[J P.Holman] Experimental Methods for Engineers 8th Edition

Eighth Edition

J.P. Holman

Experimental Methods

for Engineers

E I G H T H E D I T I O N

McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering

Alciatore Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems

Anderson Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

Anderson Introduction to Flight

Anderson Modern Compressible Flow

Beer/Johnston Mechanics of Materials

Beer/Johnston Vector Mechanics for Engineers

Budynas Advanced Strength and Applied Stress Analysis

Budynas/Nisbett Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Byers/Dorf/Nelson Technology Ventures: From Idea to Enterprise

Cengel Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Cengel/Boles Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach

Cengel/Cimbala Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications

Cengel/Ghajar Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications

Cengel/Turner/Cimbala Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

Dieter/Schmidt Engineering Design

Finnemore/Franzini Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications

Heywood Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Holman Experimental Methods for Engineers

Holman Heat Transfer

Kays/Crawford/Weigand Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

Norton Design of Machinery

Palm System Dynamics

Plesha/Grey/Costanzo Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics

Reddy An Introduction to Finite Element Method

Schey Introduction to Manufacturing Processes

Smith/Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering

Turns An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications

Ullman The Mechanical Design Process

White Fluid Mechanics

White Viscous Fluid Flow

Zeid Mastering CAD/CAM

Experimental Methods

for Engineers

E I G H T H E D I T I O N

J. P. HolmanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

Southern Methodist University

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR ENGINEERS, EIGHTH EDITION

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Holman, J. P. (Jack Philip)

Experimental methods for engineers / J.P. Holman.—8th ed.

p. cm.—(McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-07-352930-1

ISBN-10: 0-07-352930-3

1. Engineering—Laboratory manuals. 2. Engineering instruments. I. Title.

TA152.H6 2011

620.0078—dc23

2011015004

www.mhhe.com

About the Author

J. P. Holman received the Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Oklahoma State

University. After two years as a research scientist at the Wright Aerospace Research

Laboratory, he joined the faculty of Southern Methodist University, where he is

presently Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering. He has also held adminis-

trative positions as Director of the Thermal and Fluid Sciences Center, Head of the

Civil and Mechanical Engineering Department, and Assistant Provost for Instruc-

tional Media. During his tenure at SMU he has been voted the outstanding faculty

member by the student body 13 times.

Dr. Holman has published over 30 papers in several areas of heat transfer and

his three widely used textbooks, Heat Transfer (10th edition, 2010), Experimental

Methods for Engineers (7th edition, 2001), and Thermodynamics (4th edition, 1988),

all published by McGraw-Hill, have been translated into Spanish, Portuguese,

Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Indonesian, and are distributed worldwide. He is

also the author of the utilitarian monograph What Every Engineer Should Know About

EXCEL (2006), published by CRC Press. Dr. Holman also consults for industry in

the fields of heat transfer and energy systems.

Amember ofASEE, he is past Chairman of the National Mechanical Engineering

Division and past chairman of the ASME Region X Mechanical Engineering Depart-

ment Heads. Dr. Holman is a Fellow of ASME and recipient of several national

awards: the George Westinghouse Award from ASEE for distinguished contributions

to engineering education (1972), the James Harry Potter Gold Medal from ASME

for contributions to thermodynamics (1986), the Worcester Reed Warner Gold Medal

from ASME for outstanding contributions to the permanent literature of engineering

(1987), and the Ralph Coats Roe Award from ASEE as the outstanding mechanical

engineering educator of the year (1995). In 1993 he was the recipient of the Lohmann

Medal from Oklahoma State University, awarded annually to a distinguished

engineering alumnus of that institution.

v

Contents

C h a p t e r 1

Introduction 1

C h a p t e r 2

Basic Concepts 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Definition of Terms 5

2.3 Calibration 6

2.4 Standards 7

2.5 Dimensions and Units 11

2.6 The Generalized Measurement System 14

2.7 Basic Concepts in Dynamic

Measurements 18

2.8 System Response 31

2.9 Distortion 32

2.10 Impedance Matching 32

2.11 Fourier Analysis 35

2.12 Experiment Planning 46

2.13 Review Questions 50

2.14 Problems 52

2.15 References 58

C h a p t e r 3

Analysis of ExperimentalData 60

3.1 Introduction 60

3.2 Causes and Types of Experimental

Errors 61

3.3 Error Analysis on a Commonsense Basis 62

3.4 Uncertainty Analysis and Propagation of

Uncertainty 63

3.5 Evaluation of Uncertainties for Complicated

Data Reduction 72

3.6 Statistical Analysis of Experimental

Data 74

3.7 Probability Distributions 79

3.8 The Gaussian or Normal Error

Distribution 83

3.9 Comparison of Data with Normal

Distribution 93

3.10 The Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit 97

3.11 Method of Least Squares 104

3.12 The Correlation Coefficient 108

3.13 Multivariable Regression 110

3.14 Standard Deviation of the Mean 112

3.15 Student’s t-Distribution 113

3.16 Graphical Analysis and Curve Fitting 120

3.17 Choice of Graph Formats 121

3.18 Causation, Correlations, and Curve-fits 137

3.19 General Considerations in

Data Analysis 142

3.20 Summary 143


3.22 Problems 144

3.23 References 163

C h a p t e r 4

Basic Electrical Measurementsand Sensing Devices 166

4.1 Introduction 166

4.2 Forces of Electromagnetic Origin 166

4.3 Waveform Measures 170

4.4 Basic Analog Meters 173

4.5 Basic Digital Meters 179

4.6 Basic Input Circuits 180

4.7 Amplifiers 194

4.8 Differential Amplifiers 198

4.9 Operational Amplifiers 198

4.10 Transformers 203

4.11 Power Supplies 204

4.12 Signal Conditioning 205

4.13 The Electronic Voltmeter 217

4.14 Digital Voltmeters 218

4.15 The Oscilloscope 220

4.16 Oscilloscope Selection 223

4.17 Output Recorders 226

vi

Contents vii

4.18 Counters—Time and Frequency

Measurements 226

4.19 Transducers 227

4.20 The Variable-Resistance Transducer 227

4.21 The Differential Transformer (LVDT) 230

4.22 Capacitive Transducers 232

4.23 Piezoelectric Transducers 234

4.24 Photoelectric Effects 236

4.25 Photoconductive Transducers 236

4.26 Photovoltaic Cells 239

4.27 Ionization Transducers 240

4.28 Magnetometer Search Coil 241

4.29 Hall-Effect Transducers 242

4.30 Digital Displacement Transducers 244

4.31 Comparison of Analog and Digital

Instruments 245

4.32 Summary 245


4.34 Problems 247

4.35 References 254

C h a p t e r 5

Displacement and AreaMeasurements 256


5.2 Dimensional Measurements 256

5.3 Gage Blocks 258

5.4 Optical Methods 259

5.5 Pneumatic Displacement Gage 262

5.6 Area Measurements 264

5.7 The Planimeter, a Device of Historical

Interest 265

5.8 Graphical and Numerical Methods for Area

Measurement 266

5.9 Surface Areas 271

5.10 Problems 272

5.11 References 276

C h a p t e r 6

Pressure Measurement 278


6.2 Dynamic Response Considerations 281

6.3 Mechanical Pressure-Measurement

Devices 283

6.4 Dead-Weight Tester 288

6.5 Bourdon-Tube Pressure Gage 290

6.6 Diaphragm and Bellows Gages 291

6.7 The Bridgman Gage 295

6.8 Low-Pressure Measurement 296

6.9 The McLeod Gage 296

6.10 Pirani Thermal-Conductivity

Gage 298

6.11 The Knudsen Gage 299

6.12 The Ionization Gage 300

6.13 The Alphatron 301

6.14 Summary 302


6.16 Problems 303

6.17 References 310

C h a p t e r 7

Flow Measurement 312


7.2 Positive-Displacement Methods 313

7.3 Flow-Obstruction Methods 316

7.4 Practical Considerations for

Obstruction Meters 320

7.5 The Sonic Nozzle 329

7.6 Flow Measurement by Drag

Effects 331

7.7 Hot-Wire and Hot-Film Anemometers 340

7.8 Magnetic Flowmeters 344

7.9 Flow-Visualization Methods 345

7.10 The Shadowgraph 347

7.11 The Schlieren 348

7.12 The Interferometer 351

7.13 The Laser Doppler Anemometer

(LDA) 353

7.14 Smoke Methods 356

7.15 Pressure Probes 356

7.16 Impact Pressure in Supersonic Flow 365

7.17 Summary 366


7.19 Problems 369

7.20 References 377

viii Contents

C h a p t e r 8

The Measurement ofTemperature 381


8.2 Temperature Scales 381

8.3 The Ideal-Gas Thermometer 382

8.4 Temperature Measurement by Mechanical

Effects 384

8.5 Temperature Measurement by Electrical

Effects 388

8.6 Temperature Measurement by

Radiation 409

8.7 Effect of Heat Transfer on Temperature

Measurement 416

8.8 Transient Response of Thermal

Systems 425

8.9 Thermocouple Compensation 427

8.10 Temperature Measurements in High-Speed

Flow 430

8.11 Summary 434


8.13 Problems 435

8.14 References 444

C h a p t e r 9

Thermal- andTransport-PropertyMeasurements 447


9.2 Thermal-Conductivity Measurements 448

9.3 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

and Gases 452

9.4 Measurement of Viscosity 454

9.5 Gas Diffusion 461

9.6 Calorimetry 465

9.7 Convection Heat-Transfer

Measurements 470

9.8 Humidity Measurements 473

9.9 Heat-Flux Meters 478

9.10 pH Measurement 481


9.12 Problems 483

9.13 References 489

C h a p t e r 10

Force, Torque, and StrainMeasurements 491


10.2 Mass Balance Measurements 492

10.3 Elastic Elements for Force

Measurements 496

10.4 Torque Measurements 499

10.5 Stress and Strain 503

10.6 Strain Measurements 505

10.7 Electrical-Resistance Strain Gages 505

10.8 Measurement of Resistance Strain-Gage

Outputs 509

10.9 Temperature Compensation 510

10.10 Strain-Gage Rosettes 512

10.11 The Unbonded Resistance Strain

Gage 515


10.13 Problems 516

10.14 References 521

C h a p t e r 11

Motion and VibrationMeasurement 523


11.2 Two Simple Vibration Instruments 523

11.3 Principles of the Seismic Instrument 525

11.4 Practical Considerations for Seismic

Instruments 532

11.5 Sound Measurements 535


11.7 Problems 549

11.8 References 554

C h a p t e r 12

Thermal- andNuclear-RadiationMeasurements 556


12.2 Detection of Thermal Radiation 556

12.3 Measurement of Emissivity 562

Contents ix

12.4 Reflectivity and Transmissivity

Measurements 565

12.5 Solar Radiation Measurements 566

12.6 Nuclear Radiation 568

12.7 Detection of Nuclear Radiation 569

12.8 The Geiger-Muller Counter 569

12.9 Ionization Chambers 570

12.10 Photographic Detection Methods 571

12.11 The Scintillation Counter 572

12.12 Neutron Detection 572

12.13 Statistics of Counting 573

12.14 Radiation Effects in Humans 577


12.16 Problems 579


C h a p t e r 13

Air-Pollution Samplingand Measurement 585


13.2 Units for Pollution Measurement 585

13.3 Air-Pollution Standards 586

13.4 General Air-Sampling Train 589

13.5 Gas Sampling Techniques 590

13.6 Particulate Sampling Techniques 591

13.7 Sulfur Dioxide Measurements 599

13.8 Combustion Products Measurements 602

13.9 Opacity Measurements 606

13.10 Odor Measurement 607


13.12 Problems 609


C h a p t e r 14

Data Acquisitionand Processing 612


14.2 The General Data Acquisition System 612

14.3 Signal Conditioning Revisited 615

14.4 Data Transmission 618

14.5 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog

Conversion 621

14.6 Data Storage and Display 629

14.7 The Program as a Substitute

for Wired Logic 630

14.8 Summary 633

14.9 Glossary 633


14.11 Problems 635


C h a p t e r 15

Report Writingand Presentations 638


15.2 Some General Comments 638

15.3 Types of Reports 641

15.4 Contents of a Report 643

15.5 Graphical Presentations 651

15.6 Miscellaneous Helpful Hints 662

15.7 Word Processors and Computers 663

15.8 Processing of Reports 664

15.9 Oral Presentations 666

15.10 Planning Sessions and Conferences 667



C h a p t e r 16

Design of Experiments 671


16.2 Types of Experiments 671

16.3 Experiment Design Factors 675

16.4 Experiment Design Protocol

and Examples 675

16.5 Summary 710

16.6 Problems 711

16.7 References 712

Appendix A–Conversion Factorsand Material Properties 713

Appendix B–Digital ImagingSystems 723

Index 731

[J P.Holman] Experimental Methods for Engineers 8th Edition

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