system to use the Ada high programminglanguage. New hardened main and alternate control and reporting centres(CRC) are being developed, the main centre being located at Keflavik toreplace the ICEROCC. Extensive communications facilities are incorporated.Each radar will be linked via two redundant paths to the CRC, using thefibre optic cables as the primary links, and microwave line-of-sightcommunications as backup. The CRC will also receive data from airborneand maritime sensors to provide an overall air-surface picture. Testing ofthe complete system was scheduled to begin in mid-1994, with acceptancein early 1995 and operational at the end of 1995.

Iceland itself is