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How can cities better integrate migrants?Jacqueline BroadheadWinston Churchill Memorial Trust Fellow 2016

Contents

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Thank you 3

About me 4

A short note on immigration terms 5

Introduction and summary

How cities can better integrate migrants? 6

Context

Those who leave and those who stayThe history of migration and its continuing relevance

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A blue drop in a red oceanOn the impossibility of avoiding politics

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Findings and practical learning 12

Five practical recommendations for change at the city and local level 12

1. Provide ‘day one’ legal and options briefings for unaccompanied minors 13

2. Provide comprehensive legal advice as a gateway to services 14

3. Work with employers to provide English lessons at work, about work 15

4. Work with employers to allow well qualified migrants to work to their potential 16

5. Create a strong and inclusive city identity 17

Analysis and policy recommendations

Five ways cities can lead not follow on immigration policy 18

How can we make this happen? 23

Useful articles and resources 25

Thank youObviously, this project would not have been possible without the wonderful support of the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust who have funded this Fellowship.

“Every day you may make progress. Every step may be fruitful. Yet there will stretch out before you an ever-lengthening, ever-ascending, ever-improving path. You know you will never get to the end of the journey. But this, so far from discouraging, only adds to the joy and glory of the climb.” Winston Churchill

I must also thank Islington Council in their support and flexibility in allowing me to undertake this Fellowship, especially to my colleagues in the No Recourse to Public Funds team and the inimitable Henry St Clair Miller - I owe you a lot of coffee!

Thank you to all the organisations I met along the way - I have been inspired by all of you.

Biblioteca Casa di Khaoula Bologna CaresCentro Accoglienza Straordinario di PoggiorsiniCentro Interculturale ZonarelliCGILConsiglio italiano per i rifugiati (CIR)Ellis Island Immigration MuseumGenerazione GlobaleNational Immigration FoundationNew American Economy New York Immigration CoalitionNew York City Mayor’s Office for Immigration AffairsRobin Hood FoundationRoma Città ApertaTenement MuseumUnbound PhilanthropyUpwardly GlobalWelcoming America

Thank you to Will Somerville of Unbound Philanthropy, Suzette Brooks Masters, Dr Sarah Spencer of COMPAS, Dr Anna Tuckett of LSE, Dr Naomi Wells of the University of Warwick and Viola Malandra for their support and generosity in making connections and helping me to understand the lay of the land prior to my travels.

I would like to thank the people of Poggiorsini and at the CAS and especially Nicole, Malcolm, Sonny, Silvia, Alex, Ibrah, Walter, Luisa, Nino, Aida, Victor, Rafaelle, Abdulahi and Fili for their warm welcome and their wonderful work.

Thanks to the brothers Holdaway and Bess Evans for their generous hospitality on both sides of the Atlantic and to Louise Carter and Adam Walker for coming along for at least part of the ride and surviving the New York heatwave.

Finally, thank you to Simon Bisiker - for everything.

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About meThis is a project about identity and belonging.

My high water mark of belonging was the London 2012 Olympic opening ceremony - exactly four years before the start of this project when we watched the Rio ceremony in a crowded bar in Brooklyn. More specifically it is in the programme notes to the ceremony written by Danny Boyle and Frank Cottrell Boyce which express everything that makes me proud to be British and proud to be a Londoner.

‘Be not afeard: the isle is full of noises’At some point in their histories, most nations experience a revolution that changes everything about them. The United Kingdom had a revolution that changed whole of human existence.In 1709 Abraham Darby smelted iron in a blast furnace, using coke. And so began the Industrial Revolution. Out of Abraham’s Shropshire furnace flowed molten metal. Out of his genius flowed the mills, looms, engines, weapons, railways, ships, cities, conflicts and prosperity that built the world we live in. In November 1990 another Briton sparked another revolution – equally far-reaching – a revolution we’re still experiencing. The digital revolution was sparked by Tim Berners-Lee’s amazing gift to the world – the World Wide Web. This, he said, is for everyone. We welcome you to an Olympic Opening Ceremony for everyone. A ceremony that celebrates the creativity, eccentricity, daring and openness of the British genius by harnessing the genius, creativity, eccentricity, daring and openness of modern London.

You’ll hear the words at our great poets – Shakespeare, Blake and Milton. You’ll hear the glorious noise of our unrivalled pop culture. You’ll see characters from our great children’s literature – Peter Pan and Captain Hook, Mary Poppins, Voldemort, Cruella de Vil. You’ll see ordinary families and extraordinary athletes. Dancing nurses, singing children and amazing special effects.

But we hope, too, that through all the noise and excitement you’ll glimpse a single golden thread of purpose – the idea of Jerusalem – of the better world, the world of real freedom and true equality, a world that can be built through the prosperity of industry, through the caring nation that built the welfare state, through the joyous energy of popular culture, through the dream of universal communication. A belief that we can build Jerusalem. And that it will be for everyone.

After graduating from the University of Warwick with a degree in French and Italian studies, I taught French for two years at Haling Manor high school as part of the Teach First Programme. At Islington Council, I led on the Islington Fairness Commission - setting out how local government can embed fairness into everything it does and the Islington Employment Commission - aiming to tackle poverty by ensuring that all residents get, keep and ultimately enjoy their job. I helped to launch Islington Giving - a new model of local philanthropy which has now raised over £4.5million and supported over 50 community groups and charities to tackle poverty and create opportunity.

I currently manage Islington’s No Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF) team and lead on Islington’s contribution to the Syrian Vulnerable Person’s Resettlement scheme and from March 2017 will lead the Inclusive Cities programme at the Global Exchange on Migration and Diversity, a part of the Centre for Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford.

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A short note on immigration termsItaly, the UK and US all have different immigration systems united by one factor - their complexity. They all have different ways in which they dice and slice their migrant population and codify them with different statuses and systems.

I have not dwelt on this for two reasons. Firstly, these systems are the domain of central or federal government and are therefore out of scope of this project as things which cities have little power (other than lobbying) over. Secondly, and more importantly, in conversation with Welcoming America and CIR, the topic of dividing migrants up into different categories emerged as a problem. They split the organisations working into separate factions (those who work with refugees, those who support asylum seekers, those who work with the undocumented) when they could be much stronger working with one voice.

That being said, there are some terms - both in relation to different statuses and systems of support, that crop up reasonably frequently and are included here as background explanation.

ItalySistema di protezione per richiedenti asilo e rifugiati (SPRAR) - A network of providers, managed locally but funded nationally, to provide housing and support for asylum seekers

Centro Accoglienza Straordinario (CAS) - Emergency additional capacity to provide accommodation for asylum seekers in light of the migration crisis

Extra-communitario - a migrant from outside of the European Union

UKNo Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF) - an immigration condition limiting access to welfare benefits and local authority housing. Covers those unlawfully present and those lawfully present with the NRPF restriction on their visa

Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children (UASCs) - a person under 18, applying for asylum on his or her own right, who is separated from both parents and is not being cared for by an adult who by law has responsibility to do so.

Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner (OISC) - the body responsible for regulating immigration advice in the UK

USDeferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) - an executive action by President Obama to allow certain undocumented immigrants to the United States who entered the country before their 16th birthday and before June 2007 to receive a renewable two-year work permit and exemption to the threat of deportation without providing a route to citizenship. A split Supreme Court judgement in June 2016 placed the future of the scheme and its expansion in doubt.

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How cities can better integrate migrants?Introduction and summaryImmigration has never been talked about more and understood less. Our debate is almost entirely focussed on what overall number of net migrants would meet the contrasting aims of being politically acceptable whilst supporting the growth of our economy, as if there is a magic number which will achieve this balance. This is partially because migration is seen almost entirely as the job of national government and of the Home Office - with local government and cities in particular, barely getting a look in.

However, it is our cities that are home to the highest levels migration and it is our cities who are perhaps best able to traverse this impasse on migration. Cities aren’t responsible for who is in and who is out - however, they are responsible for all of their citizens and for making the most diverse, inclusive communities possible, with the most dynamic economies acting as the powerhouses for national growth.

The Home Office get to decide who is British, but anyone can be a Londoner.

New York and other US and Italian cities can provide a road map for how London and others can lead and shape the debate on immigration - not simply follow it. Cities can provide the services to support integration, but they can also tell their story, as places built on migration, of places that have always looked outwards in the knowledge that they will be made stronger by welcoming in new communities. Their story is not one of migration diluting their sense of what it means to belong to that city - migration is integral to the cities’ sense of history and present day identity.

This research set out to demonstrate what cities can do, outside of the fraught national debate in relation to migration. Cities in the US and Italy certainly provide plenty of practical examples of what can be done when cities step up into this space. Better legal advice can provide gateways to services, language provision and employment support means that migrants can contribute to the city and achieve their dreams of better lives. This practical service provision acts as a gateway for migrants - it allows them become part of the ebb and flow of the city and forge their own path. It allows them to offer their skills and labour to the development and growth of the city. None of these suggestions are wholly new or without challenges to implement in a UK context, but they are offered here with concrete examples of success - both for the migrants themselves, and for the communities, businesses and neighbourhoods which make up the city.

5 practical recommendations for change at the city and local government level

1. Provide ‘day 1’ briefings on the legal options for unaccompanied asylum seeking children and their guardians - to ensure that all children who arrive unaccompanied know their rights and have a clear path to resolving their immigration status as they move into adulthood

2. Focus on providing a network of decent legal advice as a gateway right for migrants 3. At the entry level, work in partnership with employers to provide contextualised English classes

concurrently with work to provide pathways for progression for those with permission to work4. At the graduate level, work better with employers to avoid the brain drain and ensure teachers

and engineers are contributing to the economy as teachers and engineers5. Create a strong and inclusive city identity

These measures do not take a partisan stance, but instead acknowledge the different aims and goals of local government, whilst equally acknowledging the right of central government to determine and implement national immigration policy. However, in meeting with the organisations leading the city positions on immigration, it is clear that they are anything but bystanders in the migration debate. They advocate a city specific case for migration, both in advocating for the importance of migration for cities and for being clear of the responsibilities of cities towards their

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migrant populations and what they can do to improve life for everyone - both the receiving communities and those who have arrived more recently. Therefore cities need to engage at the policy level as well as providing practical support.

5 policy recommendations to enable cities to lead not follow in the migration debate1. Set out the clear economic case for migration2. Set out the values based case for migration3. Build strong partnerships across the political spectrum and with business4. Do as much for and with existing communities as new arrivals 5. Build on the history and strengths of the city to tell the story of migration

It is time to move beyond migration as a national issue and embrace it at the local level. This report sets out these recommendations in detail and the sources of these ideas and evidence of their efficacy. It also sets out some of the historical and political context for the migration debate and how this can inform our thinking at the city level - alongside the policy shifts that would be needed for cities to take a lead on the migration debate and what the benefits of this could be.

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Those who leave and those who stayThe history of migration and its continuing relevance “Many immigrants had brought on board balls of yarn, leaving one end of the line with someone on land. As the ship slowly cleared the dock, the balls unwound amid the farewell shouts of the women, the fluttering of the handkerchiefs and the infants held high. After the yarn ran out, the long strips remained airborne, sustained by the wind, long after those on land and those at sea had lost sight of each other.” Luciano de Crescenzo, quoted in Michael La Sorte ‘La Merica' (Temple University Press: 1985)

"When I arrived in America, I learned three things. One, the streets were not paved with gold. Two, they weren't paved at all and three - I was expected to pave them.”Italian migrant quoted at the Ellis Island Migration Museum

New York and Italy are two sides of the same immigration coin. The yarn stretched across and fluttered high over the Atlantic when, between 1881 and 1915, 4.4 million Italians took the journey across the ocean to The Golden Door and La Merica.

In recent years, Italy has shifted from being a country most associated with this mass emigration to one at the forefront of European migration and the refugee crisis. In 2014, its net migration level was 201,000 - the third highest in Europe after Germany and the UK. During the second quarter of 2016, Italy received 27,000 claims for asylum (more than the 25,771 that the UK received in the whole of 2015.)

Both New York and Italy are in some senses defined by this migration and their respective responses to it and are bound together by the migrations they experienced.

Adolfo and Rosaria Baldizzi are one such yarn. They emigrated to New York from Palermo in 1923. This was after the first great wave of open migration and in a time more similar to our own, with strict quotas - particularly aimed at Italian migrants. As a result of this, Adolfo came as a stowaway, with his wife following a year later with a doctored passport. They had also missed the days of relative plenty and their life on the Lower East Side of New York was tough, in particular, following the financial crash of 1929, after which they lived in fairly abject poverty. Their story is told now through the Tenement Museum at their former address 97 Orchard Street . On the tour of the tenement, it is explained 1

how Rosaria did not become an American citizen until the late 1930s - and after this was the first time she was able to cross back over the Atlantic to visit her ailing mother before she passed away. When she returned to America, she kissed the ground of what had finally become her homeland.

This section is indebted both to the Tenement Museum’s excellent Hard Times tour and Jane 1

Ziegelman’s 97 Orchard St which tracks the families who once lived at that address through the food they ate.

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“What is a legacy?/It’s planting seeds in a garden you never get to see/ I wrote some notes at the beginning of a song someone will sing for me/ America, you great unfinished symphony, you sent for me/ you let me make a difference/ A place where even orphan immigrants can make a difference”

The Broadway hit Hamilton, explores how the American (and New York) dream has its roots in the migrant experience.

In Poggiorsini, a small village in Southern Italy, somewhere on the border between Puglia and Basilicata, I met Adolfo and Rosaria’s 21st century equivalents who, having taken a similarly perilous and uncertain journey across the Mediterranean are faced with the same challenge as the Baldizzi’s - a land of supposed milk and honey which actually faces its own economic crisis and a receiving community struggling to know how to adapt to its newest inhabitants. Some, such as Abdullahi had found employment in the centre itself, some like Ibrah had moved out and found work in a local factory and started to build their lives in the village. However, many others were in limbo between a life they had left behind and a new one which had not started yet.

It took Rosaria Baldizzi many years to receive her citizenship, which enabled her both to be a proud New Yorker and an American and to keep the links that tied her to her family and her roots. Where once the Baldizzis were unwanted, Italian American culture is now recognised and cherished - New York without pizza and cannoli seems unimaginable. As cities welcome new communities they adapt around them. The pace of change in cities in particular makes this possible - but it can also make it scary and difficult. The links which tie and bind New York to Italy are now linking them to a whole new set of people, cultures, families and communities. How we deal with this challenge will define the success of our cities, but it is not a new story but one more yarn in the long history of migration and connections which bind us together.

�9On the wall of their Italian classroom (the old dining room of the disused holiday resort where they are billeted) the residents of Poggiorisini have drawn their long journeys to get to Italy.

A blue drop in a red oceanOn the impossibility of avoiding politics"I will build a great wall -- and nobody builds walls better than me, believe me --and I'll build them very inexpensively. I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will make Mexico pay for that wall. Mark my words.” Donald Trump, launching his campaign for the US Presidency

This project took place against the backdrop of a political tsunami, on both sides of the Atlantic, centred around immigration. Brexit in the UK, and the candidacy of Donald Trump in the US (not even to mention the migrant crisis in Italy) have contributed to a pressure cooker atmosphere regarding the conversation on migration. Returning to my New York apartment in August 2016 after meeting organisations working at the front line and being inspired by what can be done, was to be confronted by the 24 news cycle of headlines on the Republican candidate’s shifting position on migration and whether a ‘deportation force’ to deport 11 million migrants was viable, or indeed, still supported by the candidate himself.

Against this backdrop, it seemed foolish to maintain the pretence that this, locally focussed project was a-political. Everyone I met was politically engaged and as far from a bystander in the migration debate as could be imagined. They are at the heart of a battle for what America and Europe stand for and have radically different visions for their countries. This project does take a position, as did almost everyone I met in the course of the project - that without getting lost in the quagmire of the national immigration debate, there are clear benefits of migration for cities, both economically and socially and that cities are well placed and would be well advised to take advantage of these benefits due to their openness and outward looking perspective.

In all three countries, there is a polarisation of politics and also a strong thread that the future of politics may lay not in a division between left and right but between open and closed. 17 of the top 2

20 most pro Remain boroughs were in cities, 13 in London. Both New York and London have around 36% of their population who were born overseas. In the Bologna district of Bolognina, just north of the main station, 25% of the population are foreign born, rising to 35% among school aged children.

Even more fascinating is to hear of cities in the heart of red Republican states such as Atlanta, Georgia and Boise, Idaho where forthright Mayors, buoyed by shifting demographics, are striking out in a radically different direction to their state - the blue drops in a red ocean.

And what of it? There were three overarching lessons for the project, drawn out from an awful lot of sound and fury.

See the New Statesman ‘Divided Britain’ 23/06/2016 by Stephen Bush and the Economist ‘The 2

New Political Divide’ 30/07/2016�10

A billboard on Lafayette Street in New York

Firstly, as has been already stated, but deserves to be emphasised, cities are different political animals - often from the neighbours who surround them and so local governance is required to ensure that cities receive the policy fixes they require - which may be markedly different to the communities who surround them. This is particularly acute in the sphere of migration - there is something about cities that allows them to accept and welcome new arrivals and view them as a well spring of vitality rather than a dilution of their spirit.

However, that’s not to say that this openness is automatic or easily managed. To the contrary, it needs to be proactively messaged and managed - the examples in this report aim to show how this characteristic of cities can be channeled to drive prosperity, growth and diversity and that this can best be done by cities themselves.

The second lesson came from the US, when I asked about how it came to be that cities are able to lead not follow in the immigration debate. The answer is that they have been pushed to the front of the debate by a gridlock in the federal system that has not allowed a single piece of immigration legislation through in over 20 years. However, from this impasse, cities have taken the initiative - setting out their own plans at the local level and filling in services, where there was a need which the federal or state government was failing to recognise or fulfil. However, one critique of this approach - in both Italy and the US was that this work was all too defensive - it focusses on preserving existing rights rather than pushing for change for the whole community. It accepts the prevailing narrative of migration as a problem to be managed rather than as an opportunity. Instead, the best organisations I met are trying to get out in front of the debate. Welcoming America are trying to shape a narrative of openness.

Bologna Cares takes the initiative by showing how welcoming migrants can be a positive choice through an advertising campaign on buses, Facebook and at the popular outdoor film showings in the Piazza Maggiore. New American Economy has launched information on the economic benefits of migration in all 50 states.

Thirdly, the organisations that I met do not allow themselves to become ghettoised on one side of the political spectrum. Just as they understand that to be accepted and for communities to blossom migrants must be integrated into the communities they live in - so must the advocacy work on the benefits of migration reach out beyond the choir to attract new support. After the EU referendum vote, many people knew no one who had voted on the other side to them - and this seemed to be particularly apparent in our cities. In order to better integrate migrants, to welcome them and to make the case for cohesive communities we must work out how to speak to those across the aisle and include them in making the case for openness.

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Poster in Fort Greene, Brooklyn

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Five practical recommendations for change at the city and local level

1. Provide ‘day one’ legal and options briefings for unaccompanied minorsIdea: Provided briefings and legal advice for recently arrived minors from Central America under a unique public and private partnership - increasing the success rate from 10% to 90%Source: Robin Hood Foundation The Robin Hood Foundation has a single goal - to end poverty in New York City. It pursues this goal with a very particular impact model that it calls ‘Relentless Monetisation.’ Put simply, they monetise the value of each of their interventions with the aim of investing in those which cut poverty furthest and fastest.They aim to spend their philanthropic dollars as smartly as possible, with a laser like focus on poverty reduction.

It would be utterly pointless in a city like New York, where 36% of the population is foreign born (almost exactly comparable to London’s rate in the 2011 census ) to target poverty and 3

exclude migrants - therefore schemes which act as a gateway to tackling poverty amongst some of the poorest migrant communities come within clear scope of the programme. This also means that, although the majority of the Foundation’s $150million of annual fundraising comes from wealthy individual donors who perhaps would be less inclined to support a solely migrant focussed project, they can be convinced of the merits of a project if it meets this overarching goal and is effective.

All of which brings us to Safe Passage. When I met Veyom Bahl from Robin Hood and asked him to describe the project which in his view had been the most successful - this was it. In 2014 the US saw a large increase in unaccompanied minors fleeing violence in Central America. Many of these arrived in New York and, even though many had a strong case, they found it difficult to access the correct advice and found the legal system daunting and hard to navigate. Safe Passage is a public and private partnership between

New York City Council, Robin Hood Foundation and the New York Community Trust to ensure that these young people receive the advice they need through a network of pro bono lawyers.

The results have been impressive with a shift from a 10% success rate in grants of status for those who were without an attorney or had sourced their own - to 90% for those who went through the programme. As of August 2016, 1,131 cases had accepted for representation, and 119 cases had been concluded successfully with 72 children having been granted asylum and 47 children having obtained lawful permanent residency. Beyond 4

this, the programme includes a simple briefing session - often at court - for the young people so that they can understand their options and what is happening to them and the likely outcomes.

Safe Passage has clear lessons for work with UASCs in the UK. Social Services departments are often under equipped to provide clear information for these young people on their options meaning that they often reach adulthood with uncertain futures ahead of them. A commitment to, as an absolute minimum, provide a briefing for every UASC (and their foster carer) with an OISC registered advisor and interpreter where necessary would make a real difference. More broadly, a partnership between foundations and government to provide a safety net of decent legal advice for UASCs could transform the prospects of one of the most vulnerable groups in society.

‘Migrants in the UK: An Overview’ 2016 Migrant Observatory3

‘New York City Council Unaccompanied Minors Initiative Continues To Prevent Needless 4

Deportations’ 12 August 2016�13

2. Provide comprehensive legal advice as a gateway to servicesIdea: A comprehensive network of advice (ActionNYC) Source: New York Mayors Office for Immigration Affairs, Consiglio Italiano per i Rifugiati (CIR) and SPRAR

On my first full day in New York, I hopped onto the subway and saw something that almost made me miss my stop. It was a poster, seemingly from City Hall, advertising free, safe immigration advice. The poster was striking, not just for what it offered but the message that it sent. First visually, here was a direct link between New York’s past and its present - linking the historic promise of Lady Liberty to today. I was also struck by the simple word ‘help’ - not legal advice, but free, safe, help. When I met the Mayor’s Office to find out more about Advice NYC, I thought I would find a replicable model for London - but truthfully the model to replicate is the poster.

The Action NYC programme is a relatively simple grant funded programme of community based advice providers across all 5 boroughs of the city. It is funded by City Hall and there is some flexibility in the provision dependent on the needs of the communities and the community organisations. The advice sessions are run in community venues such as libraries.

None of this is that dissimilar to what exists in London. What is striking is the commitment to the scheme, the extent to which it is promoted and the message of inclusiveness that the scheme disseminates to New Yorkers.

The cost of the scheme is $7.9million per year. This was a pledge made by Mayor de Blasio when he assumed office and is no small commitment. The rationale for making this a priority is that this advice acts as a gateway to all other services. 36% of the New York population is foreign born and to ignore their advice needs is to compromise the success of all other services. The view of City Hall is that immigration needs come first for those struggling to stabilise their situation - other issues from child poverty, to public health concerns and education cannot be addressed if this has not been addressed first.

This prioritisation of the advice is significant - as is the marketing of the scheme. A disparate network of advice providers come together under a single name - ActionNYC - and under the authority of the municipal government. The power of this was underlined to me by the similar experience of SPRAR - the Italian network of primarily non-profit providers who form the asylum support network. Having a single name for a network of providers promotes both a minimum standard of universal provision and a united voice.

Finally, ActionNYC allows for coordinated outreach and messaging. The very fact of having this poster on the subway and throughout the city means the people who need the service will see it. However, even those who do not eventually access the service get a message - you are safe here, you are welcome here, you are a part of our city and we will help you.

�14That ‘almost fell off my chair’ poster

3. Work with employers to provide English lessons at work, about work Idea: Don’t make people choose between work and learning the language - and grow an employer’s ability to retain staff and promote from withinSource: New American Workforce, National Immigration Forum The National Immigration Forum’s New American Workforce programme started life as part of their Immigration 2020 strategy. After failing to get reform passed for the best part of 20 years they asked a simple question, ‘why do we keep losing?’

It takes a bold organisation to ask such a fundamental question and the answer they came up with was equally stark: we aren’t talking to the right people, we focus too much on people who already agree with us and we don’t seek out common themes which show diverse support for migration beyond our own side of the aisle. They identified moderate Republicans and business as one key audience to reaching beyond their current constituencies. A 2010 article penned by Jeb Bush and Robert Putnam provided a road 5

map and an inspiration in the example of Bethlehem Steel. In 1915, roughly 60% of the company’s workforce were foreign born and the company was one of the first to offer English language classes and other holistic support to its employees and their families. One hundred years later, National Immigration Foundation asked themselves who is the Bethlehem Steel of today and who is taking their work to the next level. The answer came back – no-one and no-one.

New American Workforce aims to change that – it  allows employers to mimic what Bethlehem Steel did and become responsible employers with a stake in their communities. They provide English lessons and legal advice to get registered as a citizen – all either free or heavily subsidised. The benefits are as clear for employers as for employees – increased retention, better recruitment outcomes and the ability to promote from within your own workforce rather than have to search elsewhere.

In retail, they are going even further. A grant from Walmart Foundation has allowed them to trial a contextualised English programme in three cities, including in Whole Foods in New York. The programme recognises that lots of English classes are too general and so is very specialised to the work of that employer – they use their training materials and store layouts, so that it feels real for the employee. It is only a 12 week programme, but it has been successful with a 67% retention rate (compared to a 23% rate nationally.) Most impressively, 20% of those who completed the course were promoted internally. There are downsides – the grant means that at present the course is free to employers – what will happen when they need to contribute is uncertain. Similarly at present, they don’t offer time off for employees (though they have offered some flexibility such as transport time to the lesson venue) – so they are some way off the civic ambition of a Bethlehem, though it is a stride in the right direction.

New American Workforce demonstrates how employers can be key to supporting and integrating migrants and breaking the often frustrating cycle where people need to work and so don’t have time to study, but need English in order to get work or get promoted. It offers considerable benefits for employers who get to support their workforce, promote more easily from within and demonstrate their credentials as globally aware and open for business. When we ask ourselves the question who is building the New British or New London Workforce - do we have the employers who are ready to step up and the cities ready to work with them?

Robert Putnam and Jeb Bush ‘A better welcome for our nation’s immigrants’ 3rd July 2010 The 5

Washington Post�15

4. Work with employers to allow well qualified migrants to work to their potential Idea: Stop the brain drain - allow doctors and teachers to work as doctors and teachers and support themselves and the economySource: Upwardly Global Most charities have a good origin story, but Upwardly Global‘s is quite something. As an Assistant Director in the refugee resettlement field, Jane Leu toured a New York poultry production plant that was considered a model employer for refugees. The owner introduced Jane to two of his best employees: a former engineer from Iraq and a surgeon from Bosnia. Astonished by this waste of human potential - both for the refugees and the US economy, Upwardly Global was formed.

Their programme works to ensure that qualified refugees and migrants are able to get into work that matches their level of education and experience. This is not an idea unknown in the UK - for example the Refugee Council runs a Refugees into Jobs programme, with specialisms in supporting those with qualifications in teaching and health to get into that field. However, what is particularly interesting about Upwardly Global’s approach is their close work with employers themselves to meet their future employees in the middle and not expect everyone to arrive at their door as the fully fledged finished article.

Rachel Webre from Upwardly Global explained to me that whilst there are some challenges are specific - relating to the conversion of relevant qualifications for example - most of them relate to cultural understanding of the job environment and that these are the most difficult to break down. ‘Polish’ and ‘confidence’ often become proxies for hiring in your own image and therefore narrowing the field of talent available for employers to ensure that they have the most talented workforce possible to meet business need. It takes a proactive effort to break this cycle - one employer that Upwardly Global works with has a post-it note tacked by his computer reading ‘don’t hire myself.’

A commitment to preventing the brain drain allows migrants to contribute to their full potential and increase productivity - the major challenge facing the UK economy.

Research from the Social Mobility Commission has demonstrated that these 6

recruitment biases are far from only affecting refugee and migrant communities. Programmes such as Upwardly Global, provide an opportunity to increase diversity across an organisation and can provide the often missing link between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and hiring departments to drive external investment, promote employee satisfaction and ensure that the workforce is equipped to meet the challenges of the future.

Standard Chartered has partnered with UpGlo since 2011 and in that time 80 employees have given time to help skilled migrants with their CV, interview technique and other part of employability and 21 candidates have found full-time employment roles such as Data Specialists and Financial Analysts - broadening the diversity of their workforce and allowing skilled migrants to contribute to the economy to their full potential

Upwardly Global provides a replicable model, already successfully in place in the US, with companies who also have bases in London, to ensure that highly skilled migrants are able to contribute their existing expertise to drive the economy, whilst challenging long standing recruitment biases can only help existing communities to access employment that eludes them for reasons that have nothing to do with their talent and expertise.

Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission, Qualitative evaluation of non educational barriers 6

to the elite professions, June 2015�16

5. Create a strong and inclusive city identityIdea: Use id schemes and other forms of civic identity to create stigma free ways for everyone to be part of the citySource: New York Mayors Office for Immigration Affairs and Comune di BolognaThe story of immigration is at its heart one of a search for identity and belonging. When I met Fausto Amelii from the Centro Interculturale Zonarelli in Bologna, we talked about the strength of Italian identity and the idea of inheritance as the primary way of acquiring Italian citizenship. This can mean that a child or grandchild of a member of the Italian diaspora, who may not speak Italian, or ever have set foot in Italy can often acquire citizenship more easily than someone born and raised in Italy to migrant parents. “However,” he said, “Italy is a young country, we have only been Italians for about 150 years, but there have been Bolognesi for a lot longer than that.” Perhaps it will be easier for migrants to become part of the city than it will for them to be accepted as Italians.

In Bologna, this distinctive city identity manifests itself in a number of ways. The city known as la dotta, la rossa e la grassa (the learned, the red/ left wing and the fat) is known for its wealth and rich cuisine, its intellectual heritage and its left wing tradition. It is also known for its commitment to collective action. Two of the projects I visited were reclaiming and reinventing this Bologna tendency to adapt it to migrants. At the Zonarelli centre it was through the 120 migrant community groups which form its membership as a cooperative. At CGIL it was in developing the trade union model to acknowledge that as the demographics of the city shift, the workers whose rights are most likely to be violated are those who arrived most recently and that the tradition of trade unionism needs to change and shift in order to renew itself and to meet the changing needs of the city.

In New York, this municipal identity finds its most concrete expression in idnyc. New York has a noticeable id culture - out and about round in the city, you are asked regularly for some form of identification.This isn’t just at bars, or to get into office buildings, but can even extend to schools - where parents

without identification aren’t permitted to pick up their children. Therefore the idnyc scheme, fulfils a practical need - the card acts as a recognised identification document and can be used to open a bank account as well as broader cultural benefits such as discounts and memberships at various museums and cultural institutions.

As of 30th June 2016 836,469 New Yorkers have signed up to the scheme - nearly 10% of the population. An external evaluation of the scheme showed that the scheme had been much more popular than expected and that some of this was beyond the tangible benefits of the card to a wider sense of belonging. 58% of survey respondents said that the card had increased their sense of belonging an this was even greater amongst immigrants where this number rose to 77%. The evaluation quotes a number of migrants and community organisations on the effect the card has had on them and the people they work with:

You come out of the shadows. you can show this without shame to show who you are.

The greatest impact is that the ID leads to less discrimination. If you show an ID that is accepted here then you don’t feel inferior, strange, or like you are not part of here. The ID provides a sense of belonging.

Given the success of idNYC, it would be easy to recommend a straight copy of the scheme for London. However, many other places have attempted similar schemes to New York and been markedly less successful. London and the UK do not have the same id card culture and id cards are viewed with much more suspicion. However, the principles of the scheme could be easily adopted in a modified form that builds on the city’s own culture and strengths - a stigma free way to allow everyone, regardless of nationality or immigration status to be a part of the city.

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Five ways cities can lead not follow on immigration policyAs outlined in this report, there are practical things that cities can do to help, but that is not nearly enough. If there is one lesson I hope that shines through this research, it is that cities can and should take a much more proactive role in leading the debate on immigration policy and in telling the story of migration and how it has so often been the building blocks on which their city was founded as well as being the powerhouse of economic and cultural dynamism which will drive them forward through the 21st century.

There are five key ways in which cities can set this tone and lead not follow on migration policy:

1. Set out the clear economic case for migration2. Set out the values based case for migration3. Build strong partnerships across the political spectrum and with business4. Do as much for and with welcoming communities as for new arrivals5. Build on the history and strengths of the city to tell the story of migration

Set out the clear economic case for migration

Cities are hungry and restless. Growing cities demand people, labour and investment and they act as the powerhouse of the UK economy. We may wish to debate whether this is a good thing or if we would be better to rebalance our economy in a more even distribution - but it is reality. Migration is the engine for this growth in successful cities and can be the kick starter in those that are struggling.

In New York, New American Economy is taking this economic argument to the heart of the American discourse in their Renew our Economy project for the 2016 presidential election and beyond.

More than 500 business leaders and mayors have come together under a set of uniting principles based around the immigration reform needed to build a stronger economy. Alongside securing the border, they aim to increase opportunities for immigrants to enter the United States workforce — and for foreign students to stay in the United States to work — so that business can attract and keep the best, the brightest and the hardest-working, who will strengthen our economy. They also advocate for streamlined and simpler processes to verify that someone is eligible to work and to employ foreign nationals when Americans aren’t filling vacant jobs. Finally they advocate for a path to legal status for those who live, work and pay taxes already in the US.

They have developed a clear evidence base for their lobbying. The Contribution of New Americans provides concrete data on the economic value of immigration in each of the 50 states and Washington DC.

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No Taxation Without Representation!

The point around the economic contribution of undocumented migrants

paying taxes may seem strange to British ears. To my knowledge, most

unlawful work in the UK happens cash in hand and without paying tax. However, as the New York Immigration Coalition

explained to me, many migrants pay tax in the hope that this will one day be seen

in their favour when they apply for status. This means that they are

currently paying into a system they have no say over and cannot benefit from. No Taxation without Representation was the

slogan of the American Revolution against the distant powerhouse of Britain and has now become a rallying call for

the new Americans calling out for recognition of their contribution.

In New York alone they demonstrate that:- 288,737 immigrants in New York are self-employed - Immigrant-owned businesses generated $6.13B in business income in 2014.- 33% of entrepreneurs in New York who are immigrants - At least 496,928 people in New York are employed at firms owned by immigrants. - 56% of Fortune 500 companies based in New York were founded by immigrants or their children. Those firms generate $797.2B in annual revenue, and employ 1,771,183 people globally. - In 2014, immigrant-led households in New York earned $ 145.8 billion dollars—or 23.2% of all income earned by New Yorkers that year.

This type of evidence creates the hardheaded economic case for migration and shows the demonstrable contribution of migrants - both today and throughout history.

Italy has one of the lowest birthrates in the world and, as a result, its ageing population requires a migrant workforce to provide care and support for the elderly. In Cremona, Sikh farmers are 7

keeping alive dairy farming traditions that would otherwise die out. In Poggiorsini in Southern Italy 8

the emergency accommodation for newly arrived asylum seekers is in a once derelict holiday resort - which had closed after the financial crisis, leaving its owners with accruing debts until they were able to repurpose it for a new need. As well as there being a solid case for the economic benefits of migration, there is also perhaps a case for it as a solution to economic woes.9

Set out the values based case for migration

However, the city case for migration cannot and should not solely be economics led. To do so is to risk taking a solely instrumental view, that migrants serve a useful purpose and should be tolerated rather than embraced as temporary and transient rather than long term and valued citizens. The contribution of migrants to the economy of the city should be celebrated, but their contribution to the life of the city and to its values should not be understated or ignored.

Bologna Cares forms part of that city’s SPRAR network for asylum seekers - but specifically focusses on including and sharing the work of SPRAR with the wider community. It’s tagline is La nostra citta’ fa sua parte - Our city does its bit. In June 2016 it used the popular open film screenings in the main square of the city to show the film Accoglienza: una scelta positiva - Welcome: a positive choice about how proactive refugee integration is good for the refugees it supports, but also good for the city as a whole.

Welcoming America epitomises this approach in their drive to build a more welcoming America. Instead of reducing the migration debate to one of numbers - they seek to broaden it, tying migration to the question of what type of community and what type of city we wish to be by setting out some clear principles:

- the importance of valuing diversity Not only to be representative but because of a belief that, “better decisions are reached when multiple backgrounds and perspectives are meaningfully engaged.” The values based case for migration in cities is not only that migration should be tolerated, but that a wider set of

Anna Tuckett’s research on the decreto flussi its purpose and impact provides helpful background 7

to this http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/62285/1/Strategies_navigation.pdf

http://citiesofmigration.ca/good_idea/sikh-formaggio/ 8

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/04/opinion/let-refugees-settle-italys-empty-spaces.html?9

smid=tw-nytopinion&smtyp=cur�19

experiences will strengthen the city and improve its competitiveness, creativity and sense of self.

- valuing people and relationships Welcoming America intentionally leads with the heart as well as the head. Migration is not an arid policy question; especially in cities which are already highly diverse. Welcoming can start on a very micro level - from colleagues, to neighbours, to friends and family members - these relationships are at the heart of a community led approach to integration on the local level.

- the importance of leadership However, this cannot happen without proactive leadership to embody this welcoming attitude at an institutional level - as demonstrated through initiatives such as Bologna Cares, Access NYC and idnyc. Initiatives such as these provide a channel for individual acts of welcoming to become part of a city wide commitment which demonstrates to the communities that make up the city and those outside (including businesses looking to invest) that the city is open and welcoming.

Build strong partnerships across the political spectrum and with business

Political leadership, as described above is vital. However, in the fraught context of migration, it can be too easy for those working in the migration sector to retreat into working with and for the groups who already agree with, of preaching to the converted.

The Washington DC based National Immigration Forum came to this conclusion when they analysed their failure to pass immigration reform for the last 30 years - they were not good enough at reaching out beyond their existing constituency, had not engaged in a bipartisan way and had been unable to lift out the common themes which emphasised the diverse support for migration (rather than focussing on the narrow battles and divisions.) Their Immigration 2020 is a five point agenda to allow America to thrive:

- a sensible 21st century immigration system- the skills and training to thrive- language learning for a global society- an active and vibrant citizenry- opportunities in the hands of striving Americans

This agenda has allowed them to reach out and form new and different alliances - with evangelical Christian organisations, with law enforcement and, most relevant I think for the UK context, with employers.

As outlined above, employers have a much more proactive role to play in advocating for the benefits of migration from the perspective of economic regeneration. The Welcoming America model brings together an advisory committee which combines the political leadership of the mayoralty with local non-profits, but also business. Working with Welcoming America, the employer led New American Economy has allowed business to contribute their voice to the debate. For Coca Cola, in Atlanta, it is about access to the widest possible pool of talent, but also about ensuring that Atlanta is viewed as being globally competitive. In St Louis, through the Global Louisville initiative, it is about presenting an investment and migrant friendly city in order to encourage international students and to grow the foreign born population in order to grow the economy.

Reaching out also provides voices from different parts of the political spectrum and from different sectors, especially business, to stand alongside the mayor and ensure that initiatives to integrate migrants are for the whole city and not just for new communities.

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Do as much for and with welcoming communities as for new arrivals

If you think of immigrants as seeds being put into a new garden, [Welcoming America] is unique in that we address the “soil” by not only directing services toward immigrants, but also creating a sense of belonging by engaging the receiving communities - the long-time residents of the places where immigrants make their new homes.” David Lubell, Welcoming America CEO

Too often initiatives focussed on migrant integration focus only on the migrants themselves - and not at all enough on the communities welcoming people. Welcoming America and Partnership for a New American Economy aim to right this imbalance through involving communities and their representatives in integration and ensuring that they have ownership over a plan for the local area.

In practical terms this means that initiatives (including the practical ideas listed above) to promote integration should be of benefit to the entire community and not only migrants. This is particularly true of work to promote employment and employability. Many of the barriers to securing employment or to being promoted which affect migrants also affect the local population just as much. Linking integration initiatives to work to support the whole community makes it more likely that a city wide approach to openness and welcoming can move beyond rhetoric, to be grounded in practical support.

La Casa di Khaoula - Khaoula’s House exemplifies this approach. Initially conceived after a young Morroccan, Khaoula, wrote to her local paper to say that her housing was inadequate and she had nowhere to do her homework, this library (part of the Comune di Bologna) now serves all of the community in the diverse Bolognina neighbourhood of Bologna, where over 25% of the population were born overseas.

It is often called a ‘biblioteca multiculturale’ but Michele, who runs the library, dislikes the term. For him, it is simply a place for the whole community which reflects the population which it serves. One small detail exemplifies this - its collection of books are sorted not by language but by country. In the China section, you will find books in Mandarin alongside Italian and English translations by Chinese authors or about China - making them accessible to all and preventing the different communities from being segregated based on language - but instead encouraging a sharing of cultures in a diverse area.

Build on the history and strengths of the city to tell the story of migration

"The people fleeing Syria now are in some of the darkest days of their lives, running from the very terrorism we seek to fight. Basic American values call on us not to bar the way or abandon them to their fate. Instead, with an eye to the symbol standing proudly in New York Harbor, we are called upon to open our arms to the 'huddled masses' who now more than ever need us to live up to the original promise of this nation.” Mayor Javier Gonzales, Santa Fe, New Mexico

Cities are crucibles of migration, their histories forged from the migrants who arrived to build them and their vitality deriving from the constant stream of new arrivals ready to renew their energy and dynamism. One of the most powerful aspects of this research has been to see how the migrant histories of the cities I visited are used to reinforce a pluralistic and open future, but also how

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The original article which inspired the Casa di Khaoula

migrant communities can easily join and co-opt the identity of the city, forming part of the new city identity, but also changing how the city sees itself.

New York is the epitome of a city that lives and breathes its migrant heritage and uses it to inform its future. So much so that it can seem inevitable, when it has in fact been a pro-active choice. It is easy to forget now that in the 1980s the Ellis Island museum was an abandoned wreck when it now forms a physical testament (alongside the Lower East Side’s Tenement Museum) to the migrant story - the ‘young, scrappy and hungry’ outsiders who arrived to the new world and built both their own lives and their new country. This history, this story, repeats and renews itself and forms a key component of the city’s identity - something New Yorkers are fiercely proud of. Preserving this history and telling these stories form a virtuous circle whereby policy makers can profit from this shared identity to support migrants and their integration, which in turn contributes to the pride New Yorkers feel.

It is also easy to forget that, for all its historic reputation as the melting point, New York today has the same foreign born population as a percentage as London (37%). At the very least, a migrant museum for London and the UK will start to tell the migrant history of London which can only benefit its future.

However, this co-opting of history is not reserved for New York. Whilst Italy continues to have a more complex relationship with its new Italians, its cities are leading the way in demonstrating how their history can grow and change to embrace new communities.

In Bologna, it is the trade union CGIL who are the main advice providers for migrants, building on the city’s proud tradition of trade unionism and collective action. At present, CGIL do not advertise their role to their members due to the continued sensitivity of migration as a topic, but there is a growing sense that these migrant workers are the descendants of the workers who formed the union and will ultimately allow the union to renew itself and its traditions as a champion of these new arrivals, who are often the least advantaged and the most likely to exploited.

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Ellis and Liberty Island

How can we make this happen?In the back of the ministerial car in that guidebook for political cynicism The Thick of It, Special Adviser Ollie Reeder is asked to come up with a policy on the hoof as the one the minister was supposed to announce is now a non-starter. He says, ‘so, what you’re asking me for is a universally popular policy, with no cost implications that we can announce immediately…you should have said so earlier, I’ve got policies like that coming out of my ears.’10

Certainly, cynicism has not been the mood music of this Fellowship. I have been inspired and energised by the organisations that I have met and excited by their work and its implications in a UK and London context. Nevertheless, when my thoughts turn to the practical, inevitable barriers spring up and I can hear the objections almost before they are made. We don’t have the funding, we don’t have the resources, we don’t have the political will.

The primary experience of this project has been that where there is a will, there is a way. When I asked the New York Mayor’s Office for Immigrant Affairs how they got together the funding, the coalition of partners and the infrastructure to turn idnyc from idea to reality with 800,000 members in 18 months for the first time in our meeting they looked at me almost blankly - it had certainly been a logistical challenge, but there was no question it wouldn’t happen. Why? Because it was a political priority and so it was going to happen.

Migration is currently a pressing political issue and cities have an opportunity to lead if they will grasp it. My roadmap for local authorities - including Islington and Mayors is set out in this report. Some of the recommendations have undoubted funding implications - others, that rely on a shift of tone and emphasis, could be implemented with little real cost and with considerable benefits - for communities, for migrants and for those who live a few streets from where they were born, as well as for employers and public services. Some of the changes proposed are in the direct remit of a local authority - ensuring that children for whom the authority has a direct responsibility as a corporate parent get the immigration advice that can be so transformative to their life chances.

Others will require a broader lens and a political commitment that this is the job of local government and the ambition to drive through change. The Lyons report set out the role of local government as place shapers - the leading catalysts and facilitators for their communities. Embodying this role may mean stepping into unfamiliar territory as local leaders set out policy positions which respect the Home Office’s role in national migration policy, but differ in its implementation at the local level given the city’s commitment to all its citizens. It will mean forging new alliances - with funders, employers and others alongside the grass roots and national voluntary sector groups - creating a space in which change can happen and a clear narrative and set of priorities which the cities wish to achieve.

For everyone else, I have a few thoughts:

For employers: There is a massive un captured land for employers in the UK when it comes to migration and the migrant workforce. The work of Upwardly Global, Partnership for a New American Economy, National Immigration Forum and Welcoming America underline this. The economic case for migration is well made and, as with cities, business has an opportunity to lead not follow in this area. Developing services to support migrants into employment both at the entry and professional level opens up the pool of talent available to business, supports retention and allows promotion from within, all of which support long term business growth.

not an exact replica of this quote and perhaps revised in relation to more colourful language, so 10

with apologies to Armando Iannucci�23

However, linking this recruitment strategy to a broader vision allows for a much greater opportunity for business. Making the case for migration and demonstrating an openness allows employers to demonstrate that they are open for business and that communities are welcoming both to outside investment - but also as a place where visitors from all over the world will be welcomed and embraced. By linking recruitment, to corporate social responsibility, to business planning for long term growth employers can help to ensure, that even whilst facing the challenges of Brexit, they can ensure that the sign ‘Open for Business’ is visible to the world.

For the Home Office: This project has been at pains to spell out how the agenda of cities on migration can be separated out from Home Office policy, in particular in relation to the hostile climate on migration and the implementation of the Immigration Act (2016.) My proposals are intended to relate only to the relationship between local and central government and how this can be strengthened and small ways in which the Home Office could support local government, cities and Mayors:

- Embrace employment and partnerships with employers. There is a huge space for employers - at the local level to support communities. One small step by the Home Office would be to allow access to in-work benefits for migrants with the right to work (for example, Zambrano carers and those with Leave to Remain with NRPF.) This small shift would put migration in line with the drive to promote employment across government and reduce the barrier to entry for migrants seeking to enter the labour market and contribute to their communities. - Work together to create a single offer in relation to migration. The contribution of local authorities is vital to the implementation of Home Office strategy in relation to resettlement. A comprehensive deal for cities, (possibly via the Strategic Migration Partnerships) would allow for much better planning around the welcoming of new migrant communities and the support necessary to allow for successful integration.

For funders: Throughout my research the importance of charitable trusts and foundations shone through - in particular in the US. Bluntly put, foundations have a greater capacity to respond to the unfashionable and to be ahead of public opinion than the more cautious guardians of public funds. Migration is an area which neatly fits this category. The funders that I met in the US were assiduous in discovering and growing talent in this area - for example JM Kaplan Funds E Pluribus Unim prize. They took risks, such as Unbound Philanthropy’s support for Define American - a communications led non profit, to transcend politics and provocatively aim to shift the debate on migration and who is an America.

More broadly, there seemed to be a greater flexibility in the use of funding. This was evidenced through the greater use of public private partnerships (as evidenced through the Safe Passage project) and joint badging of initiatives where there seemed less nervousness in the risk that charitable funding might cover for a retrenchment in public services. If something were effective, the sense was that it could be funded and this more open approach could benefit the UK landscape.

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Useful articles and resourcesThis is not intended as a full bibliography, but more of a reading list for the articles and resources that have helped to inform my thinking and should help to inform yours!

Cities of Migration - An invaluable index of ‘Good Ideas in Integration’ from around the world http://citiesofmigration.ca/good-ideas-in-integration/view-all-good-ideas/ including the Sikh dairy farmers of Cremona

idnyc evaluation - One of the most successful city initiatives of recent time - the idnyc evaluation tells you how they did it and how it can be improved https://www1.nyc.gov/site/idnyc/about/idnyc-program-evaluation.page

Immigration 2020 - National Immigration Forum’s 5 point agenda to allow America to thrive: http://immigrationforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Immigration-2020-Agenda-final.pdf

Renew Our Economy - The Contribution of New Americans: http://www.renewoureconomy.org/reports/ A quite astonishing piece of work that sets out the economic case for migration in all 50 states (and Washington DC.) They say knowledge is power and this is an incredible resource for those making the case for immigration reform.

SPRAR report - http://www.asylumineurope.org/sites/default/files/resources/sprar_report_2015.pdf

Strategies of Navigation - Research by Dr Anna Tuckett on how migrants navigate the system with the help of trade unions in Italy http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/62285/1/Strategies_navigation.pdf

Stronger Together Toolkit - Welcoming America’s guide for how cities can grasp the narrative on migration https://www.welcomingamerica.org/content/stronger-together-toolkit

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