James Watson

James Watson

Born James Dewey Watson 

April 6, 1928 [1]

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Nationality United States

Fields Genetics

Institutions Indiana UniversityCold Spring HarborLaboratoryLaboratory of MolecularBiologyHarvard UniversityUniversity of CambridgeNational Institutes of Health

Alma mater University of Chicago (B.S.,1947)

Indiana University (Ph.D.,1950)

Thesis The Biological Properties of XRayInactivated Bacteriophage (http://search.proquest.com/docview/302021835) (1951)

Doctoraladvisor

Salvador Luria

Doctoralstudents

Mario Capecchi[2]

Bob Horvitz[3]

James WatsonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an Americanmolecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist, best known as oneof the codiscoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953 withFrancis Crick and Rosalind Franklin. Watson, Crick, andMaurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning themolecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance forinformation transfer in living material".

Watson earned degrees at the University of Chicago (B.S., 1947)and Indiana University (Ph.D., 1950). Following a postdoctoralyear at the University of Copenhagen with Herman Kalckar andOle Maaloe, later Watson worked at the University ofCambridge's Cavendish Laboratory in England, where he firstmet his future collaborator and friend Francis Crick.

From 1956 to 1976, Watson was on the faculty of the HarvardUniversity Biology Department, promoting research inmolecular biology. From 1968 he served as director of ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), greatly expanding its levelof funding and research. At CSHL, he shifted his researchemphasis to the study of cancer, along with making it a worldleading research center in molecular biology. In 1994, he startedas president and served for 10 years. He was then appointedchancellor, serving until he resigned in 2007 after makingcontroversial comments claiming a link between intelligenceand race.[12][13][14] Between 1988 and 1992, Watson wasassociated with the National Institutes of Health, helping toestablish the Human Genome Project.

Watson has written many science books, including the textbookMolecular Biology of the Gene (1965) and his bestselling bookThe Double Helix (1968).[15]

Contents

1 Early life and education2 Career and research

2.1 Luria, Delbrück, and the Phage Group2.2 Identifying the double helix2.3 Harvard University2.4 Publishing The Double Helix2.5 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory2.6 Human Genome Project2.7 Role of oxidants in disease

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_D_Watson.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_materhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesishttp://search.proquest.com/docview/302021835https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_advisorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Luriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Capecchihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pc1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kalckarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helix

Charles Kurland[3]

Peter D. Moore[3]

Joan Steitz[4]

Other notablestudents

Ewan Birney[5]

Ronald W. Davis

(postdoc)[3]

Phillip Allen Sharp

(postdoc)[3]

Richard J. Roberts

(postdoc)[6]

John Tooze (postdoc)[7][8]

Known for DNA structureMolecular biology

Notableawards

Albert Lasker Award forBasic Medical Research(1960)

Nobel Prize (1962)John J. Carty Award (1971)

ForMemRS (1981)[9]

EMBO Membership

(1985)[10]

Copley Medal (1993)[9][11]

Lomonosov Gold Medal(1994)

Spouse Elizabeth Watson (née Lewis)(m. 1968)

Signature

2.8 Notable former students2.9 Selected books published2.10 Other affiliations

3 Political activism4 Controversies

4.1 Use of King's College results4.2 Controversial comments4.3 Avoid Boring People, UK book tour and

resignation4.4 Sale of Nobel Prize Medal

5 Personal life5.1 Marriage and family

6 Awards and honors6.1 Honorary degrees received6.2 Professional and honorary affiliations

7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External links

Early life and education

James D. Watson was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 6,1928, as the only son of Jean (Mitchell) and James D. Watson, abusinessman descended mostly from colonial Englishimmigrants to America.[16][17] His mother's father, LauchlinMitchell, a tailor, was from Glasgow, Scotland, and her mother,Lizzie Gleason, was the child of Irish parents from Tipperary.[18]Raised Catholic, he later described himself as "an escapee fromthe Catholic religion."[19] Watson said, "The luckiest thing thatever happened to me was that my father didn't believe inGod."[20]

Watson grew up on the south side of Chicago and attendedpublic schools, including Horace Mann Grammar School andSouth Shore High School.[16][21] He was fascinated with birdwatching, a hobby shared with his father,[22] so he considered majoring in ornithology.[23] Watson appeared onQuiz Kids, a popular radio show that challenged bright youngsters to answer questions.[24] Thanks to the liberalpolicy of University president Robert Hutchins, he enrolled at the University of Chicago, where he was awarded atuition scholarship, at the age of 15.[16][23][25]

After reading Erwin Schrödinger's book What Is Life? in 1946, Watson changed his professional ambitions fromthe study of ornithology to genetics.[26] Watson earned his B.S. degree in Zoology from the University of Chicagoin 1947.[23] In his autobiography, Avoid Boring People, Watson described the University of Chicago as an "idyllicacademic institution where he was instilled with the capacity for critical thought and an ethical compulsion not tosuffer fools who impeded his search for truth", in contrast to his description of later experiences. In 1947 Watsonleft the University of Chicago to become a graduate student at Indiana University, attracted by the presence atBloomington of the 1946 Nobel Prize winner Hermann Joseph Muller, who in crucial papers published in 1922,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Moore_(chemist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_A._Steitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_Birneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Davishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Robertshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toozehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBO_Membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov_Gold_Medalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_D_Watson_signature.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinoishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_High_School_(Chicago)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz_Kidshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hutchinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dingerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_Life%3Fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller

1929, and in the 1930s had laid out all the basic properties of the heredity molecule that Schrödinger presented inhis 1944 book.[27] He received his Ph.D. degree from Indiana University in 1950; Salvador Luria was his doctoraladvisor.[23][28]

Career and research

Luria, Delbrück, and the Phage Group

Originally, Watson was drawn into molecular biology by the work of Salvador Luria. Luria eventually shared the1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the Luria–Delbrück experiment, which concerned thenature of genetic mutations. He was part of a distributed group of researchers who were making use of the virusesthat infect bacteria, called bacteriophages. He and Max Delbrück were among the leaders of this new "PhageGroup," an important movement of geneticists from experimental systems such as Drosophila towards microbialgenetics. Early in 1948, Watson began his PhD research in Luria's laboratory at Indiana University.[28] That spring,he met Delbrück first in Luria's apartment and again that summer during Watson's first trip to the Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory (CSHL).[29][30]

The Phage Group was the intellectual medium where Watson became a working scientist. Importantly, themembers of the Phage Group sensed that they were on the path to discovering the physical nature of the gene. In1949, Watson took a course with Felix Haurowitz that included the conventional view of that time: that genes wereproteins and able to replicate themselves.[31] The other major molecular component of chromosomes, DNA, waswidely considered to be a "stupid tetranucleotide," serving only a structural role to support the proteins.[32]However, even at this early time, Watson, under the influence of the Phage Group, was aware of the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, which suggested that DNA was the genetic molecule. Watson's research projectinvolved using Xrays to inactivate bacterial viruses.[33]

Watson then went to Copenhagen University in September 1950 for a year of postdoctoral research, first heading tothe laboratory of biochemist Herman Kalckar.[16] Kalckar was interested in the enzymatic synthesis of nucleicacids, and he wanted to use phages as an experimental system. Watson, however, wanted to explore the structure ofDNA, and his interests did not coincide with Kalckar's.[34] After working part of the year with Kalckar, Watsonspent the remainder of his time in Copenhagen conducting experiments with microbial physiologist Ole Maaloe,then a member of the Phage Group.[35]

The experiments, which Watson had learned of during the previous summer's Cold Spring Harbor phageconference, included the use of radioactive phosphate as a tracer to determine which molecular components ofphage particles actually infect the target bacteria during viral infection.[34] The intention was to determine whetherprotein or DNA was the genetic material, but upon consultation with Max Delbrück,[34] they determined that theirresults were inconclusive and could not specifically identify the newly labeled molecules as DNA.[36] Watsonnever developed a constructive interaction with Kalckar, but he did accompany Kalckar to a meeting in Italy,where Watson saw Maurice Wilkins talk about his Xray diffraction data for DNA.[16] Watson was now certain thatDNA had a definite molecular structure that could be elucidated.[37]

In 1951, the chemist Linus Pauling in California published his model of the amino acid alpha helix, a result thatgrew out of Pauling's efforts in Xray crystallography and molecular model building. After obtaining some resultsfrom his phage and other experimental research[38] conducted at Indiana University, Statens Serum Institut(Denmark), CSHL, and the California Institute of Technology, Watson now had the desire to learn to perform X

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Luriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria%E2%80%93Delbr%C3%BCck_experimenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experimenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kalckarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Paulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction

DNA model built by Crickand Watson in 1953, ondisplay in the ScienceMuseum, London.

Watson's accomplishment is displayed on themonument at the American Museum of NaturalHistory in New York City. Because the monumentmemorializes only American laureates, FrancisCrick and Maurice Wilkins (who shared the 1962Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) areomitted.

ray diffraction experiments so he could work to determine the structure of DNA. That summer, Luria met JohnKendrew,[39] and he arranged for a new postdoctoral research project for Watson in England.[16] In 1951 Watsonvisited the Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn' in Naples.[40]

Identifying the double helix

In midMarch 1953, using, in part, experimental data collected mainly by RosalindFranklin and also by Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick deduced the double helixstructure of DNA.[16][41] Sir Lawrence Bragg,[42] the director of the CavendishLaboratory (where Watson and Crick worked), made the original announcement ofthe discovery at a Solvay conference on proteins in Belgium on April 8, 1953; itwent unreported by the press. Watson and Crick submitted a paper entitledMolecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acidto the scientific journal Nature, which was published on April 25, 1953.[43] Thishas been described by some other biologists and Nobel laureates as the mostimportant scientific discovery of the 20th century. Bragg gave a talk at the Guy'sHospital Medical School in London on Thursday, May 14, 1953, which resulted ina May 15, 1953, article by Ritchie Calder in the London newspaper NewsChronicle, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life."

Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl M.Oughton were some of the first people in April 1953 to see the model of thestructure of DNA, constructed by Crick and Watson; at the time, they were workingat Oxford University's Chemistry Department. All were impressed by the newDNA model, especially Brenner, who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratoryand the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology. According to the late Beryl Oughton, later Rimmer, they alltravelled together in two cars once Dorothy Hodgkin announced to them that they were off to Cambridge to see themodel of the structure of DNA.[44]

The Cambridge University student newspaper Varsity also ran its own short article on the discovery on Saturday,May 30, 1953. Watson subsequently presented a paper on the doublehelical structure of DNA at the 18th ColdSpring Harbor Symposium on Viruses in early June 1953, six weeks after the publication of the Watson and Crickpaper in Nature. Many at the meeting had not yet heard of the discovery. The 1953 Cold Harbor Symposium wasthe first opportunity for many to see the model of the DNA double helix.

Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine in 1962 for their research on thestructure of nucleic acids.[16][16][45][46] Rosalind Franklin haddied in 1958 and was therefore ineligible for nomination.[41]

The publication of the double helix structure of DNA can beregarded as a turning point in science: human understanding oflife was fundamentally changed and the modern era of biologybegan.[47]

Harvard University

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Model_Crick-Watson.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMNHWatson.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffractionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kendrewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_Zoologicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_helixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Bragghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_conferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Chroniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brennerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_D._Dunitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Orgelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_(Cambridge)

External video

 James Watson: Why societyisn't ready for genomicbased

In 1956, Watson accepted a position in the Biology department at Harvard University. His work at Harvardfocused on RNA and its role in the transfer of genetic information.[48] At Harvard University, Watson achieved aseries of academic promotions from assistant professor to associate professor to full professor of biology. Watsonclaimed, however, that he was refused a $1,000 raise in salary after winning the Nobel Prize.

He championed a switch in focus for the school from classical biology to molecular biology, stating thatdisciplines such as ecology, developmental biology, taxonomy, physiology, etc. had stagnated and could progressonly once the underlying disciplines of molecular biology and biochemistry had elucidated their underpinnings,going so far as to discourage their study by students.

Watson continued to be a member of the Harvard faculty until 1976, even though he took over the directorship ofCold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1968.[48]

Views on Watson's scientific contributions while at Harvard are somewhat mixed. His most notable achievementsin his two decades at Harvard may be what he wrote about science, rather than anything he discovered during thattime.[49] Watson's first textbook, The Molecular Biology of the Gene, set a new standard for textbooks, particularlythrough the use of concept heads—brief declarative subheadings.[50] His next textbook was Molecular Biology ofthe Cell, in which he coordinated the work of a group of scientistwriters. His third textbook was RecombinantDNA, which described the ways in which genetic engineering has brought much new information about howorganisms function. The textbooks are still in print.

Publishing The Double Helix

In 1968, Watson wrote The Double Helix,[51] listed by the Board of the Modern Library as number seven in theirlist of 100 Best Nonfiction books.[52] The book details the sometimes painful story of not only the discovery of thestructure of DNA, but also the personalities, conflicts and controversy surrounding their work. Watson's originaltitle was to have been "Honest Jim", in that the book recounts the discovery of the double helix from his point ofview and included many of his private emotional impressions at the time. Some controversy surrounded thepublication of the book. Watson's book was originally to be published by the Harvard University Press, but FrancisCrick and Maurice Wilkins objected, among others. Watson's home university dropped the project and the bookwas commercially published.[53]

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

In 1968, Watson became the Director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory(CSHL). Between 1970 and 1972, the Watsons' two sons were born, and by1974, the young family made Cold Spring Harbor their permanent residence.Watson served as the laboratory's director and president for about 35 years, andlater he assumed the role of chancellor and then Chancellor Emeritus.

In his roles as director, president, and chancellor, Watson led CSHL toarticulate its presentday mission, "dedication to exploring molecular biologyand genetics in order to advance the understanding and ability to diagnose andtreat cancers, neurological diseases, and other causes of human suffering."[54]CSHL substantially expanded both its research and its science educationalprograms under Watson’s direction. He is credited with "transforming a smallfacility into one of the world’s great education and research institutions.Initiating a program to study the cause of human cancer, scientists under hisdirection have made major contributions to understanding the genetic basis of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Watson_2012_TTChao_Symposium.jpghttp://vimeo.com/75428437https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology_of_the_cell_(textbook)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library_100_Best_Nonfictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory

medicine, 2012, (http://vimeo.com/75428437) Chemical HeritageFoundation

Watson in 1992

cancer."[55] In a retrospective summary of Watson's accomplishments there,Bruce Stillman, the laboratory's president, said, "Jim Watson created a researchenvironment that is unparalleled in the world of science."[55]

In October 2007, Watson was suspended following criticism of his views ongenetic factors relating to intelligence,[56][57] and a week later, on the 25th, he retired at the age of 79 from CSHLfrom what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service".[55][58] In a statement, Watson attributed hisretirement to his age, and circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired.[59]

Human Genome Project

In 1990, Watson was appointed as the Head of the Human Genome Projectat the National Institutes of Health, a position he held until April 10,1992.[60] Watson left the Genome Project after conflicts with the new NIHDirector, Bernadine Healy. Watson was opposed to Healy's attempts toacquire patents on gene sequences, and any ownership of the "laws ofnature." Two years before stepping down from the Genome Project, he hadstated his own opinion on this long and ongoing controversy which he sawas an illogical barrier to research; he said, "The nations of the world mustsee that the human genome belongs to the world's people, as opposed to itsnations." He left within weeks of the 1992 announcement that the NIHwould be applying for patents on brainspecific cDNAs.[61] (The issue ofthe patentability of genes has since been resolved in the US by the USSupreme Court; see Association for Molecular Pathology v. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)

In 1994, Watson became President of CSHL. Francis Collins took over the role as Director of the Human GenomeProject.

In 2007, James Watson became the second person[62] to publish his fully sequenced genome online,[63] after it waspresented to him on May 31, 2007, by 454 Life Sciences Corporation[64] in collaboration with scientists at theHuman Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine. Watson was quoted as saying, "I am putting mygenome sequence on line to encourage the development of an era of personalized medicine, in which informationcontained in our genomes can be used to identify and prevent disease and to create individualized medicaltherapies".[65][66][67]

Role of oxidants in disease

In 2014 Watson published a paper in The Lancet suggesting that biological oxidants may have a different role thanis thought in diseases including diabetes, dementia, heart disease and cancer. For example, type 2 diabetes isusually thought to be caused by oxidation in the body that causes inflammation and kills off pancreatic cells.Watson thinks the root of that inflammation is different: "a lack of biological oxidants, not an excess", anddiscusses this in detail. One critical response was that the idea was neither new nor worthy of merit, and that TheLancet published Watson's paper only because of his name.[68] However, other scientists have expressed theirsupport for his hypothesis and have proposed that it can also be expanded to why a lack of oxidants can result incancer and its progression.[69]

Notable former students

http://vimeo.com/75428437https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Dewey_Watson.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_William_Stillmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadine_Healyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Courthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._U.S._Patent_and_Trademark_Officehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins_(geneticist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454_Life_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes

Several of Watson's former doctoral students subsequently became notable in their own right including, MarioCapecchi,[2] Bob Horvitz,[3] Charles Kurland,[3] Peter D. Moore[3] and Joan Steitz.[4] Besides numerous PhDstudents, Watson also supervised postdoctoral students and other interns including Ewan Birney,[5] Ronald W.Davis,[3] Phillip Allen Sharp (postdoc),[3] John Tooze, (postdoc)[7][8] and Richard J. Roberts (postdoc).[6]

Selected books published

James D. Watson, The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix, edited by Alexander Gann and JanWitkowski (2012) Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9781476715490.Watson, J. D. (1968). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. NewYork: Atheneum.Watson, J. D. (1968). Gunther S. Stent, ed. The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of theStructure of DNA. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393950751. (Norton Critical Editions, 1981).Watson, J. D.; Baker, T. A.; Bell, S. P.; Gann, A.; Levine, M.; Losick, R. (2003). Molecular Biology of theGene (5th ed.). New York: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 080534635X.Watson, J. D. (2002). Genes, Girls, and Gamow: After the Double Helix. New York: Random House.ISBN 0375412832. OCLC 47716375 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47716375).Watson, J. D.; Berry, A. (2003). DNA: The Secret of Life. New York: Random House. ISBN 0375415467.Watson, J.D. (2007). Avoid Boring People and Other Lessons from a Life in Science. New York: RandomHouse. p. 366. ISBN 9780375412844.

Other affiliations

Watson is a former member of the Board of Directors of United Biomedical, Inc., founded by Chang Yi Wang. Heheld the position for six years and retired from the board in 1999.[70]

In January 2007, Watson accepted the invitation of Leonor Beleza, president of the Champalimaud Foundation, tobecome the head of the foundation's scientific council, an advisory organ.[71][72]

Watson has also been an institute adviser for the Allen Institute for Brain Science.[73][74]

Political activism

During his tenure as a professor at Harvard, Watson participated in several political protests:

Vietnam War: While a professor at Harvard University, Watson, along with "12 Faculty members of thedepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology" including one other Nobel prize winner, spearheaded aresolution for "the immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam."[75]Nuclear proliferation and environmentalism: In 1975, on the "thirtieth anniversary of the bombing ofHiroshima," Watson along with "over 2000 scientists and engineers" spoke out against nuclear proliferationto President Ford in part because of the "lack of a proven method for the ultimate disposal of radioactivewaste" and because "The writers of the declaration see the proliferation of nuclear plants as a major threat toAmerican liberties and international safety because they say safeguard procedures are inadequate to preventterrorist theft of commercial reactorproduced plutonium."[76]In 2007 Watson said "I turned against the left wing because they don't like genetics, because genetics impliesthat sometimes in life we fail because we have bad genes. They want all failure in life to be due to the evilsystem."[77]

Controversies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Capecchihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Moore_(chemist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_A._Steitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_Birneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Davishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toozehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Robertshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schusterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476715490https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95075-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-4635-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41283-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47716375https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41546-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41284-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Yi_Wanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_Belezahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champalimaud_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Institute_for_Brain_Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_wing

Use of King's College results

An enduring controversy has been generated by Watson and Crick's unauthorized use of DNA Xray diffractiondata collected by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling. The controversy arose from the fact that some ofFranklin's unpublished data were used without her consent by Watson and Crick in their construction of the doublehelix model of DNA.[41][78] Franklin's experimental results provided estimates of the water content of DNAcrystals and these results were consistent with the two sugarphosphate backbones being on the outside of themolecule. Franklin personally told Crick and Watson that the backbones had to be on the outside, which was acrucial piece of information because before then Linus Pauling and Watson and Crick had generated erroneousmodels with the chains inside and the bases pointing outwards.[27] Her identification of the space group for DNAcrystals revealed to Crick that the two DNA strands were antiparallel.

The Xray diffraction images collected by Gosling and Franklin provided the best evidence for the helical nature ofDNA. Franklin's experimental work thus proved crucial in Watson and Crick's discovery. Watson and Crick hadthree sources for Franklin's unpublished data: 1) her 1951 seminar, attended by Watson,[79] 2) discussions withWilkins,[80] who worked in the same laboratory with Franklin, 3) a research progress report that was intended topromote coordination of Medical Research Councilsupported laboratories.[81] Watson, Crick, Wilkins andFranklin all worked in MRC laboratories.

Prior to publication of the double helix structure, Watson and Crick had little interaction with Franklin. Crick andWatson felt that they had benefited from collaborating with Wilkins. They offered him a coauthorship on thearticle that first described the double helix structure of DNA. Wilkins turned down the offer, a fact that may haveled to the terse character of the acknowledgment of experimental work done at King's College in the eventualpublished paper. Rather than make any of the DNA researchers at King's College coauthors on the Watson andCrick double helix article, the solution that was arrived at was to publish two additional papers from King'sCollege along with the helix paper.

According to one critic, Watson's portrayal of Franklin in The Double Helix (written after Franklin's death whenlibel laws did not apply anymore) was negative and gave the appearance that she was Wilkins' assistant and wasunable to interpret her own DNA data.[82] The latter accusation was indefensible since, e.g., Franklin herself toldCrick and Watson that the helix backbones had to be on the outside, which was crucial to the elucidation of thehelix since before this both Crick and Watson and Linus Pauling had independently generated flawed models withthe chains inside and the bases pointing outwards.[27]

In his book The Double Helix, Watson described being intimidated by Franklin and that they were unable toestablish constructive scientific interactions during the time period when Franklin was doing DNA research. In thebook's epilogue, written after Franklin's death, Watson acknowledges his early impressions of Franklin were oftenwrong, that she faced enormous barriers as a woman in the field of science even though her work was superb, andthat it took them years to overcome their bickering before he could appreciate Franklin's generosity and integrity.

A review of the handwritten correspondence from Franklin to Watson, located in the archives at CSHL, revealsthat the two scientists later had exchanges of constructive scientific correspondence. In fact, Franklin consultedwith Watson on her tobacco mosaic virus RNA research. Franklin's letters begin on friendly terms with "Dear Jim",and conclude with equally benevolent and respectful sentiments such as "Best Wishes, Yours, Rosalind". Each ofthe scientists published their own unique contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA in separatearticles, and all of the contributors published their findings in the same volume of Nature. These classic molecularbiology papers are identified as: Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" Nature171, 737738 (1953),[43] Wilkins M.H.F., Stokes A.R. & Wilson, H.R. "Molecular Structure of DeoxypentoseNucleic Acids" Nature 171, 738740 (1953),[83] Franklin R. and Gosling R.G. "Molecular Configuration in SodiumThymonucleate" Nature 171, 740741 (1953).[84]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Goslinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helix

James Watson (February2003)

The wording on the DNA sculpture (which was donated by Watson) outside Clare College's Memorial Court,Cambridge, England is:

On the base:

"These strands unravel during cell reproduction. Genes are encoded in the sequence of bases.""The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins."

On the helices:

"The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson while Watson lived hereat Clare.""The molecule of DNA has two helical strands that are linked by base pairs Adenine  Thymine or Guanine Cytosine."

Controversial comments

Watson has often expressed provocative concepts and disparaging opinions ofothers within the realm of genetic research.

He has been quoted in The Sunday Telegraph, 1997, as stating: "If you couldfind the gene which determines sexuality and a woman decides she doesn'twant a homosexual child, well, let her."[85] The biologist Richard Dawkinswrote a letter to The Independent claiming that Watson's position wasmisrepresented by The Sunday Telegraph article, and that Watson wouldequally consider the possibility of having a heterosexual child to be just asvalid as any other reason for abortion, to emphasise that Watson is in favor ofallowing choice.[86]On the issue of obesity, Watson has also been quoted as saying, 2000:"Whenever you interview fat people, you feel bad, because you know you'renot going to hire them."[87]While speaking at a conference in 2000, Watson had suggested a linkbetween skin color and sex drive, hypothesizing that darkskinned peoplehave stronger libidos.[87][88] His lecture argued that extracts of melanin – which gives skin its color – hadbeen found to boost subjects' sex drive. "That's why you have Latin lovers," he said, according to peoplewho attended the lecture. "You've never heard of an English lover. Only an English Patient."[89]Watson has repeatedly supported genetic screening and genetic engineering in public lectures and interviews,arguing that stupidity is a disease and the "really stupid" bottom 10% of people should be cured.[90] He hasalso suggested that beauty could be genetically engineered, saying in 2003, "People say it would be terribleif we made all girls pretty. I think it would be great."[90][91]Watson has had quite a few disagreements with Craig Venter regarding his use of EST fragments whileVenter worked at NIH. Venter went on to found Celera genomics and continued his feud with Watson.Watson was even quoted as calling Venter "Hitler".[92]

Avoid Boring People, UK book tour and resignation

In his memoir, Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science, Watson describes his academic colleagues as"dinosaurs", "deadbeats", "fossils", "hasbeens", "mediocre", and "vapid." Steve Shapin in Harvard Magazinenoted that Watson had written an unlikely "Book of Manners", telling about the skills needed at different times in ascientist's career; he wrote Watson was known for aggressively pursuing his own goals at the university. E. O.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Watson.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraphhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libidoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Patient_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Venterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressed_sequence_taghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celerahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Shapinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson

Watson signing autographs after aspeech at Cold Spring HarborLaboratory on April 30, 2007.

Wilson once described Watson as "the most unpleasant human being I hadever met", but in a later TV interview said that he considered them friendsand their rivalry at Harvard old history (when they had competed forfunding in their respective fields).[93][94]

In the epilogue to the memoir Avoid Boring People, Watson alternatelyattacks and defends former Harvard University president LawrenceSummers, who stepped down in 2006 due in part to his remarks aboutwomen and science. Watson also states in the epilogue, "Anyone sincerelyinterested in understanding the imbalance in the representation of men andwomen in science must reasonably be prepared at least to consider theextent to which nature may figure, even with the clear evidence that nurtureis strongly implicated."[91]

In early October 2007, Watson was about to embark on a UK book tour to promote the memoir. He wasinterviewed by Charlotte HuntGrubbe at CSHL. In 1996 she had been a student there in a program in whichWatson recruited students to live at his family home and work at CSHL for a year. HuntGrubbe had gone on towork for the Sunday Times Magazine; she was selected for the interview as she was one of the few women to havebeen mentored by him. HuntGrubbe broached the subject of whether race was a factor in his hypothesis ofdivergence of intellect between geographically isolated populations. The following is a transcript of that part of theinterview:

He says that he is “inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa” because “all our social policies arebased on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours – whereas all the testing says not really”,and I know that this “hot potato” is going to be difficult to address. His hope is that everyone is equal,but he counters that “people who have to deal with black employees find this not true”. He says thatyou should not discriminate on the basis of colour, because “there are many people of colour who arevery talented, but don’t promote them when they haven’t succeeded at the lower level”. He writes that“there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographicallyseparated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our wanting to reserve equalpowers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so”.[95]

Though other publications noted that the paper had '[kept] the profile sympathetic and place[d] the comments atthe end of the piece',[96] the article was a public relations disaster for Watson. The Sunday Times Magazine editorCathy Galvin noted, "It was important the reader understood Charlotte's relationship with Watson and her regardfor him before exploring the explosive and unscientific territory of his opinions and history of statements aboutwomen, race, and abortion which have stirred so much controversy in the past."[96]

Watson's comments drew attention and criticism in the UK. Watson said his intention was to promote science notracism, but some of the UK venues canceled his appearances.[97] Watson canceled the rest of histour.[98][99][100][101][102][103]

Because of the public controversy, on October 18, 2007, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratorysuspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. On October 19, Watson issued an apology; on October 25, heresigned from his position as chancellor.[104][105][106][107][108][109][110] In 2008, Watson was appointed chancelloremeritus of CSHL.[111][112] As of 2009, he continues to advise and guide project work at the laboratory.[113] In a2008 BBC documentary, Watson said: "I have never thought of myself as a racist. I don't see myself as a racist. Iam mortified by it. It was the worst thing in my life."[114] Some periodicals  offered opinions on the matter .[115][116]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JDWatson_2007-04-30.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Magazinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations

James D. Watson with the OthmerGold Medal, 2005

Sale of Nobel Prize Medal

In 2014, he decided to auction off his Nobel prize medal in view of his diminished income after the 2007incident[117] and to use part of the funds raised by the sale to support scientific research.[118] The medal sold atauction at Christie's in December 2014 for US$4.1 million. Watson intended to contribute the proceeds toconservation work in Long Island and to funding research at Trinity College, Dublin.[119] Watson is the first livingrecipient of the honor to auction the medal.[120]

The medal was subsequently returned to Watson by the purchaser, Russian tycoon Alisher Usmanov, who statedthat Watson deserved the medal and that it was "unacceptable" that he should be compelled to sell it.[121]

Personal life

Watson is an atheist.[20][122] In 2003, he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.[123]

Marriage and family

Watson married Elizabeth Lewis in 1968.[1] They have two sons, Rufus Robert Watson (b. 1970) and DuncanJames Watson (b. 1972). Watson sometimes talks about his son Rufus, who suffers from schizophrenia. He wantsto encourage progress in the understanding and treatment of mental illness by determining how genetics contributeto it.[113]

Awards and honors

Watson has won numerous awards including:

Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, 1960[124]

EMBO Membership in 1985[10]Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in theSciences (2001)[125]Charles A. Dana Award, 1994Copley Medal of the Royal Society, 1993[9]CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree, 2008 (http://doublehelixmedals.cshl.edu/history_08.html)Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, 1960Fellow of the New York Academy of SciencesGairdner Foundation International Award, 2002Heald AwardHonorary Fellow, the Hastings Center, an independent bioethicsresearch institution[126]Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire(KBE), 2002 [127]Hope Funds for Cancer Research: James D. Watson Award ofExcellence for Scientific Achievement (2014)Irish America Hall of Fame, inducted March 2011[128]John Collins Warren Prize of the Massachusetts General HospitalJohn J. Carty Award in molecular biology from the NationalAcademy of Sciences[129]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Watson_2005_Othmer_Gold_Medal.TIFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisher_Usmanovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism_and_Its_Aspirationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBO_Membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_for_Distinguished_Achievement_in_the_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://doublehelixmedals.cshl.edu/history_08.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_Award_in_Biological_Chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Awardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_America_Hall_of_Famehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science

Honorary degrees received

Professional and honorary affiliations

Kaul Foundation Award for ExcellenceLiberty Medal, 2000[130]Lomonosov Gold Medal, 1994Lotos Club Medal of Merit, 2004Mendel Medal, 2008National Biotechnology Venture AwardNational Medal of Science, 1997[131]New York Academy of Medicine Award, 1999Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962[16]

Othmer Gold Medal (2005)[132][133]

Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1977[134]Research Corporation PrizeUniversity of Chicago Alumni Medal, 1998[25]University College London Prize, 2000University Medal at SUNY Stony Brook

D.Sc., University of Chicago, USA, 1961D.Sc., Indiana University, USA, 1963L.L.D., University of Notre Dame, USA, 1965D.Sc., Long Island University (C.W. Post), USA, 1970D.Sc., Adelphi University, USA, 1972D.Sc., Brandeis University, USA, 1973D.Sc., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA, 1974D.Sc., Hofstra University, USA, 1976D.Sc., Harvard University, USA, 1978D.Sc., Rockefeller University, USA, 1980D.Sc., Clarkson College, USA, 1981D.Sc., SUNY at Farmingdale, USA, 1983M.D., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1986D.Sc., Rutgers University, USA, 1988D.Sc., Bard College, USA, 1991D.Sc., University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, 1993D.Sc., Fairfield University, USA, 1993D.Sc., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1993Dr.h.c., Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, 1998Sc.D., University of Dublin, Ireland, 2001 [135]

American Academy of Arts and SciencesAmerican Association for Cancer ResearchAmerican Philosophical SocietyAmerican Society of Biological ChemistsMember of the Athenaeum Club, LondonCambridge University (Honorary Fellow, ClareCollege, Cambridge)[1]Danish Academy of Arts and SciencesNational Academy of Sciences

Oxford University (NewtonAbraham VisitingProfessor)Membership of the European Molecular BiologyOrganization in 1985[10]Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society(ForMemRS) in 1981[9]Russian Academy of SciencesInternational Academy of Science, Munich

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Medalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov_Gold_Medalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotos_Clubhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmer_Gold_Medalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Damehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Collegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_Collegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stellenboschhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_in_Praguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dublinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_Club,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981

See also

Full genome sequencingHistory of molecular biologyHistory of RNA biologyList of RNA biologistsPredictive medicineBehavioral genetics

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ww.ifogo.com/1Authors/James%20D.%20Watson/watson.html) (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. ISBN 9780375415463.Archived from the original (http://www.ifogo.com/1Authors/James%20D.%20Watson/watson.html) on 20081121.

30. Watson, James D. (2012). "James D. Watson Chancellor Emeritus" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131211150032/http://www.cshl.edu/gradschool/NonResearchFaculty/jamesdwatson). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Archived from theoriginal (http://www.cshl.edu/gradschool/NonResearchFaculty/jamesdwatson) on December 11, 2013. RetrievedDecember 5, 2013.

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