Jane Champion 1 , Kayla Hartwell 1 , Mary Pavelka 1 , and Hugh Notman 1 & 2
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Transcript of Jane Champion 1 , Kayla Hartwell 1 , Mary Pavelka 1 , and Hugh Notman 1 & 2
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The Short-Term Effects of Hurricane Richard on the Diet, Behaviour, and
Sub-Grouping Patterns of Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) at Runaway
Creek Nature Reserve, Belize
Jane Champion1, Kayla Hartwell1, Mary Pavelka1, and Hugh Notman1 & 2
1University of Calgary and 2Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada
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Hurricane Richard
• October 25, 2010• Category 2 hurricane • Winds up to 155 kph• Runaway Creek
Nature Reserve directly in path
• $80 million (US) damage
Belize Weather Center
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Runaway Creek Nature ReserveBelize Protected Areas
RCNR
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Hurricane Richard damage at RCNR
Damage assessment:– 42.8% major damage– 27.6% minor damage– 29.6% no observable damage
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Hurricane Iris
• Monkey River, Belize
• October 8, 2001
• Category 4 hurricane
• Top winds 230 kph
www.NOAA.com
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Hurricane Iris
• 100% forest defoliation• No fruit available for 18 months• Diet switched to total folivory• Increase in time spent inactive • Decrease in social behaviour
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ResultsDramatic reduction in population density, group size, and
fruit availability/consumption
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Objective of this Presentation
Document short-term effects of Hurricane Richard on Runaway Creek Nature
Reserve spider monkey population, diet, activity, and subgroup size and stability.
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Predictions1. Population losses
2. A change in diet, which will reflect changes in food availability
– Lower fruit consumption– Increase consumption of leaves and fallback foods
3. A change in activity budgets – More time dedicated to traveling– Less time spent in social activities
4. Reduced sub-group size
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Methods• 10 minute focal samples on adults and subadults
• Instantaneous subgroup scans every 30 minutes
• Subgroup composition changes recorded via ad libitum sampling
• 4 months pre- and 3 months post-hurricane data used
– 35 field days during each period (70 days total)
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Adult Subadult Juvenile InfantMale 5 2 5 3Female 13 2 6 1
Total individuals: 37
• All individuals accounted for in 3 months post-hurricane
• 3 births between December 2010 and January 2011
Results: Population Changes
Group composition as of January 2011
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Results: Diet
• Taken from all instantaneous subgroup scan samples• Paired t-tests• Less ripe fruit (p<0.001)• More flowers (p=0.015), leaves (p<0.001), and unripe fruit (p<0.001)
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Flowers Ripe Fruit Unripe Fruit Leaves
Pre-hurricane
Post-hurricane
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* *
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Mea
n pr
opor
tion
of fe
edin
g ac
tivity
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Results: Activity
• Taken from all instantaneous subgroup scan samples• Paired t-tests• More time feeding (p=0.001), and in social activities (p=0.023)
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*M
ean
prop
ortio
n of
acti
vitie
s
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Results: Subgroup Size
• Taken from all focal and scan samples• Paired t-tests• Average subgroup per day decreased (p=0.026)
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1.5
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4.5Pre-Hurricane
Post-Hurricane
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Mea
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mbe
r of i
ndiv
idua
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er s
ubgr
oup
per d
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Results: Subgroup Stability
• Collected ad libitum during subgroup follows• Paired t-tests• Both fissions (p=0.005) and fusions (p=0.014) per hour decreased
**
Mea
n fr
eque
ncy
of fi
ssio
ns/f
usio
ns p
er
obse
rvati
on h
ours
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Summary of short term-effects of the hurricane
1. No population losses2. Evidence of dietary flexibility3. Minor changes to activity budget 4. Evidence of grouping flexibility toward
smaller, more stable subgroups
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Implications and directions for research
• Spider monkeys more resilient to major habitat disturbance than expected, at least in the short-term.
• Support some of the findings reported for Hurricanes Emily and Wilma (Rebecchini et al)
• Future research is required to examine forest regeneration in more detail and the long-term effects of these changes to spider monkeys and other primate species
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Acknowledgements
• Project supervisors: Mary Pavelka and Hugh Notman
• Co-author: Kayla Hartwell• Field support: Stevan Reneau and Gilroy Welch• Statistical support: Dr. Tak Fung• Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada, National Geographic Society, The University of Calgary