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Jackson and
Manifest Destiny
Andrew Jackson – The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly Andrew Jackson…the man! Born in March 1767 on NC/SC Border -- He was orphaned at 13 -- Self-educated with no formal education Emotional, Arrogant and Passionate man
Involved in countless Duels -- Killed Charles Dickenson in a duel over a horse racing bet and an insult to his wife
Jackson’s Military Service • Defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 • Defeated the British at New Orleans in 1815
• Took Florida and Claimed it for the US in 1819 • Loved by his soldiers who called him “Old Hickory”
The Election of 1824 Regional and personality differences led to a multi-candidate race The Participants:
___________________________ : Sought to continue conservative course set by Monroe, supported strong national gov’t
___________________: Emerged as rival of Clay for West vote; appealed to the “common man” due to his upbringing and war record
_____________________: Sought support from N and W for his “American System” of tariffs and support for internal improvements
__________________________: Competed with Calhoun for the regional vote of the South; Supported Jefferson’s strict construction The Election of 1824 Even though Jackson won the popular vote, he didn’t receive a majority of electoral votes. Sent to the _______________________________________ to choose the President The Corrupt Bargain
Jackson -v- Quincy Adams Jackson appeals to West and South voters
Henry Clay gives his support to Adams and the House chooses Adams as President and two weeks later……………….Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State….
Quincy Adams Tangent
• One of the ablest, hardest working Presidents. • Not popular failed to relate to the common man • Often irritated those around him • Supported protective tariffs and National Bank
o Passed the tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations) o Tariff upset those in the South
Minority president, last of the Federalists leaning, and last connection to Founding Fathers….. The Rematch of 1828
Jackson -v- Quincy Adams II Rise in the Common Man
• Property qualifications and education dropped as voting requirement • Population shifts to West and South
Jackson Wins, Jackson Wins -- Jacksonian Democracy Whatever governing needed to be done, it should be done by the common man. “Government by the majority of people; instead of a gov’t governed by the upper class” Man of the People
Spoils System – Eaton Affair –
Wife of Jackson’s sec of defense, target of gossip by other cabinet wives Tried to force cabinet wives to accept her, and led to resignation of most of his Cabinet
Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet • Group of unofficial advisors • Often consulted instead of actual cabinet
Did you say Veto? Jackson vetoed more bills than the previous six presidents combined _______________________ (1830) - Vetoed the use of federal money to construct the Maysville Road because it fell within one state (KY)
Most of Jackson’s policy sought to balance sectional interests, but were clearly entrenched in Southern and Western motives Nullification Crisis of 1832 Jackson supported states’ rights, especially in the South, but when pressed would defend the rights of the National Government
• “____________________________________” and Tariff of 1832 led to the South Carolina challenging federal law through interposition and nullification
• Conflict with John C. Calhoun (former Jackson VP)
• Appealed to South Carolina to obey federal law and obtained authority from Congress (_____________________) to enforce the laws any way necessary
• Clay negotiated a compromise (Tariff of 1833) You can Bank on it! Jackson vetoed Congress’s attempt to re-charter the national bank
Jackson distrusted Northern commercial interests -- Nicholas Biddle represented these interests South and West blamed the national bank for Panic of 1819 – preferred “_____________” & “____________” of state banks
___________________ – Jackson removed government deposits and placed them in local (pet) banks loyal to the Democratic party Panic of 1837 Easy lending of the Pet Banks led to speculative boom in the early 1830’s Jackson became concerned that the banks were issuing too much paper money -- Issued _________________ (1836) requiring gold and silver for land purchases These policies (combined with other issues) led to a rapid “bursting of the bubble”, that caused a nationwide depression
-- Plagued Martin Van Buren’s time in office And now for the Ugly Jackson’s Native American Policy – _________________________ – Forced resettlement of Native Americans west of the Mississippi – Created the Bureau of Indian Affairs created to oversee resettlement ________________________________________ – Cherokee claimed the relocation was wrong and it went to the supreme court. Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee Tribe. Jackson’s response -- “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it” Trail of Tears Forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe. Before the journey was over ¼ of the tribe perished.
Reflected Jackson’s personal apathy toward Native Americans Jackson’s Legacy The Good
• The Common Man involvement in Government • Strong Executive Power
• Massive Voter Turnout • Sparked Re-Creation of 2 Party System
The Bad
• The Spoils System • Banking Instability
• Excessive Check of the Supreme Court • Greater Sectionalism –Result of Split with Calhoun
The Ugly
• Native American Policy • Trail of Tears
Andrew Jackson – Vocab – Nation Name: _______________________________________________
Define each of the following words in regards to the early development of the nation:
1. Andrew Jackson –
2. Spoils System –
3. Indian Removal Act –
4. Trail of Tears –
5. John C. Calhoun –
6. Corrupt Bargain –
7. Tariff of Abomination –
8. Era of Common Man –
9. Worcester v. Georgia –
10. Pet Banks –
: Texas, Oregon, & California Expansion into the West Western Exploration 1800-1830 Manifest Destiny The spread of settlers beyond U.S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor _________________________, who said: God wants the USA (“_______________________”) to become stronger
Expansion of American democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing Texas In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain
• The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA • Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas
The Texas Revolution In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged U.S. immigration to Texas but problems emerged between “Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules
• “Texans” ignored the ________________________________ • “Texans” refused to convert to Catholicism • “Texans” refused to _________________________________ • “Texans” wanted self-rule like in the U.S.
In 1834, __________________________ became dictator & was viewed as threat to Texans’ interests An armed rebellion broke out in 1835, led by __________________________ The Republic of Texas (1836-1845) In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution
But the war for independence still had to be fought
• Texans were defeated at the ______________________ • Texans were defeated at Goliad • Texans won at ______________________________ & captured General Santa Anna
In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the Rio Grande The Republic of Texas
___________________________ was the 1st president of the Republic of Texas & asked the U.S. to make Texas a state
Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery)
Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830s & 1840s Mexican-American War
Causes of the Mexican War: Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U.S. annexation, but disagreed ___________________________________
In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the Mexican-American War
The Mexican-American War • John C Fremont won in California • Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico
• Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico • Winfield Scott captured Mexico City
Ending the Mexican War In 1848, U.S. & Mexico ended the war with the : _____________________________
The U.S. grew 20% by adding the _____________________ (present-day NM, AZ, CA, Utah, NV, & parts of CO & WY)
Added the ______________________________ in 1853 to build a southern transcontinental railroad The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S. southern border Oregon U.S. & Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819) Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade) The Oregon Boundary Dispute
• In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the U.S. wanted full control of Oregon • Oregon residents demanded the entire territory: “______________________________” • England compromised & divided Oregon along 49th parallel in 1846
Benefits of Oregon: the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port in the Pacific & Northern abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas California -- ________________________________
California settlers used John Fremont’s occupation of California during the Mexican-American War as an opportunity to revolt from Mexico in 1846
Like Texas, California operated as an independent nation; the California Republic existed for one month from June 1846 to July 1846 when it was annexed by the United States California became a U.S. state as part of the _______________________________ The California Gold Rush The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”): Discover was made at _______________________________ Few miners struck it rich
• The real money made in CA was in supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions • The gold rush led to a population boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society
Conclusions: The impact of territorial expansion: Historian noted in the 1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous, _________________________optimistic, & democratic people But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery
Westward Expansion Vocab Name: __________________________________
1. fifty-four forty or fight” --
2. Sam Houston --
3. Texas Annexation --
4. Sutter’s Mill--
5. Guadalupe Hidalgo --
6. Santa Anna--
7. Manifest Destiny
8. Texas Revolution--
9. Alamo--
10. Mexican Session--
11. Battle of San Jacinto --
Territorial Growth of the United States to 1853
Name of Territory (Color each territorial acquisition a
different color, use boxes as key)
Year Acquired by
United States
Prior Owner of Territory
How we got it (Treaty, bought, etc.) States created from it
The Thirteen Colonies
United States After the Revolution
Louisiana Purchase
Florida
Texas Annexation
Oregon Territory
Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase
Label the following political and geographic features: 1. The Great Lakes (5) 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Pacific Ocean 4. Gulf of Mexico 5. Mississippi River
6. Ohio River 7. Missouri River 8. Appalachian Mountains 9. Rocky Mountains 10. Sierra Nevada Mountains
Annexation of Texas (1845) Name:
Reading
Americans in Mexico
In the 1830s, all of the southwestern United States belonged to
Mexico—including most of Texas. Of course, that didn’t stop
Americans from moving there. In fact, so many Americans had
moved to Texas in the early 1800s that they outnumbered the
Mexicans living there. These American settlers refused to follow
Mexican laws, and in 1836 they fought Mexico to make Texas
independent. Two years later, Texas asked the U. S. Congress
to annex Texas and make it part of the United States.
We’ll Get Back To You On That
Americans weren’t so sure they wanted Texas. For one thing, Texas
had a lot of debt that would need to be paid off. Did we really want
to do that? Even more serious, Texas allowed slavery, and it would
come into the U.S. as a slave state. The fight over slavery was
slowly tearing America apart, and one thing holding the nation
together was carefully balancing the number of free and slave
states. As if that weren’t enough, Mexico was threatening war if the
U.S. annexed Texas. Mexico did not recognize Texas as
independent, and it hoped to make Texas part of Mexico again. It
wasn’t too surprising that the U.S. Congress rejected Texas.
If At First You Don’t Succeed...
Texans weren’t giving up. The independent Texas was weak—no
money, no credit, few defenses—and it needed an alliance with a
strong nation. There was even talk of becoming part of the British
empire! Mexico offered to reunite with Texas, but Texans didn’t
see that as an option. The Mexican government was unstable, and
Texas wasn’t about to return to the nation it had fought to
separate from. Most Texans had come from America, and they
considered themselves Americans. They wanted to be part of the
United States, so Texas kept trying.
Frustration! Jealousy! Sneakiness!
Texas finally got its big break after Americans voted in a new
president in 1844. That’s when the political craziness began. The
outgoing president, John Tyler, had been trying for years to get
Congress to annex Texas. All this time, he’d failed—but the new
guy, James Polk, won the election by promising to finally annex
Texas! Tyler wasn’t about to let Polk take the credit. In the months
between the election and the day Polk would take office, Tyler
figured out a way to get Congress to approve Texas.
Congress approved Texas annexation on March 1, 1845. Polk would
take office on March 4. Congress had left it to the president to
decide whether to make an offer to Texas right away or work out a
new deal—assuming Polk would make the decision. But Tyler was
still president, and on March 3, he sent the offer to Texas himself.
Texas approved the offer in July, and Polk got to sign Texas into
the United States that December.
Anderson and Minerva Edwards, former Texas slaves, seen in the 1930s.
After 1836, Texas became an independent nation called the Republic of Texas.
John Tyler
The Lone Star Flag was approved in 1839 as the flag of the Republic of Texas.
Activity
A. Texas Boundary. In the Boundary Act of 1836,
the Republic of Texas described its own
boundaries. Read the description and use it to
draw the Texas boundary on the map.
C. Santa Fe Trail. The Santa Fe Trail led to the town of Santa Fe, which today is in New Mexico. In the
early 1800s, this was an important route for traders doing business in Mexico. Follow the directions to
draw the trail on the map. Label both the main route and the cutoff.
B. Not So Fast! Before Mexico won independence
from Spain, Spain had already defined the
western boundary of Texas. Do you think it was
the same as Texas described?
Follow the directions to draw the Texas border
defined by Spain in 1805:
Beginning at the mouth of the Nueces River
and running up to its junction with El Moro
Creek
From there, northeasterly to the Medina
River [later called the San Antonio River]
Up the Medina River to its source
Then in a direct line to the San Saba River
Then northwesterly to the point where the
32nd parallel north latitude intersects the
103rd meridian
Then northeasterly to the point where the
Red River intersects the 100th meridian.
Annexation of Texas (1845) Name:
HOW-TO: COMPASS DIRECTIONS
Find the compass on the map. It looks like
this:
To go “northwesterly,” turn in the direction
half-way between north and west.
To go “northeasterly,” turn in the direction
half-way between north and east.
The word “due” before a direction means
you go exactly in that direction.
KEY
N = North
W = West
S = South
E = East
HOW-TO: LATITUDES AND MERIDIANS
Lines of latitude run east-west in circles
around the globe.
Meridian lines run north-south in circles
around the globe.
Lines of latitude are also called “parallels.”
Both latitudes and meridians are measured
in degrees.
1. Start at Independence, Missouri.
2. Travel across the prairie to Fort Zarah.
3. Follow the Arkansas River to Bent’s Fort.
4. At Bent’s Fort, turn southwest and head for
Raton Pass.
5. Continue south to Las Vegas.
6. Keep going south past Las Vegas, then curve
around and head northwest to Santa Fe.
1. Follow the Mountain Route. A little past Fort
Dodge, turn southwest.
2. Go to the north tip of the Cimarron River
where the river makes a sharp bend.
3. Follow the Cimarron River southwest. But
when the river turns due west, keep going
southwest toward Las Vegas.
4. Follow the rest of the Mountain Route.
Annexation of Texas (1845) Name:
Map
Across
1. Many of these people lived in Texas before it was annexed
5. To make territory part of an existing country
6. Word that describes the Mexican government during this time
8. U.S. president who wanted the credit for annexing Texas
Down
2. This ugly debate kept Texas from being a state for many years
3. Texas used to be part of this country
4. Something Texas had a lot of that many Americans didn’t want to pay
7. U.S. president who signed Texas into the United States
3
7 6
2 1
4
8
5
D. Puzzle Time! Complete the puzzle.
Mexican Cession (1848) Name:
A ‘Wicked War’
What America got was land that would eventually become 13
different states—a million square miles, for the rock bottom price of
$15 million plus a little more. To some Americans who wanted to
annex all of Mexico, this wasn’t enough. But to many, this was a
shameful land grab that went completely against America’s ideals.
The State of Massachusetts passed a resolution calling the war “a
gigantic crime.” Ulysses S. Grant, who became a famous general
during the Civil War, called the war against Mexico “a wicked war.”
Mexicans living in the transferred region faced new American laws
that made them prove they owned their land. This was a long and
expensive process, and many lost their homes. In addition, the
rush of logging and mining destroyed the areas where Native
Americans lived. Between 1848 and 1860, the Native American
population in California fell from 150,00 to just 30,000.
We’ll Take Some of That Land, Thanks
James Polk was an American president on a mission. His goal?
Expand United States territory. Many Americans agreed with him.
They believed in the concept of “manifest destiny”—that America
was destined to grow and spread its ideals of democracy and
freedom. Many also just wanted to be able to settle in areas that
belonged to Mexico, not the United States. President Polk was
determined that the U.S. should have some of Mexico’s land.
An Angry Neighbor
Mexico got its start a lot like the United States: It fought a war for
independence against Spain, which had controlled Mexico for
centuries. Mexico won its independence in 1821. Like any nation,
Mexico did not want to lose any of its territory. So when its
northern territory of Texas fought and won its own independence
in 1836, Mexico wasn’t happy. And when the U.S. annexed Texas
as a state in 1845, it was the last straw. In Mexico’s view, the U.S.
had violated a treaty that defined the boundary between the two
nations, so Mexico broke off relations with the U.S. Even so,
President Polk thought Mexico might be interested in selling the
U.S. some additional land. He was wrong. Where There’s a Will...
If Mexico wasn’t interested in selling land, President Polk
decided to try another approach: War. In early 1846, Polk sent
American troops into an area both Mexico and the U.S. claimed
to own, all the way to the very edge of Mexico’s border. Mexico
did as he expected and sent troops to defend the area—and
when Polk learned Mexican troops fired on U.S. soldiers, he
convinced Congress to declare war on Mexico. By September
1847, American troops had captured Mexico City. All that was
left to do was negotiate what each side would get in exchange
for ending the war.
Reading
By the 1840s, American settlers were flooding west in wagon trains like this one.
Antonio López de Santa Anna ruled Mexico eleven times between 1833 and 1855.
In January 1848, gold was discovered in California. $207 million in gold was taken from the ground in the next four years alone—and much more in the years after.
1846 lithograph depicting the Battle of Palo Alto, the first battle after the U.S. declared war.
C. Land Transfer. After the war, Mexico ceded (gave up) nearly a million acres of land to the U.S. The
new border between Mexico and the U.S. was described in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Follow
the description in the treaty to draw the border on the map.
Start where the Rio Grande meets the Gulf of Mexico. Then draw a line…
Mexican Cession (1848) Name:
Map Activity
A. Disputed Area. The U.S. claimed the southern
border of Texas was the Rio Grande. Mexico said
it was the Nueces River.
Draw lines in the space
between the rivers, like this:
B. Purposeful Move. In early 1846, U.S. troops
built a fort on the Rio Grande about 20 miles
inland from the Gulf of Mexico. This move
provoked Mexico to attack U.S. troops.
1. Draw a dot where the fort was.
2. Label it Fort Texas.
D. Gadsden Purchase (1853). A few years later, the U.S. realized it wanted a little more land to build
a southern cross-country route to California. Santa Anna was dealing with rebellions inside Mexico, and
he needed money to pay his army to stop them. He agreed to sell some land to the United States.
James Gadsden was sent to negotiate the deal for the U.S. Follow the description to draw the new
border. In the space between the new and original borders, write the words “Gadsden Purchase.”
Again, start where the Rio Grande meets the Gulf of Mexico. But this time, draw a line...
°
° °
E. Mexican Losses. From Mexico’s perspective, which Mexican states and territories did it lose all or part
of after these two agreements?
Mexican Cession (1848) Name:
Map
= Mexican state and territorial boundaries
= boundary claimed by Texas when it declared
independence from Mexico
Oregon Treaty (1846) Name:
The Coast-to-Coast Decade
From the earliest days, some Americans dreamed that one day the
United States would stretch across North America from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. In the 1840s, that dream finally came
true—starting with “Oregon Country.” This northwest section of the
continent was a beautiful and valuable resource, covered by forests
and laced with waterways and coastlines. There was money to be
made in fishing and shipping, harvesting timber and fur animals,
and mining for gold. It was no surprise that the United States wasn’t
the only country with a claim to the land.
War With Great Britain… Again??
Yep, it was another dispute with America’s former mother country.
Back then, Great Britain controlled the territory we know today as
Canada. Oregon Country stretched from the border between
modern-day Oregon and California all the way up into British
territory. Both Britain and America wanted this land, and they’d
been arguing over it for a while. But the 1840s was a time when
Americans got a passion for expanding. James Polk shared that
passion—and he won the 1844 presidential election promising to
add Oregon to the United States. He let the British believe America
would go to war to control all of Oregon Country.
What a Clever Guy
President Polk was bluffing. By that time, the U.S. and Britain had
already agreed that America’s northern border would run along the
49th parallel. (That’s where it is today.) The only section left
undecided was the part that ran through Oregon Country. Polk
wanted all he could get, but he knew he couldn’t get it all. What he
really hoped for was to extend the 49th parallel border all the way to
the Pacific Ocean. He pitched this idea to Great Britain, and they took
it. With the small matter of working around some very valuable
islands in the Pacific waters, the border was set. The United States
now stretched from coast to coast.
An Unsettling Pattern
By the time the deal was made in 1846, American settlers were
flooding Oregon Country. They risked their lives traveling by wagon
train on a long and dangerous route called the Oregon Trail. But
Oregon Country was already home to many Native American tribes
such as the Salish, Klamath, and Nez Perce. The U.S. tried to
convince each tribe to sign a treaty agreeing to move onto small,
restricted areas of land. Some tribes signed treaties only to have
settlers take over the very land that was reserved for the Native
Americans. The more settlers arrived, the more the conflict grew.
Tribes joined together to fight for their land, but ultimately, they
lost. Native American tribes were forced to sign treaties and move
onto small reservations to make way for settlers. The change made
it difficult or impossible to continue the traditional ways of life.
Reading
James K. Polk
The changes forced many tribes away from areas where they harvested traditional foods such as these clams. In many cases, their diet shifted quickly to low-quality foods they could buy at U.S. forts.
Oregon Treaty (1846) Name:
Map Activity
A. “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”! James Polk used
this as a campaign slogan when he ran for
president. Follow the directions and answer the
question to figure out what it meant!
1. On the globe, lines of latitude are measured in
degrees. Find the mark for the 54o line. Label it
54o.
2. The north border of Oregon Country was at 54o
40’ (the ’ symbol means minutes). There are 60
minutes between each line of latitude, so 54o 40’
would be pretty close to the 55o line. Put a mark
where you think 54o 40’ would be.
3. Draw a line across the map at 54o 40’. Make sure
your line is curved like the 55o line. (Hint: It
should be exactly along the north border of
Oregon Country.)
4. Label your line 54o 40’.
5. Re-read the second paragraph of the reading.
Explain what you think “Fifty-Four Forty or
Fight!” meant:
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
B. Compromise.
1. Which line of latitude did the U.S. and Great
Britain finally agree would be the border?
the ______o line
1. Find the mark for that line of latitude. Label it.
2. Oops — that line of latitude runs right through
the bottom of a large island off the coast of
Oregon Country! Find that island. Label it
Vancouver Island.
3. It was agreed that Great Britain would get
Vancouver Island. Shade the
island with lines like this:
4. Draw the border between the U.S. and British
territory in Oregon Country! (Do not draw
anything across Vancouver Island.)
5. Shade all of the British territory with lines like
this:
C. The Oregon Trail. Use the diary entries to help you draw the Oregon Trail on the map.
Oregon Treaty (1846) Name:
Map