Jamestown After their failure at Roanoke, the English were not ready to give up. The English now...
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Transcript of Jamestown After their failure at Roanoke, the English were not ready to give up. The English now...
English Colonies
Jamestown
After their failure at Roanoke, the English were not ready to give up.
The English now had the most powerful navy in the world after defeating the Spanish armada in 1588
King James I wanted a colony in the new world for: GOLD GLORY
Attempt at Settlement
King James I granted a charter to the Virginia Company
The Virginia Company hoped to found a colony along the eastern shore where Sir Walter Raleigh had explored and claimed land for England
Investors joined the expedition and would be entitled to 4/5ths of all gold/silver they found
150 passengers left in England in 3 ships, arriving in April 1607 John Smith was their captain
Problems/Mistakes
105 men/boys were the first settlers First resupply brought 70 more men They were gentlemen, bankers, businessmen
Settled on a peninsula uninhabited by the Native Americans Swampy water=mosquitoes!! Contaminated water Limited supply of animals to hunt Poor farming ground
Read- “The Starving Time”
Answer the following: What problems are they facing? Why are they facing these problems? How are the problems solved?
Rather than start building shelter and planting food, they began immediately searching for gold
Remember- their goal was GOLD
“There was no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, was gold, refine gold, load gold,” Captain Smith said of the early settlement
The settlers were unaccustomed to work and refused to clear fields, plant crops, or even gather shellfish
They did not encourage friendly relationships with the Indians, they wanted them to work as their slaves
As a result, only 38 of the original 105 were alive by the winter of 1607- First Starving Time
Starving Time (2nd One)
In the Spring of 1609, 600 new colonists arrived
The Powhatan Indians began killing the colonists’ livestock and destroying their farms
By winter, the colonists had to resort to eating roots, rats, snakes, and even show leather
Of the 600, only 60 survived
“You must obey this now for a law that he that will not work shall not eat, except by sickness he be disabled. For the labors of thirty or forty honest and industrious men shall not be consumed to maintain an hundred and fifty idle loiterers.”
-Captain John Smith, quote in William Symonds, ed,. The Proceedings
Captain Smith
He concentrated on survival, not searching for gold/Asia
Tried to work with Powhatan and buy corn and with the help of Pocahontas he avoided war.
Smith made everyone work, gentlemen or not, and he worked along with them.
Divided the rations equally
Jamestown Becomes Permanent
Resupply arrived in the Spring with more colonists, supplies, and new leaders who would hang colonists who neglected their work
1612 John Rolfe figured out how to grow a new strain of tobacco By 1620 Jamestown exported more than 1.5 million
pounds of “brown gold” each year
Introduced the headright system- anyone who paid for their own land or another’s received 50 acres of land- this brought many settlers to America
Women began arriving
House of Burgesses
Held first meeting in 1619 in the church at Jamestown
First form of representative government/elected assembly in the New World Had representatives
elected by members of Jamestown
Began tradition of self-government for the colonies
Continuously operated- known today as the General Assembly of Virginia.
Laborers in Jamestown
Originally tried to use the Native Americans, but this led to backlashes and war with the Natives
Used Indentured Servants: In exchange for passage to North America and food/shelter, the servant agreed to a term of servitude, usually 4-7 years. Usually from the lower classes of English society, but
wanted a chance to make a new start
First Africans arrived in 1619, they were originally indentured servants- they were given land and their freedom Late 1600s colonists began using slave labor
Your Turn
What are the 3 most important things the colonists must do to help the colony survive?
Who will do the work? What will we do to solve our immediate problem-
lack of food? How can we ensure we have adequate food for the
future? How can we be sure that all colonists will do their fair
share of the work? How should we deal with the local Indians? What design is best for the protection against
weather and enemies? In recruiting future settlers, what skills and
occupations does the colony need and should be required?
Pilgrims & Puritans
Background Information
Growing group in England began to disagree with the Church of England. They wanted to SEPARATE from the Church of England
and create their own religion. Became known as separatists
Because of their beliefs, they were persecuted and discriminated against
To escape the persecution, a group of separatists went to Holland to live in the countryside there Were isolated, their children were not growing up as
Englishmen, couldn’t speak the language, and still suffered some discrimination
Coming to America
After the relative success of Jamestown (this is 13 years later), they decided to leave Holland and settle near Jamestown
They would create their own colony, but close enough to Jamestown they could follow their rules and benefit from Jamestown’s success
Wanted RELIGIOUS FREEDOM- the freedom to practice their beliefs without discrimination
Unexpected Changes
Had to change boats before they crossed the Atlantic- switch from Speedwell to the Mayflower
Got caught in a possible hurricane that blew them completely off course Considered turning around
Rather than settle in Jamestown, they end up in present-day Massachusetts, and name their settlement Plymouth
As a result, they could not use the established laws and government from Jamestown, so they had to make their own
Wrote the Mayflower Compact before they landed and came ashore
Everyone on board agreed to the document and in the document they pledged to work for the good of the colony and abide by the agreed upon rules
Government by consent
Has been called the first written constitution
Beginnings of American democracy
Plymouth
Decide on John Carver as their first governor But dies a year later- William Bradford takes over
Religious beliefs- Separatists, a form of protestants SEPARATE from the Church of England
Government: Based on consent with the Mayflower compact, beginning of democracy in America Had a meeting house where the men in the colony met
to discuss issues and make decisions for the colony
Social structure: families lived together and had small farms, community revolved around the church
Puritans
Wanted to create a model society- a “City upon a hill”
Did not agree with the Church of England, they wanted to PURIFY it Known as Puritans
Wanted to create a society where they could create the model for the Church of England Religious Freedom
Create Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629
Massachusetts Bay
Leader: John Winthrop
Religious beliefs: PURITANS- want to purify the Church of England (Anglican)
Government: Made no attempt to create a democracy, but did allow more men to vote than in England- 40% could vote Created a Theocracy- The church and state were
completely linked Everyone was required to go to church on Sunday,
had to wear all black, no dancing was allowed, drinking, swearing, and laziness were all crimes
Social Structure
Unlike Jamestown- the Virginia Company, the New England colonies (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay) were founded for religious freedom, so more families crossed the Atlantic
Their colonies were largely comprised of small families who worked together to survive
There were not many indentured servants
The church watched the families and stepped in parents were not strict enough or husbands and wives fought too much
Daily Life
No religious freedom- if you disagreed with the Puritan church you could be punished or banished
Life revolved around surviving- subsistence farming, everyone had to grow food in small gardens to help supplement their diets
Everyone was required to go to church on Sunday
These strict religious laws caused other colonies to be formed as settlers left Massachusetts Bay for their own religious freedom and to create their own more welcoming societies.
Pilgrims vs. Puritans
Pilgrims
Did not agree with the Church of England, so they wanted to SEPARATE from the church and create their own Became known as
separatists
Create Plymouth
Use the Mayflower Compact as their government
Puritans Believed the Church of England
had kept too much of the Catholic ritual and traditions Wanted to PURIFY the Anglican
church by removing all traces of Roman Catholicism
Stay in the Anglican (Church of England) church
Create Massachusetts Bay
Governed by a Theocracy- strict religious laws
New England Colonies
Rhode Island
Settled by colonists searching for religious freedom Freedom from Massachusetts- they were forced out
Roger Williams is the leader Believed in religious freedom Separation of church and state Thought it was wrong to take
land from Natives
Banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1635
Bought land from Natives
Received charter in 1644
First place in America where people of all faiths could worship freely
New Hampshire
Created in 1638 by John Wheelwright
Dissenters from Massachusetts Disagreed with the Puritans
Self Governing, but become Royal
Connecticut
Better farming than Massachusetts Bay
Thomas Hooker was not happy with the way Winthrop and Puritan leaders ran the colony
1636 Hooker left Massachusetts Bay and moved south to Connecticut
Adopted a plan of government- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut First written constitution in America
New England
Groups of Settlers:
95% English immigrants Pilgrims- Separatists Puritans
Reason for Settlement:
Religious Freedom Puritans- “City Upon A Hill”
New England
Religious Groups:
Protestants- Pilgrims (separatists)- NOT Anglican (Church of
England) Puritans-Anglican
Economy:
Lumber, shipbuilding, trade, molasses, fur trade, fishing, subsistence farming
New England
Social Structure
Comprised mostly of families
Based on religious standing
Puritans were intolerant of dissenters.
Government
Puritans: Theocracy- religion and government tied together.
Direct democracy through town meetings.
Pilgrims- Set up a “covenant community” with Mayflower Compact.
Colonial Government
Self-Governing- Colonists governed themselves, received the grant from the King
Proprietary/Corporate- Got charter from the King, sere founded to make money, and had to give part of their profits to the King
Royal Colony- King controlled the colony, allowed the colonists to play a role in the government, but appointed a governor who was the head of the colony
By 1776 all colonies except for Rhode Island and Conneticut were Royal Colonies
Middle Colonies
Maryland
1634 by Lord Baltimore
Settled by Catholics who were searching for Religious Freedom Wrote the Acts of Toleration in 1649 to help preserve
the religious freedom
Grew tobacco like Virginia
Proprietary, but become Royal
Delaware
Founded in 1638
Originally started by the Dutch and was called New Sweden Started as a way to make money & expand Renamed Delaware when the English took it
over
Major industry is fishing & selling lumber
Royal Colony
Pennsylvania
Founded in 1682 by William Penn
Created for Religious Freedom for Quakers Named for his father
who’s death allowed him to buy the land
Means “Penn’s Woods”
Befriended the Indians believed in nonviolence
Becomes the 3rd biggest and richest colony
Gave EVERYONE religious freedom
Had representative government
Economy was based on growing wheat and trading
Proprietary Government
New Jersey
Settled originally by the Dutch and the Swedish Was called New Netherland and New Sweden
Taken over by the British in 1664 by Lord Berkley and George Carteret
Settled originally for trade & profit
Offered religious freedom as a way to get more settlers
Made money from trading & manufacturing
Royal Colony
Middle Colonies
Groups of Settlers:
English, Dutch, and German settlers
Quakers: England
Huguenots: France
Reason for Settlement:
Economic opportunity & Religious freedom
Middle Colonies
Religious Groups:
Quakers (in Pennsylvania)
Huguenots (French protestants)
Jews (in New York)
Presbyterians (in New Jersey)
Economy:
Shipbuilding, farming (especially wheat), Trading
Big cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore grew as seaports and commercial centers.
Middle Colonies
Social Structure
More equal than other colonies
Large middle class built around artisans, entrepreneurs (business owners), and small farmers
Government
Many democratic principles- representatives elected to colonial government
Bottom Line: Most diverse of the three regions in economy and settlers
Southern Colonies
Virginia
1607
John Smith/Virginia Company
Founded to make money/get gold
Saved by Tobacco
Proprietary Colony, but becomes Royal
South Carolina
1663
Leaders: Lords Proprietors (8 friends of the King)
Settled to make money
Proprietary, but becomes Royal
Make money with cash crops like rice and indigo
North Carolina
1729
Founded with the King of England split South Carolina and North Carolina
Founded to make more money and attract settlers
Made money by selling tobacco
Royal Colony
Georgia
1732
Settled by George Oglethorpe
Settled to protect SC from the Spanish in FL and to provide a place send debtors from England
Originally did not allow slavery
Made money by growing rice
Royal Colony
Southern Colonies
Groups of Settlers:
Poor English and Scots-Irish immigrants
Debtors and other prisoners: England
Noblemen: England (Cavaliers)
Indentured servants: England
Enslaved persons: Africa
Reason for Settlement:
Economic opportunity (make money)
Southern Colonies
Religious Groups:
Protestants- usually Anglican (Church of England)
Economy:
Along the coast: plantations, slave labor, cash crops rice, indigo, tobacco
Inlands/Mountains: small scale subsistence farming, hunting, trading
Southern Colonies
Social Structure
Plantations- large farms/self sufficient
Very divided- rich planters, poor farmers, slaves
Government
Representative government dominated by large landowners (planters) First in America- House of Burgesses in 1619
Your Turn
Explain why the settlers came to your region
Explain how the climate affected your settlers- include their housing and economy
Include the people living there- origin & religion
Draw a symbol or symbols to represent the region