Jacobsen Grain Storage
-
Upload
nasir-ahmed -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of Jacobsen Grain Storage
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
1/62
Maintaining Quality of Grains and
Managing Molds and Mycotoxins
Barry J. Jacobsen
Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology
Bozeman, MT
1/6/09Crop pest Management School
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
2/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
3/62
Grain is highest quality and lowest storage risk when fully
mature before harvest, absence of field mold damage,hail damage, lack of rain that delays harvest
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
4/62
How did it happen?
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
5/62
Moisture-not avera e moisture but moisture of wettest
component- affects ability of storage fungi to grow Temperature- affects growth rate of storage fungi and
BCFM-influences air movement, aeration, wet weed
seeds, etc ys ca amage o e erne or see
Mechanical-harvest and handling
Insects-field and storage
Stress cracks associated with high temperature drying
Infection b field molds
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
6/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
7/62
Field Molds-infect in field and generally grow at moistures
> - n ecte erne s more suscept e to nvas on y storagefungi- may produce mycotoxins Aspergillus flavus-aflatoxins * can grow @16% enocarpe a may s p o a , e m n ospor um oc o o us Fusarium graminearum, pseudograminearum, culmorum, verticilliodes,
F. subglutinans, F, proliferatum (F. moniliformae)-, DON, fumonisins DON, DAS, T-2, HT-2, zearalenone
Nigrospora oryzae Penicillium species- ochratoxins, citrinin, penicillic acid and others
Cladosporium herbarum Alternaria sp.-alternariol, tenuazonic acid, etc Trichoderma viridae
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
8/62
Generally non-toxic, ear molds of corn
Most common molds-Alternaria, CladosporiumRhizopus, Mucor, etc produce no known mycotoxins
a ospor umear ro
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
9/62
n ec ons assoc a e w nsec amage earworm, corn orer ,high temperatures and droughty conditions during grain fill
Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus
Aflatoxins-B-1, B-2, G-1, G-2, M-1, M-2
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
10/62
Gibberella zeaeearrotReddish-pink to white
Fusariummolds mayproduce DON (vomitoxin), zeara enone, - , - ,DAS
Cool, wet conditions in
21 days after pollination
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
11/62
Favored by hot, dry weather atand after flowering-insect damage
Fusarium verticilliodes, F. subglutinans, F, proliferatum
(F. moniliformae)-Fusarium Kernel or Ear Rot-Fumonisins
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
12/62
Fusarium verticilliodes, F.
, .(F. moniliformae)
*Warm,dry years
*
*Gibberella fujikuroi*Kernel damage promotes
the disease
* Less fumonisin in Bt
corns
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
13/62
Gibberella Ear Rot
VOMITOXIN (DON) & ZEARALENONE
Corn: cool wet weather silking + 21 days, wet weather delayedarves
Wheat-Barley: 50-860
F anthesis +3-5 days-3 or more rain events
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
14/62
19411941--19471947--Alimentary Toxic AleukiaAlimentary Toxic Aleukia--RussiaRussia--Central AsiaCentral Asia--wheat,wheat,barley, prosomillet overwintered in fieldbarley, prosomillet overwintered in field--trichothecene toxinstrichothecene toxinsfrom Fusarium sp.from Fusarium sp.
Fusarium-trichothecenes
Alternaria-Alternaria toxins
Wet weather delayed harvest-Field molds
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
15/62
Dust= spores and hyphae of CladosporiumAs er illus Penicillium Alternaria
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
16/62
Penicillium ear rot
en c um spp.
Source: D.W. White
c ra ox ns, s er ma ocyc n, remogen c ox ns, u eos yr n, a u n,Rubratoxin, Cyclopiazonic acid, Citrinin, Citreoviridin, etc
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
17/62
-
in equilibrium with 65-90% relativehumidit
Members of the genera Aspergillus and
Penicillium These molds are nearly ubiquitous in the
environment
All corn kernels have these spores on theirsurface-infection is determined by:
, ,
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
18/62
-
associated with decay of organic materials
Aspergilli favored by warm to hotcon ons
Penicillium favored by cooler conditions
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
19/62
Water Activity
High Low Very Low
Eurotium spp.A.glaucus
torage o
Field Mold
Aspergillus flavusField/Stora e Mold
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
20/62
Grain storage molds
As er illu and Penicilliums .
These fungi decay all seeds given theright commodity moisture andtem erature-some s ecies roducemycotoxins
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
21/62
Equilibrium Moisture/Mold Growth% tarc y
grainsoy ean,
pea, bean,lentils
eanut,canola,camelina,
ung
safflower65-70 12.5 12.0 5.0 A. halophilcus/
A. restrictus
70-75 14.0 13.0 6.0 A. glaucus
75-80 15.0 14.0 7.0 A. candidus
80-85 16.0 15.0 8.0 A. flavus
Penicillium sp85-90 18.0 18.0 10.0 Above +Penicillium
>95 22.0 20.0 13.0 Yeasts/ bacteria
/most field molds
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
22/62
Aspergillus glaucus
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
23/62
Penicillium sp.
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
24/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
25/62
Bin Burning associated with Aspergillus glaucusand A. candidus
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
26/62
combustion due to storage mold activity
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
27/62
Bin Burning of soybean-
sperg us g aucusanA. candidus
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
28/62
Aspergillus restrictusSlow growing!!!Surface-white to greenReverse-paleBiseriate
reen con a
Long columnar head
Grows at equilibrium moistureof 65-70%13.5-14.3%
Discolors germs-brown-blackOften associated withgranary weevilsUsually a factor in long storage
ro uces mo sture to a owA. glaucusto grow
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
29/62
Surface-green with yellow areasReverse-yellow to brownUniseriate
Loosely columnar headSome strains with yellow
Grows at equilibrium moistures-
Grows fairly fastEarly decayProduces moisture
that allows fast growingA. candidus to grow
types
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
30/62
As er illus versicolor
Surface-white turns to yellow,, ,
Reverse-white to yellow-purple redBiseriate
oun oose y ra a e ea
Similar to A. glaucusbut later in decaySterigmatocystin
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
31/62
Aspergillus candidus
Surface-white-reverse-pale to yellow orangeuniseriate
it can heat to 55C!- first step inspontaneous combustion
Grows at e uilibrium moisturesof 75-80%Presence in even a low %indicates spoilage is underway
or grain lot is mixed
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
32/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
33/62
Aspergillus flavus
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
34/62
. -
reddish brown-with age-
Round radiate Sclerotia in some strains
Grows at e uilibrium moistures>80-85%
~16% moisture for starchy cereal grains
-
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
35/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
36/62
Penicillium ear rot
en c um spp.
Source: D.W. White
Penicillium sp
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
37/62
Penicillium sp.
Penicillium sp. grow at equilibrium moistures > 85%
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
38/62
Aspergillusand Penicilliumspp. on wheat
Source: C.M. Christensen
35 day voyage
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
39/62
Average moisture at loading 14.97%
35 day voyageConvent, LA to Nagoya, Japan
ange n v ua erne s . - .
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
40/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
41/62
Corn storage life* in days as affected
by temperature and moisture
0F
13 14 15 16 17 18
40 4500 1830 870 450 282 183
60 1410 570 186 150 90 57
70 780 330 156 84 51 33
80 450 180 87 48 27 27
* To prevent>0.5% dry matter loss-USDA-Iowa State
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
42/62
orn storage essons
Lon er stora e without lossin quality at lower temperature
in quality with lower levels
of broken kernels
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
43/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
44/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
45/62
Wheat
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
46/62
Pea seed germination as affectedby storage molds
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
47/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
48/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
49/62
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
50/62
Moldy clumps: usually starts in areas of high moisture seeds(weed, immature kernels or where transferred
block air movement
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
51/62
Moisture content of the grain-individual seeds
Temperature of the grain-higher= faster moldgrowth
Amount of broken seeds and foreign material
emem er wee see s are o en g er mo s ure angrain
Pulse crops harvest moisture
Degree which the grain is invaded by insects andmolds- pre-harvest-post harvest
When molds and insects grow they produce
metabolic heat and water-succession of organisms
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
52/62
In hi h risk areas- corn h brids are available with
reduced susceptibilty to Gibberella ear rot, Fusarium ear
rot and aflatoxin production-wheat varieties with scabresistance
Anticipate problems-weather drives preharvest infectionsrots caused by Gibberella, Fusarium, Aspergillus flavus
-combine-worn augers, watch high temperature drying-stress cracks
ean o remove wee see s, ro en gra n moinfected grain breaks up easily)-this will help aeration-spoutline of fines are often sites of initial mold activity
aeration
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
53/62
temperature-remember storability is-
molds, insects will produce heat and
adjacent kernels!
-
Control storage insects
Remember moisture migration with
change of seasons
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
54/62
Great reference on grain
Good general reference on critical
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
55/62
Good general reference on criticalMoistures for various commodities
-trouble shooting
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
56/62
Qualit Maintenance in stored rains and seeds-
Christensen and Meronuck-1986-Univ. MN
Press -
Christensen, Ed. 1982-Americam Association ofCereal Chemists
po age an ea ng o s ore agr cu uraproducts-Prevention Detection and Control-Mills-1989-Research Canada
Mycotoxins-Risks in Plant, Animal and HumanSystems-CAST 2003
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
57/62
Qualit Maintenance in stored rains and seeds-
Christensen and Meronuck-1986-Univ. MN
Press -
Christensen, Ed. 1992-Americam Association ofCereal Chemists
po age an ea ng o s ore agr cu uraproducts-Prevention Detection and Control-Mills-1989-Research Canada
Mycotoxins-Risks in Plant, Animal and HumanSystems-CAST 2003
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
58/62
Fungal metabolites that are toxic when consumed byanmas
Major classes of mycotoxins Aflatoxins, trichothecenes (DON, T-2, DAS), fumonisins,, , ,
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
59/62
. - - -. ,
F. culmorum-DON, nivalenol, zearalenone -. , ,
F. graminearum-DON, nivalenol, zearalenone*
. - , , - , -
F. sporotrichioides-DAS, T-2, (HT-2)
. , . -fumonisins*
* Found commonly in corn
Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus and
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
60/62
Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus and
Penicillium sp. A. flavus, A. parasiticus-aflatoxins *
A. versicolor, A. nidulellus(nidulans), A. terreus, some members
of the A. glaucus group- sterigmatocystin-most importantmycotoxin in stored wheat and other cereals in Canada and N.
A. alutaceus var alutaceus (ochraceous), A. melleus-
ochratoxins-warm to hot climates * A. fumigatus-gliotoxin * P. verrucosum, P. viridicatum-ochratoxin-cooler climates * P. islandicum-islanditoxin luteosk rin
P. rubrum-rubratoxins * Penicillium sp. citrinin, Penicillic acid, cyclopiazonic acid,
*
* Found in corn
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
61/62
Anticipate based on weather Use resistant varieties where appropriate-corn, wheat
Fungicides where appropriate-wheat scab ~, Watch moisture-remember not average but individual
seeds
- - 12 truck loads-10 subsamples each: 0-230ppb
aflatoxin
ELISA kits -quantitative Aflatoxins, zearalenone, DON, T-2, Fumonisins
Immunoaffinity columns -quantitative Aflatoxins, zearalenone, DON, T-2, Fumonisins
Thank You & Happy Trails
-
8/2/2019 Jacobsen Grain Storage
62/62