The Big IdeasOur faculty weigh in

The CampaignStudents assess primaryseasonAlumni on campaigns

The VoteElectoral collegeVoting machines

KennedySchoolJ O H N F . K E N N E D Y S C H O O L O F G O V E R N M E N T B U L L E T I N H A R V A R D U N I V E R S I T Y s u m m e r 2 0 0 8

Board of Directors of thehks Alumni AssociationExecutive CommitteeRudy N. Brioché mpp 2000, ChairRosario Calderon mpa 1988,Vice Chair

Jacquelyne Weatherspoonmpa 1991, Treasurer

Farahnaz Karim mpa 2001,Member-at-Large

Paul Hodge mpa 2000, Ex-Officio

MembersGayane Afrikian mpa 2005Jeff Amestoy mpa 1982Marilyn Averill mpa 2000Michael O. Cardoso mpa 2005Roland Castenada mpp 1974Kriengsak Chareonwongsak

mpa 2007Shannon Christian mpp 1987Louis de Bruijn mpa 2004Andrea Marmolejo mpa 1988Kathe F. Mullally mpa 1998Daniel Ostergaard mpa 2004Gary Schwarz mpa 2007Pradeep Singh mpp 1991Janet Thompson mpa 1987Giles Whiting mpp 2005

Dean’s AlumniLeadership CouncilGreg Rosenbaum mpp/jd 1977,Chair

Joseph Caldwell mpa 1985,Vice Chair

José María Figueres mpa 1991,Vice Chair

Joshua Gotbaum mpp/jd 1976,Vice Chair

Paul Hodge mpa 2000,Founding Chair and Vice Chair

Yoko Makino mpa 1999, Vice ChairHilda Ochoa-Brillembourg

mpa 1972, Vice ChairMichael Spies mcrp 1982,Vice Chair

Judy Wade mpp 1989, Vice ChairJill Wagner mpa2 1983, Vice ChairJoan Abrams mpa 1993Merribel Ayres smg 1984Douglas Bereuter mcp 1966,

mpa 1973Stuart Bernstein mpa2 1991Jeffrey Bialos mpp 1980Osman Boyner mpa2 2001Teresa Brady mpp 1983Joseph Campbell mpp 1978Craig Cardon mpa 2002Alexandre Chavarot mpp 1992Nancy Connery mpa 1979Robert Culver mpa 1978William Cunningham mpa 1983Mark Dalzell mpp 1979Diane Damskey mpa2 1988Shari Davis mpp 1989Beth deHamel mpp 1982James DeNaut mpa2 1989Christine Dillon mpa 2004Arturo Fermandois mpa 1994Ernesto Fernandez-Hurtado

mpa 1948Robert Ferri mpa 1986Caroline Flueh mpa2 1990John Gage ksgp 1971Thomas Gallagher mpp 1978Aaron Gershenberg mpp 1989Fred Hochberg s&l 1996Henry Hubschman mpp 1973,

jd 1972David Hulse mpp 1984Mazen Jaidah mpp 1996David Johnson mpp 1983Stacey Keare mpp 1994John Kennedy mpa 1988Petros Kokkalis mpa 2002Florence Koplow mpa 1995James Langevin mpa2 1994Pat Lawson mpa 1989Nancy LeaMond mcp 1974

Leon Loeb mpp 1972Kent Lucken mpa 2001J. Michael McGinnis mpp 1977Patricia McGinnis mpa 1975Robert Metzger bcsiaMarcia Morris mpa 1993Ajay Nagpal mpp 1992Robert Olian mpp/jd 1977Anthony Otten mpp 1981Howard Paster mcrp 1979Anne Reed mpa 1981Jorge Rosenblut mpa2 1985Sean Rowland mpa 1997Danny Sebright mpa 2001Daniel Sheffey mpp 1989Harry Sherr mpa 2003Heather Steans mpp 1987Donald Stewart mpa 1969,

dpa 1975Bob Suh mpa2 1985Harriett “Tee” Taggart mcp 1973Elizabeth Tamposi mpa 1984William Tobey mpp 1984Joseph Tompkins mpp 1975,

jd 1974Stacey Gillis Weber mpa2 1990Thomas White mpa2 1982Wilfred Wong mpa 1987

Visiting CommitteeJoel Fleishman, ChairCharles Baker, Jr.Robert BelferDouglas Bereuter mcp 1966Rebecca BlankJohn DeutchCheryl Dorsey mpa/md 1992Ann FudgeJohn B. GageJoshua Gotbaum mpp/jd 1976James W. HarpelJames A. JohnsonLawrence F. KatzHarold KohPeter MalkinBijan Mossavar-Rahmani

mpa 1982Franklin RainesDavid RubensteinRalph SchlossteinKlaus Schwab mpa 1967Lan Xue

Dean’s CouncilExecutive CommitteePeter L. Malkin, ChairGianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki,Vice Chair

Ralph Baxter, Jr.Robert BelferMary BoiesAlan HassenfeldPaul Hodge mpa 2000

MembersGuillermo Abaracon mpa 1998Munir Abu-HaidarAssilah Al HarthyMohammed Al-TuwaijriRoy AshKathleen BaderSuzanne Barnes mpa 1998Thomas BarryPius BascheraHazem Ben-GacemJudith BenardeteLawrence BenderSteven BergerDaniel BiedermanAli BozkurtRobert CalhounRobert CarpCecilia ChanVictor ChuFerdinand “Moose”Colloredo-Mansfeld

Tony ConzaHoward Cox, Jr.Thomas CulliganBharat DesaiArnold DonaldBülent EczacıbasıDavid Eliash.r.h. Princess Firyal of JordanJames Flanagan smg 1995

Jacob FrenkelDaniel GlickmanSteven GreenClifford GundleHani HabbasAzadeh HaririJames HarpelRobert Hefner IIIJohn IncledonTasso JereissatiNicholas JosefowitzMaha Kaddoura mpa 2000Norman KaplanJoseph KasputysGeorge KellnerJamileh KharraziNemir KirdarTimothy Knatchbull mpa 1998Latifa KostaDal LaMagna mpa 2002Ned LamontNicholas LazaresBrandt LouieBertram LubnerMary MaYoko MakinoGeorge MallinckrodtW.A. ManoukianDeryck MaughanMike MedavoyMark MendellJames MetzgerYogendra ModiAhmed MohiuddinAnthony MorrisZenon NieMarvin OdumIdan OferJorma OllilaNelson Ortiz mpa 1983Minnie Osmeña mpaRichard PleplerAndrew RappaportGordon RawlinsonJohn ReedDavid RichardsStephen Ritterbush, ksgp 1979Carlos RivaJames Rogers, Jr.Greg Rosenbaum mpp/jd 1977Daniel RosensweigJohn RosenthalJoseph RoxeJames SabryMohammad SafadiPaul SaganMichael SandlerArmen SarkissianRajesh ShahJohn ShaneNicholas ShreiberDouglas SimsBarry Sloane mpa 1991Neil SmithRory StearPeter SteinerBjörn StigsonChristen SveaasTony TamerJohn TaysomEdward TianSidney TopolSamir ToubassyStokley TowlesMarvin TraubDonald Tsang mpa 1982Adair TurnerAgâh UgurEnzo ViscusiBrooke WadeJohn WhiteheadMalcolm WienerJ. McDonald WilliamsJacqueline Woods

Women’s Leadership BoardExecutive CommitteeRoxanne Mankin Cason, ChairBarbara Annis, Chair ElectHaifa Fahoum Al Kaylani,Vice Chair, International

Renee White Fraser, Vice Chair,Domestic

Laurie McDonald Jonsson,Secretary

Margaret Traub, Treasurer

Corporate MembersJennifer AllynMary BennettBeth BrookeJanice Bryant HowroydAngela Schwers

MembersCarla AbourjeilyGiselle AcevedoMindy Lipson AisenMaha Al-Juffali-GhandourSharon AllenWendy AppelbaumLoreen ArbusLiz ArkyJan BabiakEllyn BankBarbara BeckClare BecktonCarol Lavin BernickSusan BirdSusan BogartMichèle Boutros-GhaliMaria Efantis BrennanAnna BurgerMaxine BurtonMary CarringtonDeborah CarstensJoan ChrestayEloise Yellen ClarkKathy CloningerBetty CohenAnne CointreauElizabeth ColtonLizbeth CooneyLinda CoughlinDiane CreelLaurie CunningtonMartha De LaurentiisCristina de ManuelRoxanne DecykDiane DixonSaundra DockserJulia Bailey DulanIvelisse EstradaHaifa FakhouriNina FialkowAnne FinucaneMarsha FirestoneStacy FisherJanie FongKaren FrankCarolee FriedlanderCarol FulpMaureen GaffneyDenise GatlingDana GoldingerSandra GoochJean Minskoff GrantSarah Moores Walker GuthrieDana HagendorfSheila HarrellBarbara HarrisKathy HarrisLinda HartJoan HelpernSara HildebrandPoppy HolzworthDzana HomanMary Ellen IskenderianLorie JacksonTamara JacobsJanice JonesMargaret JurcaClaudia Kahn

Ann KaplanLaurel KarabianDato Fawziah Abdul KarimMargaret KavalarisLou KerrSung Joo KimJulia Hobbs KivistikPeggy KlausPatricia KoubaRoelfien KuijpersRenee LaBranAlison LawtonCatherine LeeRobin LeedsFrancine LeFrak-FriedbergAmy LevineRenee Brody LevowSheela LevyCarol LockeLinda LoReAnn LovellMaria Paola LuksicNancy MaloneRanjini ManianFlorine MarkLana MarksLisa MatthewsBobbi McKennaEllen McLaughlinPamela McLeanNeena MehtaEllen MignoniDiane MillerPat MitchellEllen Jane MooreBarbara MorrisonValerie MosleyPansy MullerMarilyn Carlson NelsonAnne NoblesJulia Novy-HildesleyGun NowakAnna OuroumianAysen OzyeginKristine PearsonMaureen PeckmanCarol PennCarol PerrinSarah RaissJoyce ReubenMargaret RoseTracy RuddNancy RussellSarina RussoMelanie SabelhausKim Samuel JohnsonVirginia SanchezHoda Sarofim-SawirisRayona SharpnackSusan SilbermannPamela SmithPernille Spiers-LopezFredericka StevensonVickie SullivanMary Green SwigRobin TalbertSandra TaylorLinda Kaplan ThalerAnisya ThomasBeatrice TrussardiKathleen ValentiDamayanti VasudevanHerta Von StiegelLauren WachtlerDiedra WagerJudith WagnerMeredith WagnerGeraldine WaldorfClaudia WaltersLara WarnerLeigh WassonMarcia WilsonEllen WingardV. Cheryl WomackAnn Ziegler

4 The Big IdeasIssues ranging from climatechange to education, fromhealth care reform to free tradeare knocking on policymakers’doors. Our faculty are helpingshape the discussion.

Departments2 executive summary

3 letters

32 bully pulpit

34 in printChasing the FlameThe Powers to LeadOur Communities, Our Homes

36 capital ideas

38 classnotes

48 exit poll

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Kennedy SchoolJ O H N F . K E N N E D Y S C H O O L O F G O V E R N M E N T B U L L E T I N H A R V A R D U N I V E R S I T Y s u m m e r 2 0 0 8

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26 20

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The Election Issue

10 The CampaignCampaign ’08 — Our alumnirun for office and work behindthe scenes, while our studentsoffer perspectives on theprimary process and somehelp to cover the election.

20 The VoteThe evolution of U.S. votingapparatus; exit polling in 2008;Dan Maffei mpp 1995 on runningfor office; and faculty discusspresidential transitions andlegacies.

20

T H E D E A N ’ S W O R D

2

executive summary

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Dear reader,

In this issue we focus on a subject that has dominated the news duringthe last 18 months — the 2008 U.S. presidential election.President John F. Kennedy once noted that “the magic of politics is

not the panoply of office. The magic of politics is participating on alllevels of national life in an affirmative way, of playing a small role indetermining whether in [William] Faulkner‘s words, ‘freedom will notonly endure, but prevail.’”In the following pages you will read about some of the members

of the Harvard Kennedy School community who are participating atall levels of national life to ensure that “freedom prevails.” They areworking as political volunteers, congressional candidates, andresearchers who are helping inform and shape legislation on manyof the election-related issues.As you will read, our alumni are working behind the scenes this

election season as fundraisers, convention organizers, and as campaignstaff members. They are also involved as volunteer trainers to helpensure the democratic system runs fairly and effectively.Dozens of our alumni are currently running for office at all levels

of government. One of them, Dan Maffei mpp 1995, offers his thoughtson what running for office has taught him, as he makes a second try fora congressional seat from New York. You will also read about why twoof our Executive Education alumni decided to run for political officeafter spending time at the Kennedy School.Some of our faculty also weigh in with recent research findings and

opinions on election-related issues, from education and health care toterrorism and the federal debt.The long primary season that only recently ended has captured the

attention of people both here and abroad at a level not experienced inmany years. The entire world is watching as the United States enters thefinal phase of this long election process and chooses a new leader thisNovember.As always, our alumni and faculty are committed to playing a signifi-

cant role in the democratic process as we continue to strive to make theworld a better place.

Dean David T. EllwoodAugust 2008

T H O U G H T S F R O M T H E C O N S T I T U E N C Yletters

Red Ink

Professor Bilmes’s budgetary account-ing of the Iraq war (Bulletin Spring2005) is a hard-headed exposure of theprice America pays for a bad war interms even the warmakers can under-stand. As I learned early on at theKennedy School, that which is meas-ured is what can be measured, so eventhough the accounting of war costsstrives to be comprehensive, furtheraccount must be reckoned of external-ities that are no less real for being out-side the federal budget. Several comereadily to mind, such as the diversionfrom civilian work of energetic peoplein their prime and the absence ofGuard units to assist with domesticdisasters like hurricanes and wildfires.The evidence may be a bit anecdotal,but up here in small-town New

England it seems that small businessesand community institutions are hob-bled by the absence of vital Guardmembers. I’d hypothesize that thiseffect is worse in rural areas with atradition of military service. Americanaircraft and vehicles burn tons of oilwhen the global environment may beirrevocably tipping and drove up theprice of fuel for productive use. It maybe no small coincidence that theeconomy lost steam at the same timeas the war. Then there is the lifelongimpact on quality of life for combatvets and their families and the dead-weight to be carried by U.S. policy forgenerations, all without even men-tioning the Iraqis. In sum, the Bilmes/Stiglitz equation lets off the Bush/Cheney administration too cheaply.

Samuel Press mpa 1997Burlington, VT

Associate Dean for Communicationsand Public AffairsMelodie Jackson mpa 2001

Director of Alumni Relations andAnnual GivingWendy Wiedenmann

Director, Alumni AffairsDebbie Metcalfe

EditorSarah Abrams

Associate EditorRobert O’Neill

Contributing WritersMadeline DrexlerJulia HannaMatt Kohut mpa 2003David Rice mpa 2001Lewis Rice

DesignersDiane SibleyJennifer Eaton Alden

PrinterLane Press

John F. Kennedy School of GovernmentPublications Office79 John F. Kennedy StreetCambridge, MA 02138Phone: 617-495-1164Fax: 617-495-5424E-mail: publish@ksg.harvard.edu

Copyright ©2008 by the President and Fellowsof Harvard College. All rights reserved.

Front cover illustration: J.D. King

Bulletin Advisory BoardJennifer Armini mpa 2001Jeanie Barnett mpa 2002Phil Cronin mpp 1996Henry DeSio mpa 2001Bill Dodd mpa 2004Harry Durning, Jr. mpa 1970Sayuri Inoue mpp 1996Colin Jackson mpa 1993David KingDavid Luberoff mpa 1989Ben McKay mpa 2003Heather Price mpa2 2002Craig Sandler mpa 2000Janice Saragoni mpa 1989Steven Singer mpa 1986Scott Talan mpa 2002

New Hampshire Bound The C-Span Campaign 2008 bus stopped at the Kennedy Schoolon its ways to New Hampshire last December as the primary season went into full swing.On its 14th nationwide tour, the 45-foot bus is a mobile multimedia demonstration centerand television production unit.

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GLOBALAFFAIRSARMS CONTROL

DEVELOPMENT

TERRORISM

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there are more than 87,000 governmental units in the united states. l about 484,000 people hold elected office in the United States. l the word ‘psephology,’ meaning the statistical analysis of elections, comes from the greek word for pebble, which the greeks used as ballots. l opinion polling came of age with the 1936 presidential

UNCLEAR OPTION l Ashton CarterIran’s nuclear program will likely top theagenda of U.S. and other world leaders forsome time to come. A diplomatic path isbeing pursued in conjunction with otherWestern powers, eager to keep the regionalpower from developing nuclear weaponsdespite its stated peaceful purpose.

DOWN TO THE WIRE l Calestous JumaNot all international issues revolve around broadquestions of war, weapons of mass destruction, globalclimate change, and human rights. Sometimes theyare as narrow as a piece of wire — or more precisely,fiber-optic cable.

Africa — apart from South Africa —

is linked to the developed world by a

single fiber-optic cable along the West

Africa coast,” writes Juma, professor of

the practice of international develop-

ment and director of the Science,

Technology, and Globalization Project.

“Plans to extend to the east coast as

well as to the interior of the continent

have been slow and frustrating.”

The problem is isolating African studentsand universities, Calestous Jumaargues. International institutionssuch as the Group of Eight should committo helping Africa get broadband access.

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The remark is heard often, from the leftand right, from bloggers and presidentialcandidates: “This is the most importantelection of our lifetime.” Regardless ofwhether one sees that as reality or over-used rhetoric, the U.S. presidential andcongressional elections of 2008 come atan unquestionably important juncturein history.

The sitting president’s popularity is athistorically low levels. The candidateswho emerged after a torturous primaryseason are the first black candidate for amajor political party and a self-professedmaverick.

THEN WHAT?l Sarah Sewall hksee 1995The detention facilities at Guantanamo Baywere built to house detainees captured onthe battlefields of Afghanistan and otherfronts of the war on terror. Administrationofficials described those prisoners in 2002as the “worst of the worst.” Six years on,Guantanamo has come to symbolize manyof the worst legacies of 9/11, includingabuse of detainees, domestic political divi-sion and international criticism, and uncer-tainty about the legal framework for prose-cuting a war against a stateless enemy.

Voters are paying attention. Turnoutnearly shattered the record mark set in1972. People have donated vast sums ofmoney, often in small amounts, and areusing new online fundraising tools.

And perhaps most important, issuesranging from climate change to education,from health care reform to nuclear prolifera-tion, from the war on terror to immigrationare knocking loudly and impatiently onpolicymakers’ doors.

Some of those issues are examined inthe following pages, through the uniqueperspectives of our faculty.

However, if military action is considered,argues Ashton Carter, codirector,Preventive Defense Project, it cannot beconsidered as a stand-alone option.

“A true option is a complete strategyintegrating political, economic, andmilitary elements and seeing the matterthrough to a defined and achievable end.

for Human Rights Policy, argues that doingthat simply poses another really big ques-tion: Then what?

“The issue about what happens afterGuantanamo is more than just what do wedo with these people? Where do we putthem? Who administers the facility?”Sewall said at a Forum event in April.“It raises a much broader set of questionsabout executive privilege and constitution-ality, the law of armed conflict and humanrights, and national security and domesticand international politics.”

Guantanamo’s closure should also bepart and parcel, Sewall argues, of a policyaimed at ceasing practices “that fail tostabilize the international arena, eitherbecause they upend interstate relations orthey galvanize international opposition tothe United States.”

source: institute for science and international security

There is a consensus now thatGuantanamo Bay should be shut down.But Sarah Sewall, lecturer in publicpolicy and director of the Carr Center

u.s. influence around the world

u.s influenceis a…

u.s. influences good badyour country* thing thing

germany 88 11 42

britain 88 11 51

france 84 7 37

spain 64 7 36

poland 71 17 28

russia 59 9 34

turkey 79 3 68

lebanon 92 31 46

jordan 89 21 56

egypt 86 29 45

south korea 93 30 37

japan 93 16 40

australia 85 12 40

india 73 34 25

indonesia 70 14 31

pakistan 59 6 49

china 50 11 27

mexico 81 17 49

argentina 74 4 55

brazil 73 16 40

nigeria 75 46 20

south africa 64 42 12

tanzania 55 28 21

*percent of total sample saying u.s. influenceis a good/bad thing. question asked only ofthose who say u.s. has great/fair amount ofinfluence.

source: pew global attitudes project

DEVELOPMENT

ARMS CONTROL

TERRORISM

THEBIGIDEAS

For any military element, the sequel toaction must be part of the strategybecause the military action by itself willnot finish the problem of Iran’s nuclearambitions once and for all. Air strikeson the Iranian nuclear program or othertargets could conceivably reset the diplo-matic table in pursuit of a negotiated endto the nuclear program, but they couldalso easily overturn the diplomatic table,”Carter wrote in a recent paper on U.S.strategic options.

“Sometime in 2009, still well beforeIran can produce a bomb’s worth of highlyenriched uranium, a new American presi-dent will face a new Iranian president.Not too much longer after that, we willknow which type of strategy the ‘militaryoption’ is supporting.”

programs relative to1970 nuclear nonprolif-eration treaty (npt):

began before nptand still existended before npteffort for weaponsended before nptprograms endedafter 1970

programs started after1970 and are now:

ongoingsuspected of seekingweapons (n. koreaannounced intent toend program, 2008)ended

intentions suspectedbut no programidentifiedinherited weaponsbut now non-nuclearparticipant in npt

“

ECONOMYHOUSING

FEDERAL DEBT

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election. l women won the right to vote in 1920 with the passage of the 19th amendment. l “when i die, i want to be buried in louisiana so i can stay active in politics.” — earl long l in 1971, passage of the 26th amendment lowered the voting age to 18. l a swing of just 4,430 votes in Illinois and 4,782 votes in south carolina would have

“

the big ideasN@!#A l Robert LawrenceEmotions run high among many U.S. workers concerning nafta,says Harvard Kennedy School Professor Robert Lawrence, butamidst all the controversy, wrote Lawrence in The GuardianUnlimited last spring, nafta’s true impact on U.S. society maybe getting lost.

nafta remains a curse word for much of

the U.S. labor movement,” he wrote. While

it’s true that jobs were lost upon nafta’s imple-

mentation in 1995 when some U.S. firms were

relocated to Mexico, other jobs were created

because of increased exports.

“Despite the dire predictions that were made when nafta wasimplemented, in its first five years, U.S. manufacturing employmentactually increased by 250,000 — not all because of nafta — andoverall U.S. employment rose by 17.5 million,” he writes.

Lawrence points out that U.S. manufacturing payrolls did fall by2.7 million between 2000 and 2003, but mainly because spendingon computers and other equipment plummeted when the dotcomboom burst, while labor productivity growth was brisk.

“But this happened far too late to be ascribed to nafta. More-over, over those three years, imports from Mexico barely grew andimports from other countries did not increase their share in theU.S. market.”

9,000

7,000

5,000

3,000

1,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

2%

0

-2%

-4%

-6%

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

“A RIPPLE EFFECT l Eric Belsky, Nicolas RetsinasIn 2007, the U.S. housing market got overheated and over-supplied, says Eric Belsky, executive director of the JointCenter for Housing Studies. For the first time on record,national annual single-family home prices fell. This in turnleft several million homeowners who had bought or refi-nanced in the last few years with homes worth less than theirmortgages, and, as a result, home foreclosures rose precipi-tously. By early 2008, housing market problems had spreadto the rest of the economy.

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

-40%

MAKING THE CASE FOR TRADEl Lawrence SummersDuring the past primary season, harsh criticism of the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (nafta) was raised by manyvoters who perceive the 1994 agreement to have had anegative impact on their states’ economy and lives.

In a world where Americans can legiti-

mately doubt whether the success of

the global economy is good for them, it will

be increasingly difficult to mobilize support

for economic internationalism,” said

University Professor Lawrence Summers

in the Financial Times last spring.

“The focus must shift from supporting internationalismas traditionally defined to designing an internationalism thatmore successfully aligns the interests of working people andthe middle class in rich countries with the success of theglobal economy.”

Late in 2005, the combina-tion of higher interest ratesand home prices finallypushed affordability pres-sures beyond their limit,dragging down demand.Within the span of two years,sales and starts plummeted,prices fell, and home equityeroded.source: state of the nation’shousing 2008, joint center forhousing studies of harvarduniversity

The near-term outlook for home-ownership is grim, say Belsky andNicolas Retsinas, director of theJoint Center for Housing Studies,in State of the Nation’s Housing2008. The wave of foreclosureswill take months to sort out, andthe number of homes enteringforeclosure could continue to riseeven if resets recede from lastyear’s level. Job losses and fallinghomes prices are now adding toforeclosure risks. Meanwhile,mortgage credit will remain tight,and larger-risk premiums in mort-gage interest rates will offset muchof the decline in short-term rates.

$ billions

trade balance as % of gdpcurrent account balance of % of gdp

source: commission on growth and development workshop

2005–2006 2006–2007 2005–2007

medianexisting existing total new

single-family home total home mortgage housing single-familyhouse price equity sales refinancing starts home sales

“All this means that the adjustment is now likelyto take the more painful of the two possible coursesthat the mainstream view has long warned of: dollardepreciation with recession, rather than pure expendi-ture switching. Even if it does not turn out that the dayof reckoning is yet at hand,” says Frankel, “from nowon we can probably no longer count on the dollar andeconomy being automatic safe havens.”

LOOMING ADJUSTMENT l Jeffrey FrankelThe day when deficit adjustment is forced on the United Statesmay be close at hand, according to Jeffrey Frankel, professor ofeconomics. “The trade and current account deficits have begunto shrink,” he wrote last fall for the Commission on Growth andDevelopment, “presumably in response to the slowing of theeconomy and the depreciation of the dollar. A coming recessionmay be more severe and long-lasting than the last one in 2001.”

HOUSING

FREE TRADE

FEDERAL DEBT

source: concord coalition

ALABAMA

ARIZONA ARKANSAS

CALIFORNIACOLORADO

CONNECTICUT

DELAWARE

FLORIDA

GEORGIA

IDAHO

ILLINOIS INDIANA

IOWA

KANSAS

KENTUCKY

LOUISIANA

MAINE

MARYLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

MICHIGANMINNESOTA

MISSISSIPPI

MISSOURI

MONTANA

NEBRASKANEVADA

NEW HAMPSHIRE

NEW JERSEY

NEW MEXICO

NEW YORK

NORTH CAROLINA

NORTH DAKOTA

OHIO

OKLAHOMA

OREGON

PENNSYLVANIA

RHODE ISLAND

SOUTH CAROLINA

SOUTHDAKOTA

TENNESSEE

TEXAS

UTAH

VERMONT

VIRGINIA

WASHINGTON

WESTVIRGINIA

WISCONSIN

WYOMING

gdp spent onhealth care byoecd countries,1995

austria 9.7%

canada 9.2%

france 9.4%

germany 10.3%

greece 9.6%

iceland 10.2%

netherlands 9.2%

switzerland 9.7%

all figures above includeadministrative expensesof insurers.

DOMESTICPOLICYEDUCATION

HEALTH CARE

ENVIRONMENT

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given the 1960 election to richard nixon over john f. kennedy. l presidential candidates for the two major parties spent over $195 million on television advertising between january 2007 and june 2008. l the original “smoke-filled room,” where warren harding was chosen as republican candidate for president in 1920, was the vice presi

the big ideasCAP AND TRADE: A SOLUTIONl Robert StavinsWith each passing day, the need for a domesticU.S. policy that addresses climate changebecomes increasingly apparent, says RobertStavins, professor of business and government.A cap-and-trade system, he says, could offer thebest short- to medium-term solution.

“Besides providing certainty about emissionslevels, cap and trade offers an easy means ofcompensating for the inevitably unequal bur-dens imposed by climate policy.” Key featuresinclude an upstream cap on co2 emissions withgradual inclusion of other greenhouse gases, agradual downward trajectory of emissions ceil-ings over time to minimize disruption and allowfirms and households time to adapt, and mecha-nisms to reduce cost uncertainty.

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FIXING HEALTH CARE: TWO VISIONS l Robert BlendonHealth care may rank among the top issues for voters this electionyear — just behind the economy and the Iraq war, according to arecent survey by The Los Angeles Times and Bloomberg News —but, says Robert Blendon, professor of health policy and politicalanalysis, the differences between what Republicans and Democratssee as their concerns around health care are strikingly different.

“There are two very different visions,” says Blendon, who withthe Kaiser Family Foun-dation, surveyed votersearlier this year abouthealth care issues.“Unlike Democrats,Republicans are not veryinterested in universalcoverage. They aremuch more concernedwith high health costsand the cost of theirinsurance policies.”

SCHOOL VS. PARENTING l Ronald FergusonIn addition to focusing on what schools are doing to providechildren with high quality educations, Ronald Ferguson,lecturer in public policy and author of Toward Excellence withEquity, says we must emphasize to parents ways to enrichthe home learning lifestyle.

In the following chart, Ferguson questions Asians, blacks,Hispanics, and white students about their home lives.

SINGLE-PAYER HEALTH CARE:IS IT LESS EXPENSIVE? l Joseph NewhouseMany believe that the high level of U.S. health care costs relative toother developed countries is the result of the high administrative

costs inherent in a pluralistic health care financingsystem. In a recent study, however, Joseph Newhouse,professor of health policy and management, found thatsome states were spending approximately the samepercentage for health care as some countries belongingto the Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (oecd).

The implication? “The United States’ pluralisticfinancing system may not be an important cause of thelarge percentage of gdp that the United States devotesto health care,” says Newhouse. While a more central-ized payment system may be a sufficient condition tospend at the percentages of gdp found in northernEurope, he says, “it is not a necessary condition.”

o% 10% 20% 30% 40%

2010 2020 2030 2040 20503,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

READY FOR NEW DIRECTION lPaul PetersonAmericans both care about their schools andwant them to improve, says Paul Peterson, directorof Harvard’s Program on Education Policy andGovernance (pepg).

Though adults give the nation’s public schoolsonly mediocre grades — a plurality confer a C — theygive somewhat higher grades to the schools in theirown communities. The local schools may be passing,but they do not earn the same high marks as otherneighborhood institutions.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

gradesa or bcd or fail

schools

police force

post office

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

at home someone isalways here to help mewith my homework if Ineed it.

someone reads with mealmost every nightbefore I go to sleep.

i read almost every dayat home.

i have a television in mybedroom.

asianblackhispanicwhite

source:programs oneducationpolicy andgovernanceprogramreport 2008

ENERGY POLICY: THE NEXT STEPS l ETIPHow do we begin to address the climate- and energy-relatedchallenges facing us today? This fall, Harvard KennedySchool’s Energy Technology Innovation Policy (etip) researchgroup, under the auspices of the Energy Policy Programsinitiative at hks, will bring researchers from around thecountry together to identify steps the next administrationmust take to address our most pressing energy- and climate-related challenges. Distinguished experts at the two-dayconference will present their most recent research, which willbe combined for publication to help inform and influenceongoing discussion and policy. Topics to be covered appearin above graphic.

source: kaiser foundation: election 2008 poll; february 2008

expanding health insurance coverage for the uninsured

reducing the costs of health care and health insurance

improving quality of care and reducing medical errors

reducing spending in government health programs likemedicare and medicaid

business as usualstabilize at 2008 levelreduce to 50% of 1990 level

globalclimatechange

energystructure andinfrastructure

oil andtransportation

carboncapture andstorage

energy-technologyinnovation

leadershipchallenges

source: paltsev and others(2007b, 1, 5, 6)

advantageddisadvantaged

ferguson’s definition of advantaged: students have at leastone computer in the home and are not from single parenthouseholds; others are labeled disadvantaged.

source: toward excellence with equity by ronald ferguson

democratsrepublicans

HEALTH CARE

EDUCATION

percent of gsp (grossstate product) spent onhealth, average stateand by state quintiles(unweighted), 1995 data

9.7%11.3%12.3%13.1%14.9%

alaska

hawaii

ENVIRONMENTall greenhouse gases

millions of metric tons of co2 equivalent

Roe stands above the Denverconvention hall where Democratswill meet in August to nominatetheir candidate.

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dential suite at chicago’s blackstone hotel. l between 2007 and june 2008, candidates for federal office had raised $1.79 billion. l zip code 10021, in new york’s upper west side, is the country’s most politically generous. l “no part of the education of a politician is more indispensable than the fighting of elections.” — winston churchill

The campaigns of Democrats and Republicans alikedepend on a diverse group of people to support them,and in a wide variety of roles, including paid profes-sional political operatives, fundraisers, volunteerpoll-watchers, expert advisors on policy and positiondevelopment, organizers, and a nearly endless numberof other positions paid and unpaid, full- and part-timeand 24/7 time. This election season, alumni across thecountry and across the political spectrum are workingbehind the scenes for candidates.

Just a year out of the Kennedy School,Melanie Roe mpp 2007 is responsiblefor ensuring the most closely watchedpresidential convention in history comesoff without a hitch. As the director of hallmanagement for the Democratic Nationalconvention in Denver, Roe is planning anevent that will bring more than 50,000people to the city for four days in August,including party delegates, the media, polit-ical activists, vips, and volunteers — allkey players in the big event.

“I’m responsible for everything, frommaking sure all speeches are simultane-

allowing the party more of an opportunityto showcase its choice and its agenda forthe general election. The much longer thananticipated nomination process for theDemocrats has made this convention espe-cially important and harder to plan. UntilObama finally clinched the nomination inJune, Roe and her staff were planning fora convention with two candidates for thenomination, which made the process allthe more difficult and politically charged.As a subsidiary of the National DemocraticParty, the convention must be neutral inall aspects if a nominee has not yet beenchosen. “Even with the long nomination

ously given in sign language to the logis-tics behind every meal served in theconvention hall, Roe says. “There are aninfinite number of details to consider whenputting on an event as large and importantas this.”

Modern conventions have been moreof a coronation ceremony for the nomineewho was chosen months beforehand,

Harvard KennedySchool alumniwork behind thescenes.

THECAMPAIGN

process, this is an historic electionbecause you’ve had an African Americanand a woman as viable candidates for thepresidency for the first time.”

For Roe, the 2008 election is an oppor-tunity to ex0rcise the demons from 2004,when she spent the last eight months ofthe campaign at U.S. Senator and Demo-cratic party presidential nominee JohnKerry’s side. “It was a painful loss,” shesays. “I’m hoping this time things will turnout differently, and a flawless conventionis a big part of that, especially this year.”

THEWORKHORSE

Campaign

08’

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l 47.5 percent of registered voters turned out for the 2006 election. l more than 12 million voters were added to the rolls between the 2002 and the 2006 mid-term elections. even so, there were at least one million fewer registered voters in 2006 than there were in 2004. l wyoming led the nation in turnout in 2006 – with nearly 80

nications, officials, and regional organizersand volunteers, Jacobs is busy with themyriad details of running a large organiza-tion spread out over seven states.

“The most challenging part is ensuringyou are implementing the senator’s visionand telling the story about John McCain,”he says. “And in spite of all the variousthings we need to do, we constantly askourselves throughout every day, ‘Is whatI’m doing getting votes for SenatorMcCain?’ This includes getting my grand-mother, a lifelong Democrat, to registeras a Republican and vote McCain.”

2002 mpp graduateBuzz Jacobs, aregional campaign manager for Republicannominee John McCain, remembers the darkdays of Senator John McCain’s candidacyin the fall of 2007. “We had no money.Our organization had been reduced dra-matically. The pundits were calling ourcampaign over,” he recalled. “Instead offolding up our tent, we launched the ‘NoSurrender’ tour and we talked about thewar in Iraq as well as the senator’s candi-dacy for president.” The campaign wasraising less than a million dollars a monthand had a quarter of the staff it needed.However, Jacobs’s support for his candi-date never wavered. “I never doubted him,even during the difficult period. I workedfor him in 2000, and I stayed with him in2008 because I believe in John McCain.”

Political campaigns are anything if notunpredictable. Dramatic reversals of for-tune are commonplace, especially in theera of round-the-clock cable news cov-erage, blogosphere punditry, and themarathon campaign. Anything can, andoften does, happen along the campaigntrail, and the survivor is often the candi-date whose organization can weather theinevitable storm. Being able to respondquickly is a key element of success, which

THE POLITICALOPERATIVE

Jackie Weatherspoon, mpa 1991,exemplifies the party activist whose abilityto multitask is matched only by her mul-tiple skills and endless energy. She’sinvolved in the Democratic party as avolunteer poll-watcher, get-out-the-votecoordinator, organizer of students and theyouth vote, and she has also served asco-chair of New Hampshire’s DemocraticParty convention. However, as committedas she is to the ideology of and candidateswithin her party, Weatherspoon also bringsan uncommon level of commitment to andpassion for the democratic process, whichshe is putting to use in this election year.

Inspired while at the Kennedy Schooltaking Professor Shirley Williams’s “To Be

a Politician” class, Jackie returned to NewHampshire and was elected a state repre-sentative. However, after serving in officeonly a short while, she was selected by theUnited Nations to be an election officerin Bosnia, where for more than two-and-a-half years she registered people to votefor municipal elections in Gorazde whilecoalition forces were bombing nearbyKosovo. Since that time, Weatherspoonhas observed elections in numerous coun-tries, including Nigeria. Back home sheputs her expertise to work on behalf of theDemocratic party to ensure the electoralprocess is fair.

As a volunteer faculty member atPhillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire,

she also engages young people andhelps inspire them to get involved in thepolitical process. During the lead-up to theNew Hampshire primaries, Weatherspoontrained groups of students to make votercalls, work on the party’s get-out-the-voteprogram, and canvass neighborhoods.She also helped place students in cam-paign offices of Democratic candidates.

Weatherspoon’s most public rolein 2008 was as the cochair of the NewHampshire Democratic Party’s convention.“There are so many ways to be a part ofthe democratic process,” she says. “Justpick something you’re good at, and gofor it.” — DR

THE ACTIVIST

is one of the strengths of the McCainsystem of a regional campaign.

As the manager for McCain’s southerncampaign office — one of ten around thecountry — Jacobs is up at dawn to read thenews clips relating to his candidate as wellas the opposition. Following the lengthyconference calls with senior staff, commu-

When Prakash Puram, mpa 1993, emigrated to the UnitedStates from Chennai, India, 29 years ago, he didn’t imagine thatone day he would be a prominent political activist and presidentialappointee in his new home country. A zoologist by educationturned business manager, Puram became involved in politics aftera very personal experience when his mother was unable to get atourist visa to come to the United States and see her grandchildren.“I reached out to all of my local elected leaders for help,” saysPuram, “and only U.S. Senator Rudy Boschwitz (r-minn) and otherRepublicans responded, while not a single Democrat did.”

Since becoming involved in politics, Puram has opened hishome and his wallet to hundreds of established and aspiring politi-cians. “I get involved in local races because they are the next batchof leaders who will make U.S. policy,” he says. “In politics, as insports, it’s important to foster a good farm team from the groundup. Gov. Tim Pawlenty (r-minn) is a great example of the outcome.”

After spending the majority of his career in the private sector,Puram decided to attend the Kennedy School in order to learn howto mesh his business background with his desire to be engaged inpublic service. “My teachers and classmates helped me realize howmy skills in business could be put to good use in the public sector.”

Puram’s involvement is driven primarily by his desire to “pre-serve American ingenuity” and his commitment to support

Republicans who support free trade at every level, but his supportis conditional upon a candidate’s demonstration of an uncommonlevel of moral character and integrity. He has been rooting for JohnMcCain since 1995 after being introduced by Sen. Boschwitz. Hesays, “I look for candidates who have survived hardship because ifyou’ve faced difficult times and made it through, it keeps you fromtemptation.” As a result of Puram’s long-term support for the poli-cies of free trade and his experience in the private sector, in 2005,President Bush appointed him to the U.S. Export Council.

the campaign

Above: Puram (fourth from left) in theaudience at a town meeting with John McCain.Below left: Puram shares histhoughts for the U.S. with McCain.

From left: Weatherspoon and San FranciscoMayor Gavin Newsom; Weatherspoon (secondfrom left) with other volunteers at HillaryClinton’s Philadelphia campaign office;

at a Houston campaign office,Weatherspoon and fellow volunteerare joined by a cardboard cutout ofthe candidate.

Jacobs pounds the pavement with John McCain.

THERAINMAKER

agreement that the system didn’t work very well. But notabout much more.Iowa and New Hampshire were the starting and ending

point for many of the conversations. Voters there care aboutpolitics in a way voters in other states don’t, some argued.And the states are the right size for the sort of retail politicsthat gives relatively unknown candidates a chance.But others argued that the ability to practice retail politics

is not inversely proportional to land mass. And Iowa andNew Hampshire are too unrepresentative — read ‘too white’— to occupy such an important place in national politics.There was some agreement that starting the primary

season during the Christmas vacations was a mistake, andthat bunching so many elections together did no one anyfavors as states struggled to have their issues heard by thecandidates.A number of plans currently being considered by both

parties were discussed. Most were centered around aregional approach, creating a more rational calendar and anopportunity for states to take their turn either in a lotteryor in rotation.But in the end, a sense of anarchy, or at least fatalism, was

never far away, as officials doubted whether Iowa’s and NewHampshire’s grip on primacy could be loosened andwhether other states would be content with supporting roles.In that case, they warned, Super-Duper Tuesday could

become a Mega Tuesday, with 30 or more states vying fora place among the candidates’ affections.In the end, campaign consultant Tad Devine sounded

a note of jocular realism.“If they win they won’t change a

thing,” he said. “If they lose there willbe sweeping reform.”He was talking about Democrats,

but the chuckles came from both sidesof the aisle. — RDO

IF THE CROSS-COUNTRY CIRCUS that was this year’spresidential primaries wasn’t confusing enough, then maybejust wait until next time.In recent elections the primary system, for all its com-

plexity, had worked well enough: the Iowa caucuses, fol-lowed by “First in the Nation” New Hampshire, then, maybe,South Carolina. A couple more primaries were sometimesneeded, perhaps, but that was it. The parties had their candi-date by March at the latest.This year the patchwork of caucus and primary states,

of rural and urban, of red and blue, of proportional repre-sentation and winner-take-all, grabbed the national atten-tion for the better part of six months. The races were inter-esting enough on their own — even the relatively shortRepublican primary threw up plenty of surprises — but theprocess seemed to land nearly as often on the front pages.The challenge to Iowa and New Hampshire’s traditional

role as the first states to vote resulted in Michigan andFlorida being sent to the political doghouse for jumpingline. The scramble to be heard before it was all over saw aglut of 22 states rush to the polls on February 5. Strange,long lulls appeared as weeks passed between importantcontests. Then there was the rise of the Democratic super-delegates and the specter of smoke-filled rooms. And, ofcourse, money — money pouring in, money drying up,money being spent.A system ready for reform? Definitely, maybe, according

to the group of more than 50 politicos gathered by theInstitute of Politics in April to answer the question.The group, which

included state andnational party chairs,secretaries of states,campaign strategists,political journalists,and academics,seemed in some

THE WEB, NEWSPAPERS , talk shows, blogs,and evening news. It is a truism to say thatmedia saturates our society. But what effect is it

having on our politics? Matt Baum, recently appointed MarvinKalb Professor of Global Communications, who studies massmedia and politics, looks at the presidential election through theprism of soft news, hard money, and new media.

>>> There’s now more information than ever available to people.Is that changing the way people approach politics?The people that are really interested in politics — the partisans, theideologues — the only thing that’s changed is that they’ve got accessto vastly more information than they ever did. But partisans alreadyknow what they think, and they already know whom they’re goingto vote for. Political information is intrinsically interesting to them.They enjoy being able to consume more of it, but doing so doesn’tnecessarily change their political behavior.

>>> Is it changing how politics is being presented?In a relatively polarized electorate, with very few remaining persuad-able voters, the premium on reaching those people is much higher. Softnews — daytime and late night talk shows — is one of the best ways toreach them, and politicians are very aware of this. And if you look at theinterviews on soft news outlets and compare them with, say, Sundaymorning talk shows, the contrast is tremendous. There’s almost no men-tion of political parties, partisanship, or the other side. And there’s vastlymore talk of families, personal backgrounds, things that would allowpeople to connect with politicians as individuals as opposed to on the levelof their ideology or policy positions. It doesn’t mean you don’t see policydiscussions because you do, but less of it and framed very differently.Framed through personal anecdote.

>>> Is the Web changing the way campaigns are run?People talk a lot about how the Internet is revolutionizing everything aboutpolitics. I think some of those claims are exaggerated. On the other hand,we’ve reached a threshold point this year where you have a candidate whohas been able to compete with his primary financial engine coming fromlots and lots of small donations via the Internet rather than major partyinsiders, their friends, and contributors. That’s significant because itrepresents an alternative model for competing, for getting to theparty nomination. To me that’s a big change. — RDO

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Ready for Reform?

percent. l the state of washington, which allows no-excuse absentee voting, reported nearly 88 percent of votes cast by absentees. l united states citizens abroad, whether civilians or uniformed, cast just over a third of a million absentee ballots in 2006. l “a politician looks forward only to the next election. a statesman looks for

Q&A >>>

the campaign

Matt Baum

The Softer Side of Politics

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Democratic superdelegate Debbie Dingell and Michigan gopChairman Saul Nauzis ponder their state’s primary.

Linda Douglass, former Shorenstein fellow andcurrently Barack Obama’s spokesperson, andiop Director and former Iowa congressman JimLeach discuss obstacles to change.

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Treat the Youth RightThe iop counts youth in

When it comes to youth, the Institute of Politics hasa lot of experience.They conduct polls on young people’s political

attitudes using a unique model that combines the school’sacademic approach, a practical political focus, and theinsight of its own representative sample, the iop studentswho help design the questionnaires for their peers. Andbecause they’ve been doing that since 1999 — longer thanjust about anyone else, says iop polling director John DellaVolpe — they’ve been able to track those attitudes throughdefining moments in the country’s history.The surveys have helped uncover young people’s

changing views on the relevance of politics, their uniquelymultilateral take on foreign policy, and their reluctance toembrace traditional political labels. The polls also predictedthe importance young people would have in the outcome ofthe 2006 mid-term elections, which turned Congress over tothe Democrats.In a presidential season, that’s the sort of experience that

had many of the presidential campaigns paying attention.Many of the primary candidates sought data from the iopon youth engagement in the political process.The heart of the message they got about young voters was

simple: After 9/11 young people suddenly see politics as rele-vant to them. Voter registration and mobilization groups, aswell as social networking tools, are bringing them into poli-tics in greater numbers. And campaigns are starting to takethem seriously.“The other advice I always

leave them with: Young peopleare more than a voting bloc, theyare incredible talent for yourcampaign,” Della Volpe says.If the 2008 elections turn out

to be as tight as those of recentyears, those votes and that talentmay turn out to play a crucialrole. — RDO

2008: What’s at Stake?Four Kennedy School students are spending the summer monthsexploring the 2008 election. Selected by the Shorenstein Center,Tina Chong mpp 2009, Dori Glanz mpp 2009, Jonathan Mahermpa 2009, and Carlyn Reichel mpp 2009 will work on a news projectrelating to this year’s theme, “The 2008 Election: What’s at Stake.”Funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the John S.and James L. Knight Foundation, the News21 program seeks tooffer hands-on training to students from Harvard University, North-western University, Columbia University, the University of SouthernCalifornia, and the University of California, Berkeley. Each schoolwill address a different aspect of the theme, and completedprojects will be offered to major news outlets.

Conventional WisdomThis summer, the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press,Politics and Public Policy travels to Denver, Colorado, andSt. Paul, Minnesota, to the Democratic and Republicanconventions respectively, to bring journalists together todiscuss campaign coverage.Since 1992, the Shorenstein Center has hosted events

at the national political conventions. This year, at theDemocratic convention in Denver,Colorado, the center will sponsor “ThePress and the Election” with panelistsTom Brokaw, Bob Schieffer, and GeorgeStephanopoulos and moderator JudyWoodruff. The following week at theRepublican convention in St. Paul,Minnesota, the center will sponsor“The Press and the Election: AmericanDemographics” with panelists Dan Balzof The Washington Post; Gwen Ifill of pbs;Bill Kristol of The New York Times, FoxNews, and The Weekly Standard; BillSchneider of cnn; and Karen Tumultyof Time magazine.

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DECIDING TO RUN FOR CONGRESS

is never easy. Hard work and personal sacri-fice are the only certainties, but it’s a choicethat many Kennedy School alumni make.Thirteen alumni currently serve in theHouse, nine of whom attended ExecutiveEducation programs. This year at least twomore Executive Education alumni pursuedseats and while their candidacies were ulti-mately not successful, making the effort iswhat the Kennedy School emphasizes.When Michael Brennan retired as

Maine’s state senate majority leader inDecember 2006, he had no intention of run-ning for Congress. With two sons in college,he thought it was the right time to return tothe private sector. He got a surprise, however, whenRepresentative Tom Allen (d-me) announced he wasresigning his seat in the House to run for the U.S. Senate.

was force me to examine what I wanted to do in my currentposition and what kind of leadership roles I wanted to takein the future.”Retired Air Force Major General Bentley Rayburn is very

clear about the sacrifice involved in running for Congress.In 2006, he ended a 31-year Air Force career to run for theseat vacated by a retirement in his home district of ColoradoSprings. Starting dead last in a heat of seven challengers forthe Republican nomination, he proved a quick learner, fin-ishing third.By late spring 2007, members of the district’s business

community encouraged Rayburn to stage a primary chal-lenge in 2008. He discussed it with many local leaders overthe summer, and by September he and his wife decided tomove ahead. “To keep serving was why we left (the AirForce) in the first place, and the need was still there.”A 2005 alumnus of the Senior Executives in National and

International Security Program, Rayburn firmly believes thathis military service is a critical qualification. “Just as youneed some health professionals and some business people(in Congress), you have to have some folks with militaryexperience. We are in the middle of a very, very difficultwar.” Rayburn was defeated in Colorado’s Republicanprimary held August 12. — MK C

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ward to the next generation.” — thomas jefferson l an oldtime chicago election-day ruse, of moving derelicts from polling place to polling place, was known as the “hobo floto voto.” l in 2004, 48.3 percent of americans lived in counties where a presidential candidate won or lost by 20 percentage points or more. l only 12 percent of

the campaign

House CallAlumni make run for Congress

Bentley Rayburn on the trail earlier this year

The News21Team JonathanMaher, DoriGlanz, CarlynReichel, andTina Chong.

“I felt that it was a good time torun for Congress and to have a plat-form to discuss several urgent issues, notonly how they affect the state of Maine, butalso nationally.” Brennan, one of six Democraticcandidates, didn’t win.Brennan credits the Senior Executives in State and Local

Government program, which he attended in the summerof 2004, with shaping his decision to run for state senatemajority leader later that fall. “What the program really did

“What the program really

did was force me to examine…

what kind of leadership roles

I wanted to take in the future.”

FEW WOULD ARGUE that the primary race for the presi-dential nomination didn’t dominate U.S. news for the last 18months. While the process seemed never ending, the Bulletinwanted to know how it appeared to our students who comefrom outside the United States. To find out, we broughttogether five students from diverse regions of the world.

Is the U.S. system a good way for picking the leader of thefree world or at least the leader of this country?

Juan Carlos The length of the primaries has been somethingcompletely different from what you see in Chile. Oneobvious disadvantage is that, since the primaries appeal tothe parties’ members, the candidates tend to move to theextremes. That makes it harder for them in the general elec-tion to come back to the center. On the positive front, youfind out much more about a candidate than you would everknow in Chile. Some people say that before you get marriedyou should be with your girlfriend in fall, winter, spring, andsummer because people react differently to different envi-ronments. I see some of that playing out here, in the sensethat you see people when they’re up and when they’re down.

Margaux I don’t know if that’s always helpful. We knoweverything about these candidates’ lives. We know aboutevery indiscretion they’ve committed for the last many years.In some ways it’s good because these elections are so sensa-tionalized that everyone is engaged. Politics in America is

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Juan Carlosjobetmpa2/mba2009chile

sarah pintompa/id 2008france

cecilia barjachamasmpa 2008bolivia

margauxmcdonaldmpa2 2008canada

alagi yorrojallowmpa 2008the gambia

Alagi It’s all Iraq. It puzzles me. They don’t talk aboutlooming prices in Zimbabwe or what’s going to happen toMr. Mugabe. Despite Obama’s father coming from Kenya,he has never uttered a single word on how he is going toaddress all that’s happening there.

Sarah Is that bad that they don’t meddle with Africa’saffairs? In terms of foreign policy, the United States hasmade so many mistakes that maybe they would just say, asObama said, “I’m going to rely more on multilateralismand on the international community.” If he were to actuallysay what he’s going to do in each country, I would be a littlebit worried.

Margaux It seems the majority of voters vote on a few keyissues. This is what we see every single year. From a macroperspective, it is really surprising that there’s so much focuson issues like abortion or gay marriage.

Juan Carlos If you go through a list of really important,complex issues that are awaiting the next president, they arehuge, like Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, North Korea, global cli-mate change, health care, the economy, illegal immigration.You can go on and on and on. So they don’t talk about LatinAmerica, but I’m not surprised. It’s not a big problem whenyou might have Iran with nuclear weapons in two years.I mean, that’s big trouble.

Cecilia Maybe it’s not their problem, but it’s our problem.

Alagi The U.S. taxpayers’ money is being taken to Africa.If you’re taking American money to Africa, well you needto talk about it. If you are going to behave like a Big Brother,you should be very concerned to tell your people, “This iswhat we are doing.”

Sarah I completely agree with both of you that the U.S.has done terrible things and has a responsibility to face thethings they’re doing, especially when it comes to taxpayers’money, but I’m not sure that the presidential election isthe moment to do that. I’m not sure that the election isthe forum.

were so tired of just working that they didn’t care about theelection. The upper-middle class voters are the ones ableto follow the debates and read The New York Times, butthe ones who are actually holding the democracy together,who are putting in the hard labor, those are the ones whodon’t vote.

Sarah Voting is not mandatory in France, but I feel it’s theleast I can do for a country that allowed my parents to comewhen they had to leave Morocco, when they had no choicebut to leave. I think it’s every individual’s responsibility tovote. There are people who have risked a lot to give votingrights to women and African Americans. Maybe it’s becauseI’m the daughter of immigrants that I feel privileged to growup in a country where there is free education and healthcare, where I was given the same chances as everyone else.

Margaux I’m curious what everyone thinks about themoney in this election. One way for voters to get engagedis by donating some money. My sense is that it’s much lesscommon in Canada for individuals to donate to campaigns.Personally I would never think of supporting a politicianby giving money, but I would think of getting involved inother ways. Is donating money a good thing to get peopleinvolved, or is this a problematic thing? We keep on gettingthese updates, for instance, that Obama raised another $3million. It just makes my head spin.

Cecilia And the worst part is that he is going to need it.In Bolivia, too, people are not going to give money topoliticians.

What about policy issues that have or haven’t come up?Are you surprised at what they’re talking about and whatthey aren’t talking about?

Alagi Well, there is nothing I’ve heard about foreign policyon Africa and U.S. relations.

Cecilia Nothing for Latin America.

Sarah And nothing for Europe.

like a beloved sporting event. It’s like the World Cup onAmerican soil for two years. But it’s also overly focused oncandidates’ lives rather than policy.

Sarah I actually see a lot of similarities between the twoprocesses. A lot people are fed up with George Bush, anda lot of the youth in France were completely fed up withChirac and the old system. A lot of people were asking forchange and not only change in policies, but also in the waythings are done.

What do you think of the way American voters approachpolitics? Is it different than in your countries?

Margaux A lot of people here say when election time comesaround, “Because of the electoral college, my vote doesn’tcount, so I’m not voting.” From a lot of international stu-dents’ points of view, that seems inherently problematic.

Juan Carlos In Chile, voting is mandatory. You register, andthen if you don’t show up on election day, you have to paya fine. The system in America better addresses the issue ofintensity. When you force everyone to vote, the people whocare more about the issues vote, and the ones who don’t carealso vote. I think that’s a problem.When people do theirhomework, they are better informed.

Cecilia But that’s not valid for some people. When I wascanvassing in South Carolina recently, I met people who

americans have confidence in congress, the lowest of 16 institutions tested in a recent poll. l a plurality of americans, 44 percent, believe “god created humans as is within the last 10,000 years,” according to a recent poll. l an international survey found one-quarter of the world population wish to live in another country. that included

the campaign

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An iVotronic electronicvoting machine developedin early 2000

Mechanical voting machineused in the 1960s

A standard-size ibm dataprocessing card is usedin the DataVote voterecorder

HOW FARHAVE WECOME?

Votingin theDigital Age

65 percent of people polled in sierra leone, and just 1 percent of saudi arabians. l “people never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war, or before an election.” — otto van bismarck l 5.3 million american citizens are prohibited from voting because they have a felony conviction. only two states, maine and vermont, do not disenfranchise

Voting in theUnited States hasundergone intensescrutiny since the2000 election.

Wooden ballot box fromabout 1870 used in theNortheastern United StatesTHE

VOTE

Once upon a time, before the 2000 presidentialelection, very few of us knew of the word chad,although the punch card system of voting had beenin use for well over 30 years by the time Bush v.Gore came before the Supreme Court. The spectacleof Florida election workers scrutinizing ballots todetermine if a chad was hanging (by one corner),swinging (by two corners), “dimpled,” or “pregnant,”(a ballot with an indentation), made an impressionthat few have forgotten.Now, as the clock ticks down to another election,

a drama is unfolding behind the scenes that isevery bit as compelling as the race itself. At thecenter of it all is not the question of who but how:How will millions of votes be cast and recorded atsome 198,000 polling locations across the UnitedStates? In what is forecast to be a tightly contestedrace, how will officials ensure that the results aretrusted in the event of a recount?

still true today. In 1908, having justfought the Civil War, most citizens wouldsay that government is in the state capital. Todaypeople say government is in Washington; that’s where allthe big budget entitlements come from like Social Security,Medicare, and Medicaid.”

As a result, King says, “a system that’s designed aroundthe idea of having minimal government has created anaccretion of multiple layers of government with huge over-laps in jurisdiction.”

That makes things complicated when it comes to admin-istering an election. Most are run at the county level, butseven states oversee elections at the municipality level, whileMichigan and Oklahoma run their elections at the statelevel. All of this adds up to about 7,000 election jurisdic-tions, each of which can have separate rules and proceduresconcerning the nitty-gritty details of ballot design and whatsort of voting machines are used.

THE HELP AMERICA Vote Act of 2002(hava) has brought some common standards to this sce-nario. The law mandated a new federal voter registrationform, guaranteed individuals the right to a provisional

Problems also arose when poll workers were confrontedwith a malfunctioning machine. In numerous incidents duringthe 2006 mid-term elections, when workers were unable to addressthe problem themselves, machines either went out of commission forthe day (resulting in longer waits at polling locations) or were fixed bythe vendor, with their reassurances the only insurance policy that theproblem would not recur and that no votes were altered in the process.

More recently, in a tightly contested 2006 congressional racein Sarasota, Florida, between Democrat Christine Jennings andRepublican Vern Buchanan, results indicated that 18,000 abstainedfrom voting in a race ultimately decided in Buchanan’s favor by 369votes. However, hundreds of voters complained they had been stymiedby a malfunctioning touch-screen interface that highlighted Buchananwhen they had chosen Jennings; when they arrived at the final screento review their picks, the Jennings-Buchanan race was missing.

The iVotronic machines in question, manufactured by ElectionSystems & Software (es&s), didn’t produce a paper receipt that couldbe used for cross-checking purposes; as a result, the only record ofvotes was the computers in question. While some states have retrofittedtheir dre machines with printers that create a paper audit trail, votersin all or part of 20 states currently cast ballots without backup paperverification. In April, a bill sponsored by New Jersey Democraticcongressman Rush Holt that would have reimbursed states for thecost of providing voter-verified audited balloting failed to pass in theHouse of Representatives.

DESPITE THE DEMISE of the Holt Bill, King believesmany states will institute audit trail provisions on their own. “Thesystem as we know it now is opaque — that has to change,” says King.“Without an audit trail, we have no way of knowing what’s going on.”

King points to a dre system that prints out an optical scan ballot asthe current best solution to the question of voting machinery. Sold byes&s, the Automark was introduced in 2006, when most of the moneyallocated by hava had been spent.

The reality is that many of the issues related to dre systems andvoting will not be resolved by this fall’s election — a fact that leaveselection reform activists dissatisfied with the degree of improvementsince 2000. Even so, King emphasizes that there is a new energy aroundelection administration that has brought increased scrutiny and discus-sion to the entire process.

“People have less confidence in our voting system today than theydid before 2000,” he says. “In reality, we have a much better system inplace now.We’re out of the Dark Ages and able to see a little better.We had no idea how bad it was.”— JH

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DAVID KING a lecturer in public policy, is a long-time observer of election reform issues at the local, national,and international level.

“Before the 2000 election, we had a highly decentralizedvoting system, with little oversight or control — and thatactually fits with the character of our history,” he says. “In1808, if you asked a person where government resided, theywould have told you the county. That’s where you’d go toregister births, deaths, and property transactions, and that’s

ballot in the event of a snafu at the polls, and stipulated thateach state have one person (often the secretary of state) incharge of election administration. It funded the creation ofa statewide computerized voting list and required that everypolling place have at least one voting system accessible tothose with disabilities. hava also established the ElectionAssistance Commission, a bipartisan government agencythat tests and certifies voting equipment and offers officialsgeneral support and guidance in running elections.

Most significantly, hava provided $3.65 billion to fundtechnological innovation in voting machines. The punchcard systems that caused so much confusion in the 2000election and old-style lever machines were out. To replacethem, many jurisdictions purchased Direct RecordingElectronic (dre) systems. Similar in style to an atmmachine, dres display nominees’ names on a screen; aftervoters push a button or touch the screen next to theircandidate of choice, their vote is recorded electronically ona memory card or hard drive. (The machines also havecomponents that make them accessible to visually impairedvoters or those without the use of their arms.)

Initially, dre systems (currently used by about one-thirdof voters) seemed a solid solution to the issue of accessibilityand the specter of hanging chads. In a digital age, whyshouldn’t voting go electronic? (The other common system,an optical scan ballot, is printed on heavy paper so thattabulation machines can read the pen or pencil marks avoter has made; not coincidentally, the expensive papernecessary for this system to function properly is frequentlyprovided by the same company that manufactures themachines that read the ballots. In addition, the disabledrequire assistance with voting, raising privacy concerns.)

UNFORTUNATELY it didn’t take long for thedownside of the dre system to appear. In April 2002, a dresystem in use for a local election in Johnson County, Kansas,miscounted hundreds of votes in six different races. Diebold,the voting machines’ manufacturer, later attributed the glitchto a software error — an issue that has cropped up in subse-quent years with machines made by other companies as well.Critics point out that the machines, built on proprietarysoftware, are as susceptible to hacking and viruses as anyother computer. Some have called for a move to open sourcesoftware that would make the systems transparent and allowprogrammers inside and outside the company to continu-ously debug and strengthen the code. (Opponents counterthat this would also open up the machines to tampering.)

people with criminal convictions in any way. l felony disenfranchisement laws affect minorities disproportionately. nationwide,13 percent of african american men have lost the right to vote. l at least 20 states are considering laws that would require people to prove their citizenship before voting. l 86 percent of college students have

the vote BEFORE PAPERCHADS THERE WERE

PAPER BALLOTS

1 Democratic Partypresidential ticket, Ohio,1836, Martin Van Burenand Richard M. Johnson.The ticket is illustratedwith a vignette of a mancarrying a hog and utteringthe Democratic campaignslogan, “Going the wholeHog.” The hog remarks,“Pork 10 cts. pr. lb.” ismeant to be a favorablereflection on the economyunder the Democrats.

2 Democratic presidentialelection ticket, Maryland,1844, James Polk andGeorge Dallas. The ticketis illustrated with thedevice of an Americanflag on a staff topped bya glowing liberty cap.

3 Union (Republican Party)presidential ticket, Ohio,1864, Abraham Lincoln andAndrew Johnson. More thanthe distinguishing marks ofparty symbols and candidateportraits, color helped partyobservers identify ballots asthey were cast — and whocast them. Voting was stillnot entirely secret.

4 Ballot, Regular Republicanticket. The introduction ofa complex color schemedistinguished the officialballot of the RegularRepublican ticket inMassachusetts in 1878.

1 2

3 4

Without an audit trail,

we have no way of knowing

what’s going on.”“

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when the disparity reached its peak, the South’s 124 electoralvotes were the fruit of about 4 million votes. By comparison,New York’s and Pennsylvania’s nearly 10 million votesbrought just 83 electoral college votes.

The system has also come under attack for giving minor-ities too much power. Southern politicians charged thatthe electoral college gave too much clout to ethnic minori-ties in the large northern states, groups that allegedly tendedto vote in bloc and therefore could swing an election in adesired direction. In the 1970s, as President Jimmy Carterurged reform of the electoral college, African Americans, forso long victims of the system, rallied to the electoral college’sdefense because they believed the system accentuated theirrole as kingmakers in several battleground states.

“Take away the electoral college and the importanceof being black melts away,” Vernon Jordan, then presidentof the Urban League, told a congressional committee in1979. “Blacks, instead of being crucial to victory in major

states, simply become 10 percent of the electorate, withreduced impact.”

Reform has bubbled up from the states in recent years.Two states, Nebraska and Maine, award their electors basedon results at the congressional district level, allowing electorsto be divided between candidates. And a National PopularVote bill is winding its way through state legislatures thatwould effectively bypass the electoral college by allocating astate’s electoral votes to the candidate who receives the mostpopular votes nationwide. (That approach can only work ifenacted by states possessing a majority of electoral votes.)

Many, however, believe it will likely be at the constitu-tional level that the battle will be fought. It might take aperfect storm to create the conditions for reform. That couldhave happened in 2004, when a small swing of about 60,000votes in Ohio could have given John Kerry the presidencydespite losing the popular vote. The 2000 election fiasco —where President Bush was declared the winner although helost the popular election — could have been the electoralcollege’s last, cruel, hurrah Keyssar believes. — RDO

24

The electoral college may be to modern notions of democ-racy a little like calisthenics are to a pro athlete’s ideas oftraining. There’s something unquestionably eccentric, andto its critics maddeningly antiquated, about the mechanismthe country has used since its birth to count the votes forits two highest-ranking elected offices.

But the criticism doesn’t just spring from an aversionto things old-fashioned. The electoral college is unpopular,messy, unpredictable, and tends to thumb its eye at basicideas of fairness, argues Alex Keyssar, professor of historyand social policy, who is studying the electoral collegeas part of an upcoming book on the history of Americanpolitical institutions.

Four of the nation’s 43 presidents (elected in 1824, 1876,1888, and 2000) were sworn in after losing the popular vote,but winning the electoral college vote. (On another 16occasions, a swing of just 75,000 votes or fewer in a fewstates, could have handed the keys to the White House tothe less-popular candidate). By virtue of giving each state asmany electors as congressional representatives plus senators,the college gives small states disproportionate voting power.Each of Wyoming’s three electoral votes, for example, repre-sents roughly 175,000 people, compared with the more than600,000 squashed into each of California’s 55 electoral votes.

There are other problems with the system. It has cumber-some mechanisms for dealing with nonmajorities. Andbecause most states now have a winner “take” all system,campaigns abandon states where they don’t think they canwin and focus on a few battleground states.

Its defenders argue that the system protects the country’sessential federal character, where states are treated as equalsregardless of size. And that it has, by and large, worked formore than two centuries. Hundreds of attempts to reformthe system, which a majority of Americans has consistentlysupported in opinion polls, have failed.

But Keyssar believes other reasons have been behind thecollege’s unlikely longevity.

In essence it boils down to a sort of tyranny of aminority, given outsized power by the electoral collegeand then using that power to prevent the system frombecoming more representative.

The blame has often been ascribed to small states, whichhad so much to lose by going to a more proportional system.That doesn’t in fact appear to be the case, Keyssar says.

Instead, at important junctures in the country’s history,the electoral college’s great defender was white supremacyin the South. Southern states counted blacks for purposesof representation in Congress, but for most of the nation’sfirst two centuries kept them from voting. This gave thestates’ white population disproportionate clout in thecountry’s politics.

Between 1892 and 1964, for example, electoral votes fromthe South represented the wishes of a much smaller numberof voters than did votes from the North. By the late 1930s, JO

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Pulling It Out of Their HatsHas the electoral college system run its course?

access to facebook, and 37 percent of them have used it to promote a candidate or issue. l late-night political satirists jon stewart and stephen colbert have 84 percent recognition among 18- to 24-year-olds. l a national election day for the united states was first instituted in 1845. l “we preach the virtues of democracy abroad. we must

the vote

MATH 101Because each state gets as many electoral votes as ithas congressional delegates, the number of peopleper electoral vote changes significantly among states.States with enough population for only one representa-tive in the House have disproportionate clout. Hereare the states with the most and fewest residents perelectoral vote.

THE ONES THAT GOT AWAYThe electoral college has allowed candidates who lostthe national popular vote to be elected to the WhiteHouse. In 1876, New York Democrat Samuel Tildenreceived 51 percent of the popular vote but lost to OhioRepublican Rutherford B. Hayes. Just 12 years later,incumbent Democratic President Grover Clevelandwon a plurality of the popular vote, but lost the elec-toral vote by a large 233–168 margin. In 2000, VicePresident Al Gore received 48.5 percent of the popularvote to then-Texas Gov. George W. Bush’s 47.9percent, but lost following the long and acrimoniousFlorida recount. In 1824, Andrew Jackson had aplurality of the popular vote and the electoral collegevote, but lost to rival John Quincy Adams after thevote was taken to the House of Representatives andanother rival threw his support behind Adams.

electoral populationpopulation votes per vote

top 5

wyoming 506,529 3 168,843

dc 553,523 3 184,508

vermont 621,394 3 207,131

north dakota 634,366 3 211,455

alaska 655,435 3 218,478

bottom 5

illinois 12,713,634 21 605,411

new york 19,227,088 31 620,228

florida 17,397,161 27 644,339

california 35,893,799 55 652,615

texas 22,490,022 34 661,471

“The president must understand his relationship to thosewhom he is leading,” she continued, adding, “The Americanpresident is being watched as never before.”

The event, sponsored by the Center for Public Leadershipand the Ken Blanchard Companies, marked the launching ofthe center’s new blog. At the event, a blogging station offeredattendees the opportunity to comment on posts by guest-bloggers. To learn more, visit www.howyoulead.org — SA

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IN THE MIDST of one of the most exciting presidentialelection years in modern U.S. history, leaders in business,the media, and academia identified challenges facing thenext president and the skills needed to meet those chal-lenges. Directness and candor topped the list of character-istics identified by speakers at the day-long conference“Leadership and the Next Presidency.”

“The next president will have to deliver bad news,” saidTime magazine columnist Joe Klein, at the day’s openingdiscussion. And the bad news will be about much morethan just raising taxes, he predicted. It may mean requiringcitizens to perform mandatory national service and achievehigher levels of education.

For citizens to fully understand what their choices are,the next president must be open and direct and able toarticulate why he’s making decisions, said Roger Porter, pro-fessor of business and government at the Kennedy School,echoing Klein’s sentiment. “It will be a tough, arduous, job.”

Building successful coalitions, seeking expert advice,and, finally, making difficult, independent decisions werealso among the characteristics identified as critical accordingto the speakers. The next president needs to be someonewho, confronted with multiple views, must judge “whichones are right and which ones are wrong,” said UniversityProfessor Larry Summers.

Harvard Business School Professor Rosabeth Moss Kanterdescribed America as “on a losing streak” that the newpresident must know how to turn around. In losing streaks,said Kanter, everyone is fighting with one another. The nextpresident will need to establish a culture of inclusiveness,she said. “Bifurcated thinking is the enemy of change.”

The ability to inspire is also crucial, she said. A goodleader must believe in the power of the grass roots and mustcall for citizen involvement and engagement. The presidentmust be able to convey that “it is also up to us,” she said.

Barbara Kellerman, lecturer in public leadership atthe Kennedy School, noted the difficulty of leading in theUnited States.

“How do you lead in a political culture that has beenantileadership since its inception?” she asked.A

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Excerpted from “Exit Polls: Better or Worse Since the 2000Election?”, a Shorenstein discussion paper, by Robin Sproul.

EXIT POLLING was the right methodology at the righttime when it was developed in the 1960s. No academic orpolling expert would invent the same system today. It needsto be reinvented or replaced after the 2008 election.

With the changing ways Americans are voting, the manyproblems associated with all types of polling, the ability toprovide deep and instant data to individual news consumerson the Internet, and the ability to use the Internet to reachindividual voters, there are challenges and opportunities fornew ways to measure election results that did not exist inthe 1960s.

The challenges include finding new ways to survey a largesample of representative American voters, whether theyvote early or on Election Day, in order to tell a timely andaccurate story about election results. A concomitant chal-lenge for the news organizations involved is finding ways tofinancially support these efforts.

There are many suggestions about how to do this post-2008. A particularly difficult issue is how to achieve the sameindividualized, 50-state data collection using any othermethodology. New statistical sampling models would haveto address today’s cycle-to-cycle changes in early votingpatterns and precinct demographics. Certain marketresearchers think a re-do should start from scratch, that

there is not enough straightforwardpolling in the current system, and thatit is too complicated. Several surveyresearch experts suggested smallchanges, such as modernizing infor-mation delivery from the field,upgrading from paper ballots tousing wireless handheld devices thatinstantly transmit results. Still othershave suggested replacing the currentexit poll with a hybrid of “best of”methodologies: a smaller national exitpoll in key states coupled with rich

preelection telephone polls, Election Day telephone polls,and an Internet panel.

Many academics think Internet polling is the future,particularly with 71 percent of American adults now usingthe Internet and all other polling methodologies under siege.No one suggests a total reliance on Internet polling at thispoint, though, because of the sampling limitations.Minorities and senior citizens are still underrepresentedamong Internet users. Many Internet polls are “opt-in” andconsidered unreliable and unscientific. However, some aca-demics and news organizations are already experimentingwith using different types of Internet panels to questionvoters. These efforts deserve careful review.

The National Election Pool will conduct exit polls againfor the 2008 election, making every effort to compensate forthe problems and challenges already discussed, spendingmillions of dollars to gather the data. In the event of anothervery close presidential election, it is quite likely that exit pollresults will again be controversial. But whether exit pollingis replaced or reinvented after 2008, news organizationswill still rush to tell voters who won an election and why.It is what American voters want to know, and deserve toknow, on Election Day.

Robin Sproul, vice president and Washington bureau chief forabc News, was a Kalb Fellow at the Joan Shorenstein Centeron the Press, Politics and Public Policy in the fall of 2007.

REUTERS/JO

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practice its duties here at home. voting is the first duty of democracy.” — lyndon johnson l there are nearly 113,000 polling places across the united states, each served on average by just over six poll workers. l co-op city in the bronx, ny, may be one of the busiest polling places in the country, with 14,000 registered voters and 16 elec

Polling Makes Exit?

the vote

It will be a tough, arduous,job.”

— Roger Porter,Harvard Kennedy School

The next president will have todeliver bad news.”

— Joe Klein, Time magazine

TruthfulnessTop of List Bifurcated thinking is the

enemy of change.”

— Rosabeth Moss Kanter,Harvard Business School

The American presidentis being watched as neverbefore.”

— Barbara Kellerman,Harvard Kennedy School

The next president must judge“which [views] are right andwhich ones are wrong.”

— Lawrence Summers,Harvard Kennedy School

“““““

IN ONE OF MY ELECTORAL politics courses at theKennedy School, we read a book called How To Win YourFirst Election. I studied it carefully, as I did all of the readingsof those courses. I kept the books. And when nobody in myparty challenged the incumbent congressman in my districtin 2004, I dusted them off and started to methodically puttogether a campaign to challenge him in 2006.

While falling little more than 3,000 votes short (or lessthan two percent), my so-called loss showed a remarkableachievement. I had challenged a nine-term incumbent“cardinal”— a chair of an appropriations subcommittee —who had received more than 90 percent of the vote in 2004,and I almost beat him. I won the two most populatedcounties in the district and won the city of Syracuse 60 to40. And I had beat all expectations, spending about half asmuch money as my well-funded opponent and withoutmajor national party support.

I still believed that a change in direction was vital in thecountry and in my district, so I decided to run again. My2006 opponent announced his retirement from Congress inJanuary of this year. And though I am in a challenging dis-

trict where Republicans outnumber Democrats somewhat,most of the pundits in Washington and at home believe mycampaign is one of the best opportunities nationwide forDemocrats to pick up a seat long held by the gop.

So what does one learn from going from a long-shotcampaign to a much more winnable race? If these two cam-paigns were a course, how would I answer the midterm?

Lesson number one is, if you want to win a public office,you have to run for public office. Ironically this truism is thenumber one thing that derails most of the politically ambi-tious Kennedy School students when they graduate andmove on in their careers. They may want to run for office,but the odds always seem to be against winning that firstelection, so they make it a self-fulfilling prophecy anddecline to run.

Lesson number two is the importance of persistence.Asking for political support is not easy. Asking for peopleto give you their hard-earned money for your campaign iseven more difficult. But I have found that it is hardest toask and easiest for someone to avoid giving you what youneed the first time you ask. But the seventh, eighth, or ninth

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time you ask, it becomes easy to ask and much harder forsomeone to continue to decline to give it to you.

Lesson number three is perhaps the toughest for me.Not making the perfect the enemy of the good. When yourun for office, you want everything to be perfect — fromyour website photograph to your position papers to yourbumper stickers. You want to make sure every possibleperson who might support you is happy. But this is impos-sible, particularly in a congressional district with more than650,000 people. In fact, the only way a campaign can evencome close to doing what it needs to do is for the candidateto trust the people who are working for him. Letting go ofsome control is not easy and particularly challenging for mebecause I have experience working on numerous campaignsmyself and served as press secretary to Senators Bill Bradleyand Pat Moynihan and as a senior aide on the House Com-mittee on Ways and Means staff before running myself.Learning to let go and accept other people’s work as repre-senting you is probably the toughest part.

The final lesson is to keep everything in perspective. Thishas always been a challenge for me. When I was finishing my

mpp at Harvard, I became overly concerned with grades.It’s nice to do well, but let’s face facts, it was very unlikelythat it would matter whether I got a b+ or a- on anything.Now I am dealing with a situation where my campaign gota b+ last time, and this time I know we need to get an a —we need to win. Yet it is all the more important to keep mat-ters in perspective. The presidential race, news events, afickle electorate — too much is simply not in the control ofeven the most professional campaign. My election thisNovember is not a sure thing — nothing in electoral politicsever is — but the effect that my two campaigns has had onthe political landscape and agenda in Upstate New York isindisputable. A good candidate believes in what he is doingregardless of the outcome. And if he is fortunate enough towin, that will make him a better congressman too.

Dan Maffei mpp 1995 is a Democratic candidate in the 2008congressional elections in New York’s 25th congressional district.He currently works as senior vice president of Pinnacle CapitalManagement. In 2006, he came within two percentage points ofdefeating nine-term incumbent Rep. Jim Walsh (r-ny).

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Campaign as ClassroomDan Maffei mpp 1995 on lessons learned

tions districts. l of 3,123 voting jurisdictions in the 2006 election, at least 929 used multiple voting systems. one jurisdiction used four different voting technologies. l in 2006, nearly 88 percent of u.s. polling places allowed access for voters with disabilities. l dixville notch, nh, population 75, prides itself as the first town to

the vote

On the trail Clockwise from far left: Penfield July 4 parade; Williamson Apple Blossom Parade;New York State Fairgrounds Memorial Watchfire; North Syracuse Family Fun Days; with Wesley Clark;Juneteenth celebration.

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HOW A NEW ADMINISTRATION gets off the groundcan make all the difference.

The candidates have outlined seemingly everything theywant to accomplish once they become president. You don’thear them talk about what they’ll do as president-elect.Yet while the presidential transition is not the stuff of stumpspeeches, it can boost — or derail — an administrationbefore it officially takes over the White House.

Two members of the Kennedy School faculty, Govern-ment Professor Stephen Goldsmith and Lecturer ElaineKamarck, know firsthand the importance of the transitionperiod. After serving as chief domestic policy advisor toGeorge W. Bush in the 2000 campaign, Goldsmith duringthe transition helped brief potential candidates for adminis-tration positions and establish a new faith-based initiative.Kamarck researched campaign finance reform during theClinton transition (and concluded the administrationshouldn’t pursue the issue)and at the beginning of theadministration created andmanaged the NationalPerformance Review, knownas reinventing government.

“The transition is almostalways a very confusing andintense period of time,” saysKamarck. Much attention is focused on personnel issues,particularly forming the Cabinet and getting people pre-pared to be confirmed before Congress. The personnel pro-cess is easier, she says, when the incoming president is of thesame party as the previous one. “With different parties youreally have to get the people out of there because you havea different mandate, different philosophies,” Kamarck says.

Goldsmith notes that any new administration needs tobalance the political will of the electorate with the profes-sionalism of the career public employees.

“I think the inherent question is how to leverage yourelectoral results into policy accomplishments without taintingthe process inappropriately with politics, but with the dis-tinctions that came from a contested election,” he says.JO

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In TransitionThe pitfalls facing new administrations

30

WHEN PRESIDENT George W. Bush’s approval ratingshit the nadir of opinion polling, it seemed to guarantee hisplace in the cellar of presidential legacies. But the prismof history has a way of burnishing some reputations andtarnishing others.

With time, we more clearly see how a president dealtwith inherited circumstances and new challenges, says RogerPorter, professor of business and government. “Did he shapeor was he driven by events? Did he lead and not merelyrespond? Were the choices or decisions he made wise whenviewed through the lens of history?”

President Bush could take heart from the vicissitudesof Harry S. Truman’s posterity. Truman, who left officedeeply unpopular, has since vaulted into the pantheon ofAmerican presidents. The resuscitation of the 33rd Americanpresident partly came from historians being allowed to dotheir jobs — in this case, camping out at the Truman Libraryand poring over papers and oral histories that chronicled therecovery from war, the Marshall Plan, and the rise of modernscience. It came partly, as well, from the popular literary suc-cess of a sympathetic biographer, David McCullough.

The renown of Truman’s successor, Dwight D. Eisen-hower, also ascended with historians’ access to primarydocuments. “Eisenhower as president cultivated a publicimpression that he was rather aloof, that he barely inter-vened,” explains Ernest May, professor of American history.“It turns out, when you get into his papers, that in fact hewas still General Eisenhower: very much in charge, to adegree that no other post-World War ii president has been.”

All of which speaks to the importance of ensuring thatthose revelatory documents remainpublic. It was not until Gerald R.Ford’s administration that presiden-tial papers were by law housed inthe National Archives — notsequestered in private libraries,which was the case throughRichard Nixon’s term.

To be sure, some legacies seem to contradict historicalevidence. According to Porter, Ford is one of America’s mostunderrated presidents. “He came into office suddenly withno electoral mandate and faced a country divided overVietnam, distrustful of government officials in the wake ofthe Watergate scandal, and with an economy experiencingdouble-digit inflation and no real economic growth. Withintwo-and-a-half years, he had gone a long way to healingthe wounds of Vietnam and Watergate, and his economicpolicies had significantly reduced inflation and set the stagefor sustained economic growth.”

Warren Harding’s legacy is forever weighed down by theTeapot Dome scandal, in which his secretary of the Interiorwent to prison for bribery. “He’s there because he trustedsome friends who turned out to be untrustworthy,” saysMay. “But objectively, how can you measure if a presidentis a good president? Well, one of the criteria is economicperformance. Another is the state of international relations.Another is constitutional rights. By those measures, theHarding administration is one of the best ever.” ForHarding, the final blow may have been the pithy assessmentby Alice Roosevelt Longworth, the acid-tongued Washingtonhostess, who observed: “Harding was not a bad man. He wasjust a slob.”

Today, in an era of YouTube and 24/7 news, could anycurrent or future leader survive such cattiness? How wouldAbraham Lincoln have fared in today’s relentless bloggingcycle? “It’s a very good question,” says May. “We wouldknow more. Some of it might be less attractive.”

Or maybe the modern tide of factoids and opinion wouldend up blurring the picture. “Even now it’s not clear howmuch of legacy is really simply the residue of contempora-neous journalism and how much is the result of a second

look from things that are in presidential libraries, as withTruman and Kennedy and Johnson,” says May. “It’s

possible that we will never really know much about thetwo Bushes and Clinton — just because there’s so much

electronic information. There’s a risk that you may be leftwith nothing coherent except the image that was formed atthe time. You may never be able to correct it.”— MD L

IBRARY

OFCONGRESS

Of course politics does play a role in the transition,including in the interaction between the outgoing andincoming administrations. Goldsmith cites a lack of cooper-ation shown by the Clinton staff to the incoming Bushadministration. “If they view [the new administration] asbarbarians at the gate, they may interpret their professional

responsibilities as being resistant,” he says.Kamarck contends that the Bush

administration made a momentous mistakein failing to listen to warnings about AlQaeda from Clinton’s foreign policy advi-sors. “Arrogance is a very big danger in atransition period because everyone is allfull of themselves,” she says.She acknowledges that the Clinton admin-

istration didn’t pay enough attention to staff issuesduring the transition. “The White House staff is

incredibly important,” she says. “You want inyour staff a mixture of policy and politics

that’s hard to get.As the former mayor of

Indianapolis who went through his own transitions to andfrom office, Goldsmith emphasizes that whoever runs thetransition for the incoming president should have substan-tial operational and executive leadership experience. “Thereare too many ways policies can be sidelined or the dailymachinery of government can be misaligned by not payingattention to the management details,” he says. — LR

the vote

“ Arrogance is a verybig danger in a transitionperiod because everyone isall full of themselves.”

report a vote in the crucial new hampshire primary. the polls open at midnight, and the town’s handful of votes are cast before they close one minute later. l “political promises are much like marriage vows. they are made at the beginning of the relationship between candidate and voter, but are quickly forgotten.” — dick gregory

Ups and Downs ofPresidential Legacies

harry s. truman dwight d. eisenhower

33rd president 34th president

1945–1953 1953–1961

warren g. harding

29th president

1921–1923

FORUM | Extraordinary Times Describing elections as “dynamite” and the times as“extraordinary,” Chris Matthews, host of msnbc’s Hardball with Chris Matthews, saidthe 2008 election has the potential for being one of the “great change elections.”

“Seventy-three percent of Americans say we’re going in the wrong direction,”said Matthews, referring to a recent poll. Citing past elections that dramaticallyaltered America’s course, including in 1932 for Franklin D. Roosevelt and 1980 forRonald Reagan, Matthews added, “Elections correct problems.”

FORUM | Gutterball Why, ElizabethEdwards asked a Forum audience in April,did more people know Barack Obama’sbowling score than they did the detailsof Joe Biden’s health care plan? Using theDelaware Democrat’s failed presidentialcampaign as a case in point, Edwardscriticized the media for failing to look atthe substance of campaigns.

“Joe Biden is such a good example.By any measure a serious candidatefor president,” she said. “Who got todecide that the chairman of the SenateForeign Relations Committee, a longtimesenator, a former candidate for thepresidency, was not a serious candi-date and that they did not need tocover him?”

The Buzz

“The race tothe bottom is ascramble to under-mine workers’ rightsand shouldn’t be tolerated.”Past President of Ireland and formerUnited Nations High Commissionerfor Human Rights Mary Robinsondescribing corporations global searchfor inexpensive labor, which under-mines workers’ rights to collectivebargaining and protective legislation,at an April Forum.

“When we looked at those Nielsenratings, we thought we were doingit for our families and ourselves….Where were you folks then?”David Simon, creator and executiveproducer of the critically acclaimedThe Wire, about the hbo show’s lowviewership and lack of critical atten-tion in its early years, at a standing-room only Forum event in April.

“The idea now is to negotiate withthe more pragmatic leaders.”Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni

referring to Israel’s policyto talk with the Fatah,the Palestinian partythat controls mostof the West Bank,rather than Hamas,which she labeled“extremist,” at the

Forum in March.

“What is so different is thatyou have alternative poles forgrowth.”World Bank President Robert Zoellickmpp 1981 comparing the current eco-nomic slowdown, when China, India,and some of the world’s middle-income countries are still growingstrong, with previous economic slow-downs, at a Forum in April.

LEFT:MARTHASTEWART;CLOCKWISEFROM

TOPRIGHT:MARTHASTEWART,

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bully pulpit

FORUM | THE NEWSFLASH PLAYED on the three gianttelevision screens brought word of a devastating terroristattack on an oil tanker in the Bosporus, the narrow straitconnecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.With oilprices reaching $160 a barrel, the U.S. national securityadvisor turned to Cabinet secretaries and top advisors.They had 90 minutes to flesh out a response and presentit to the president.

It was, fortunately, only an elaborately staged simula-tion. The event, titled “Oil Shock Wave,” was organized bythe Washington DC-based nonprofit Securing America’sFuture Energy (safe) and cosponsored by the Belfer Centerfor Science and International Affairs.

Chaired by former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin,with help from the likes of Ashton Carter (playing Defensesecretary), Larry Summers (Treasury secretary), Joseph

Lockhart (counselor to the president), and MeghanO’Sullivan (secretary of state), the April Forum eventbrought to vivid life the terrible entanglement of issuesaround energy policy.

As crisis piled on top of crisis — oil producers using theimpending crisis as political leverage, and then more attackscarried out on the world’s largest oil producer, Saudi Arabia— the participants highlighted the interconnectedness ofthe global energy market and the United States’ energyvulnerability.

With decision makers boxed in by economic considera-tions, security threats, environmental concerns, and polit-ical possibility, it became apparent that it may take a crisisto force a major change in energy policy, and that by thenit may be too late.

Oil Shock Wave

FORUM | Strong EU Partner Irish PrimeMinister Bertie Ahern, who stepped downin May after 11 years, said his country’sparticipation in the European Union hasbeen critical to its remarkable advancesin the last several years. For centuries oneof western Europe’s poorest countries,Ireland today is the second richest countryin the 27-member community.

“Thirty-five years of European involve-ment has been a powerful force in causingIreland’s hour to come in a manner thatcould scarcely have been imagined by pastgenerations,” he said.

Chris Matthews with moderator Lois Romano,iop 2008 and Washington Post reporter

Elizabeth Edwards

Bertie Ahern

Mary Robinson

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Tzipi Livni

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The Powers to LeadJoseph S. Nye, Jr.

If the instruments of power have always includedcoercion, corruption, and co-option, leaders havehistorically tended to favor the first. But as hierar-chies have flattened, and leadership roles beendistributed more equitably, that impulse haschanged. Today, from ceos to drill sergeants, the

emphasis is less on barking orders and more on elicitingparticipation. In leadership circles, in other words, softpower has been on the rise.Joseph Nye, who developed the concept of soft power

in the context of international politics two decades ago,examines the nature, styles, and ethics of leadership andpower in his new book, The Powers to Lead.“Instead of just shaping others to their will,” Nye writes,

“leaders have to attract support by also shaping themselvesto their followers.”That blend of hard and soft power form what Nye calls

“smart power.” Knowing the correct proportion in thatblend is the role of contextual intelligence, “an intuitivediagnostic skill that helps a leader to align tactics withobjectives to create smart strategies in varying situations.”Attractive as the idea of smart power is, Nye reminds

us that in themselves neither soft nor hard power easilytranslates into good or bad. The power of attraction is oftenpreferable to violence, but in some uses, such as propaganda,it can be coercive, and its ends, such as recruiting convertsto a terrorist organization, can be just as destructive.In the end, as leaders balance their fiduciary roles and

their consciences, they must sometimes make morallyquestionable decisions. Understanding how to better judgeleaders, therefore, is crucial to our democratic futures,Nye writes. After all, “heroes lack blemish, but leadershave warts.”— RDO

Our Communities, Our HomesNicolas Retsinas, Henry Cisneros mpa 1973,Jack Kemp, Kent Colton

For most Americans, home ownership is animportant measure of personal accomplishmentand economic stability. For individuals, it is the principalmeans for building wealth, and for society, it is critical forestablishing strong neighborhoods and communities. Todayhome ownership in the United States has reached higherlevels than ever before, rising to 69 percent of households.Yet, say the authors of Our Communities, Our Homes, the

housing picture has never been more perilous. With housingprices having outpaced income growth for decades, afford-able housing — for both homeowners and renters — hasslipped further out of reach. Many, including those whoform the bedrock of communities — teachers, nurses, andpolice — can no longer afford to live where they work.The result, say the authors, has disturbing consequences

for both individuals and society. Communities lose anengaged, diverse citizenry, people live farther from their jobs,and businesses have trouble finding the workers they need.While a variety of initiatives, say the authors, have

emerged during the last several years to address the housingcrisis, a strong, coordinated strategy has yet to occur. Theauthors set forth new strategies for both state and local offi-cials, from fresh ways of looking at public housing programsto expanded homeowner assistance programs to the elimi-nation of risky mortgage products that set the stage in thepast few years for the precipitous rise in foreclosures. — SA

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in print

Chasing the FlameSergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the WorldSamantha Power

When Samantha Power, Anna Lindh Professor of Practiceof Global Leadership and Public Policy, told friends sheplanned to follow her Pulitzer Prize-winning book aboutgenocide, “A Problem from Hell,” with a biography of careerun diplomat Sergio Vieira de Mello who was killed in the2003 bombing of the United Nations Iraq headquarters,some were skeptical.“Sergio worked for the United Nations,” Power recalls one

person telling her. “What did he achieve exactly?”Plenty, as it turns out.In Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight

to Save the World, Power follows Vieira de Mello, a crossbetween James Bond and Bobby Kennedy, through his earlylife as a Brazilian diplomat’s son, through his cosmopolitaneducation at the Sorbonne, and then into the trouble spots

that were to become his home away fromhome during his 34 years with the UnitedNations.Power details Vieira de Mello’s early

introduction to terrorism in Lebanon, hisefforts to restore stability to Kosovo andEast Timor, and his work to facilitate thereturn of millions of displaced people in

Mozambique, the Sudan, Cambodia, and Rwanda.In each place, Power writes, he focused on engaging with

all actors, even those who had committed large-scale crimes.In Bosnia (where Power met him in 1994 when she workedas a reporter), critics dubbed him “Serbio,” accusing him ofbeing used by those in power and not standing up for civil-ians. Though Power says Vieira de Mello sometimes hadexcessive faith in the power of reasoning with killers, shepraises his ability to balance competing concerns throughouthis career and improve the lives of people who were suf-fering under repressive regimes.“This experience he had was so varied, so unenviable, and

so pertinent for the 21st century and for our times,” saysPower. “What Sergio teaches is the importance of placingdignity at the center of one’s thinking about developingcountries, about cultures that are not our own,” she says.In a sense that is exactly what Power did in recounting

the harrowing final hours of Vieira de Mello’s life, when hewas trapped under the rubble of the un explosion. Thoughrescuers fought to save him and others, they lacked thetraining and equipment to free him, which Power paints asone of many indictments against those who planned theoccupation. She says it was important for her to know pre-cisely what he went through and report that as vividly aspossible. “It felt partly about rescuing Sergio’s dignity, hisstory, his history,” Power says.He left lasting lessons from his career, according to

Power: Legitimacy is essential, militants must be engaged,fearful people must be made more secure, dignity is the cor-nerstone of order, and outsiders must bring humility andpatience to foreign lands. For those who will follow in hisfootsteps, he showed that 21st-century leadership will requirean awareness of the effect of policies on real lives, she says.“He asked himself tough questions about whether he

practiced what he preached,” says Power. “I think all of uscould be more consistent with the principles we espouse forstates and the world.”— LR K

ENTDAYTON

Samantha Power

Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

Nicolas Retsinas

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capital ideas

A gift from the family of one of the founders of modern-dayQatar, one of the wealthiest countries in the world, willestablish a fellowship for talented individuals from some ofthe neediest countries in the world.The gift from Sheikh Sultan bin Suhaim Al Thani honors

his late father, Sheikh Suhaim bin Hamad Al Thani, who

ALLPHOTOSBYMARTHASTEWART

Spreading Climate ChangeFrameworkThe Kyoto Protocol, the first global attempt to curb green-house gas emissions, will reach the end of its first commit-ment period in 2012. What happens after that is the focus ofthe Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements,launched last year to help identify key design elements of ascientifically sound, economically rational, and politicallypossible policy architecture for global climate change.Led by Robert Stavins, professor of business and govern-

ment and director of the Harvard Environmental EconomicsProgram, the project has already worked with academics,government officials and legislators, private industry, andngos to establish the importance of considering alternativepolicy architectures. By September, it will have completedstage two by developing a small but wide-ranging menu ofpromising frameworks and key design principles.As the project prepares to launch the third and final stage

— discussing and disseminating its recommendations onkey design elements — it has received crucial support inthe form of a $250,000 gift from Nicholas Josefowitz. Oneof the top 40 environmental financial and thought leadersin Europe, according toWealth Bulletin, Nicholas is thefounder of RenGen Energy, a renewable energy companythat develops wind and solar power plants. He is also amember of the Kennedy School’s Dean’s Council.

Giving Back

Greg Rosenbaum ab 1974, mpp/jd 1977 (picturedhere with Dean Ellwood) and his wife, Martha RadloRosenbaum ab 1974 made a generous gift to establisha Loan Repayment Assistance Fund. Rosenbaum hasserved as chair of the Dean’s Alumni LeadershipCouncil for the past four years.

The gift from Sheikh Sultan bin Suhaim Al Thani (left) will help theKennedy School “further its mission,” Dean David Ellwood (right)said during Al Thani’s visit to the school in February.

Corrado Clini, director general of Italy’s Ministry for the Environment,Land, and Sea (left), Dean Ellwood (middle), and William Clark (right),professor of international science, public policy, and humandevelopment.

Sustainable Science ProgramSustainable development — reconciling developmentand growth with the planet’s environmental limits —is a central challenge of the new century. And HarvardKennedy School’s Sustainability Science Program is workingto link knowledge with action in support of that goal.It will be able to continue its work addressing those

problems thanks to two new gifts — totalling $9.5 million —from Italy’s Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea.The ministry’s previous gifts in 2006 had helped launch theSustainability Science Program, through support of theHarvard Fund for Sustainable Development.

served as the country’s foreign minister from 1972 until hisdeath in 1985 and helped shape the Arabian Gulf.During a visit to Harvard in February, Sheikh Sultan met

with President Drew Faust and Dean David Ellwood andwas able to talk to several Kennedy School students abouttheir experiences.Al Thani said the gift would serve as a memorial to his

late father’s integrity, strength of character, and commitment

The newest gift will extend through 2012 funding forfaculty research grants and fellowship programs that recruityoung scholars and practitioners from around the world tofurther their studies at Harvard.“This activity represents a model of how academia and

government should work together,” said the ministry’sDirector General Corrado Clini. “We are committed tomeet the challenges of the 21st century, and we do believethat the best investment is to train researchers and profes-sionals from all over the world in the science of sustainabledevelopment.”

Gift to Build Capacity in Poorest Countries

“I’m happy that we will share his

rich experience with these

outstanding scholars.”

to his fellow citizens. “I’m happy that we will share his richexperience with these outstanding scholars,” he said.The $2 million fellowship fund will serve to build human

capacity in nine countries selected by Sheikh Sultan: Yemen,Egypt, Sudan, Palestinian Territories, Iraq, Liberia, Rwanda,Senegal, and Vietnam, thus enabling talented individualsfrom those nations to attend degree programs and executivetraining at Harvard Kennedy School. “The essence of theKennedy School has always been an abiding commitment totraining skilled, enlightened leaders, and this generous giftwill allow us to further our mission of public service incountries across the globe,” Ellwood said.

“This gift…provides an invaluable opportunity forHarvard to broaden its collaborative efforts and deepenits research, training, and policy engagement on keychallenges of sustainable development,” said DeanDavid Ellwood.The program is headed by William Clark, professor

of international science, public policy, and human develop-ment, and the Center for International Development’sNancy Dickson.

To submit a classnote, e-mailsharon_alexandra@harvard.edu.The subject line should be “classnotes.”Note: The designations for alumni of individual

Executive Education programs — smg and sef, for

example — have been simplified. All Executive

Education programs are now designated as hksee.

1966Stephen Joel Trachtenberg mpa, presidentemeritus of George Washington University andprofessor of public service, was awarded the2008 Allen P. Splete Award for OutstandingService from the Council of IndependentColleges. The award is given to an individual,publication, or organization for significantcontributions to higher education and recog-nizes national leadership, through ideas andcommitment, on behalf of private colleges anduniversities. The award was presented January 6at the council’s annual awards banquet in MarcoIsland, Fla. In addition, Joel has joined theChronicle Review’s team of bloggers, knownas “Brainstorm.” His blog can be read athttp://chronicle.com/review/brainstorm. And hisnew book, Big Man on Campus: A UniversityPresident Speaks Out On Higher Education, hasjust been released by Simon and Schuster.

1967Harry Harris mpa reports completing twocareers in government and academia andcontinues his global travels as a consultanton international trade issues with the privatesector and the U.S. State Department. Harrycarries on with his entrepreneurial passionby managing two expanding health careenterprises in central California, HealthCareCalifornia and MedSupply. In his leisuremoments, he soaks up the world by frequenttravels, including to exotic regions of Asia,Africa, and the Pacific Rim, renewing oldacquaintances and making new ones.

1968Frank Popper mpa writes that in January,Westend Productions, a Frankfurt-based filmand television company, aired a documentarybased on the Buffalo Commons work heand his wife Deborah have been doing on theland-use future of the Great Plains. They appearin the parts of the film shot in South Dakota.The film appeared in simultaneous French- andGerman-language versions in Europe on arte,the German-French public-tv station, undertitles that translate to “The Return of the Buf-falo.” Other Buffalo Commons documentaries,all of them in English, are in development.In addition, Frank will be on sabbatical leavefrom Rutgers University in the academic

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only to leave the country during the ethnic riotsof 1983. For the next five years, he worked inBelgium as project coordinator for the FlandersFederation of Industries. Christmas 1988 foundhim in Australia working with the Westpac Bankas general manager for international projects.Next was a brief period with the ifc/World Bankas investment officer with the South PacificProject Facility. In 2004, he returned to Sri Lankato establish the Alliance of South Asian RegionalInstitutes of Management, but left the countrytemporarily on account of disturbances there.Currently he serves as international advisorto the Entrepreneurship Development Instituteof India, principal consultant to the Universityof Kelaniya in Sri Lanka, and internationaldevelopment advisor to St. Patrick’s InternationalCollege in London. He is based in London, wherehe is developing a nonprofit project, Foundationfor Education and Entrepreneurship Develop-ment. He can be reached at guy@st-patricks.ac.uk.

Frank De Rosa mpp left pg&e at the beginningof the year to start NextLight Renewable Power,llc, with the mission to address global warm-ing by making renewable power one of thecountry’s primary energy sources.With a teamof experienced development, commercial,transmission, and siting professionals andbacked by Energy Capital Partners, a largeprivate equity fund, his company will bedeveloping utility-scale solar energy plants.“NextLight will bring a deep understandingof the power market, the development process,and the regulatory environment to helpovercome the obstacles to renewable energydevelopment,” writes Frank. He is marriedto Janice Roudebush mpp 1983; they live inSan Francisco and have one son, Louis.

1984Rosalia Sri Baruti Stovall mpa is founderand chairman of the Dr. Stovall Social & Educa-tion Foundation. Because her husband, JohnnyStovall, is American, they divide their timebetween Indonesia and America.

government — tax policies, service delivery, andpublic education. Business executives look tothe bureau for in-depth analysis of complex cityproblems, while government leaders use itsexpert research and independent analysis whenconsidering strengthening existing policies andintroducing new ones. He also practices real estateand administrative law at Nixon Peabody llp.

1978Robert Metzger bcsia reports that his articlechallenging the role of the General AccountingOffice in deciding federal bid protests,“A Critical Reassessment of the gao Bid-ProtestMechanism,” has been published in the 2007Wisconsin Law Review.

1979Peter O’Connor mpa was reelected to the towncommission in Longboat Key, Fla.

1980Kenneth Juster mpp is currently executivevice president of San Francisco-based softwarecompany Salesforce.com, the worldwide marketand technology leader in on-demand businessservices. He was recently awarded the Officer’sCross of the Order of Merit by President HorstKohler of the Federal Republic of Germany forhis contributions to U.S.-German relations.In addition, President Bush appointed Ken inOctober 2007 to a four-year term on theAdvisory Committee for Trade Policy andNegotiations. And in December, Ken washonored by Scarsdale High School as a recipi-ent of the Distinguished Alumni Award.

1982Guy de Fontgalland mpa writes that he hashad a tumultuous but exciting career. He wentto Sri Lanka after Harvard and established theNational Resources Development Organization,

year 2008–2009, teaching and writing at theEnvironmental Studies Program at PrincetonUniversity. (See the Winter 2008 issue of theBulletin for more on Frank’s work.)

1971Jane Loeffler mcp, author of the 1998 bookThe Architecture of Diplomacy, managed to getarchitecture as a policy issue into the publicdiscourse as a witness before the U.S. HouseSubcommittee on National Security and ForeignAffairs in January. The invitation resulted, shesays, from an article she published last fall inForeign Relations about the new U.S. embassyin Baghdad. The hearing is available online atthe subcommittee’s website.

1972Sarah James mrp is delighted to announce theformation of the Institute for EcomunicipalityEducation & Assistance (iemea), along withTorbjörn Lahti, planner, economist, and founderof the Swedish eco-municipality movement.iemea provides support for citizens, localofficials, planners, and municipal staff interestedin a systematic, comprehensive approach forchanging to sustainable practices. Sarah is a cityand town planner, coauthor (with TorbjörnLahti) of the award-winning book The NaturalStep for Communities: How Cities & Towns CanChange to Sustainable Practices (New SocietyPublishers, 2004) and coauthor of the AmericanPlanning Association’s Planning for Sustainabil-ity Policy Guide (April 2004). The iemea websiteis instituteforecomunicipalities.org.

1975Leonard Zax mrp reports that he testifiedbefore the U.S. Senate Subcommittee onNational Parks as part of an effort to helprevitalize one of the most economicallydepressed cities in America — his hometownof Paterson, New Jersey. He spoke for thecreation of a new national park at thesite where Alexander Hamilton beganimplementing his plan to achieve America’seconomic independence and to transforma rural agrarian society based in slaveryinto a modern economy based in freedom.Leonard is a partner in the Washingtonoffice of the law firm Latham & Watkinsand an honorary trustee of the NationalBuilding Museum.

1977Lawrence DiCara mpa has been elected chairof the Boston Municipal Research Bureau. Therole of the bureau is to promote a healthy busi-ness and residential environment by advocatingfor stability and predictability in the basis of city

From the HKS Alumni Chair

As the newly elected chairman of the Board of Directorsof the hks Alumni Association, I am honored to representthe global community of more than 35,000 hks alumni whoare developing public and private sector solutions in morethan 170 countries. With the dedicated support of formerChairman Paul Hodge mpa 2000 and a cadre of talentedalumni leaders on the board, the Alumni Associationhas renewed its commitment to advance the mission ofhks and achieve the strategic goals of Dean Ellwood.

Alumni of the world’s best school of public servicedeserve the best quality of alumni service and representation.

For the 2008–2009 academic year, the association will sharpen its focus, increaseits visibility, and target its programmatic initiatives to better meet the needs ofalumni. We will undoubtedly continue to strengthen our partnerships with regionalassociations and hks Alumni Relations to assist alumni in reconnecting to eachother and the entire Harvard community.

Perhaps the greatest challenge for the board this coming year is to developand sustain hks alumni giving and participation. Currently only 11 percent of hksalumni make annual financial contributions of any amount to the Dean’s Fund.This rate is lower than the alumni participation rates of Harvard’s businessand law schools. We need to do better.

As alumni we have an obligation to support our alma mater. We areambassadors of the hks mission to advance the public interest and to make theworld better. We must have an ownership stake in the future of hks and in futurealumni. Most assuredly the return on our investment will be substantial. I urgeall alumni to make an annual contribution to the Dean’s Fund,hks.harvard.edu/about/giving.

“Ask what you can do”— is the Kennedy School’s call to service. Alumnimust respond in a unified and resounding voice. My commitment to hks alumniworldwide is that the Alumni Association will facilitate your ability to participatein the enduring greatness of this remarkable school of ours.

Throughout my tenure as chairman, please let me know what the Alumni Boardand Association can do for you. We are only a click away: ksgalum@hks.harvard.edu.

Stay connected!

Rudy Brioché mpp 2000Chairman of the Board of Directorshks Alumni Association

A L U M N I P R O F I L E

Liberian President Ellen JohnsonSirleaf mpa 1971 and MasonFellow gave the Harvard KennedySchool graduation address June 4.

“I urge you to seize the opportu-nity to become true leaders.Motivate and inspire others tojoin you in your efforts,” saidJohnson Sirleaf.

“Exercise the character that setsyou apart as role models for othersto emulate. Think big. Let yourdreams soar…. Go for your ambi-tion. Achieve your full potential.The time that you have spent atthe Kennedy School says that youdeserved it. Now go out and use itand change the world.”

Alumni Board members at reunions in June, left toright: Lenora Peters Gant hksee 1999; Rudy Briochémpp 2000; Jackie Weatherspoon mpa 1991; JohnMcLaughlin mpa 1988; Chato Calderon mpa 1988;Kate Mullally mpa 1998; Emily Card mpa 1981

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executive director for the ywca of Boulder,where she leads the organization’s programs andpublic policy initiatives that promote theadvancement of children, empowerment ofwomen and girls, and elimination of racism.Under her leadership, the agency successfullycompleted a $2.5 million capital campaign proj-ect that included adding a second story to itsfacility. She is married to Karl Kurtz, director ofthe Trust for Representative Democracy at theNational Conference of State Legislatures. Janetand Karl live in Boulder and have two children,16-year-old Emily and 13-year-old Andrew.

Jeffrey Bleich mpp, a litigation partner atMunger, Tolles, and Olson, was elected presidentof the State Bar of California.

1987Nadine Hack mpa has been featured recentlyin several prestigious publications. She con-tributed the opening chapter for the book OliverTambo Remembered, about the leader of theAfrican National Congress during the 27 yearsof Nelson Mandela’s imprisonment (PanMacmillan, October 2007). She is one of theglobal voices interviewed for another book,Bella Abzug: How One Tough Broad from theBronx Fought Jim Crow and Joe McCarthy, PissedOff Jimmy Carter, Battled for the Rights ofWomen and Workers Against the War and forthe Planet, and Shook Up Politics Along the Way(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, November 2007).And she was featured in a January 2008 articleon women and philanthropy in pink, a uniquemagazine promoting a new generation ofremarkable women who have made significantstrides in the world today.

Stephanie Larsen mpp reports that after beinga single mom for many years, she finally remar-ried last October. Her husband, Jerry Camuso,58, is an antiques and collectibles dealer whogrew up in Wakefield, Mass. The maid-of-honorwas her 14-year-old daughter, Rachelle Martinez.Stephanie also recently accepted the positionof assistant county administrator with SutterCounty, Calif. (the county seat, Yuba City, isabout 45miles north of Sacramento). She left herhome in the redwoods of Humboldt County andbegan her new position at the end of January.

A Better Way to Zone:Ten Principles to CreateMore Livable CitiesDonald L. Elliot mcrp 1984Zoning, Donald Elliot acknowledges atthe very beginning of A Better Way toZone, is not a sexy topic. But, as hereminds readers in his book, that’s ashame. Zoning, after all, determineswhat gets built on private land. The bookexplores the constitutional and legalframework of zoning, its evolution overthe course of the 20th century, andthe reasons behind major reform effortsof the past. It also examines the assump-tions behind land-use management andasks whether zoning addresses theforces currently driving development.Finally it offers practical steps to getstarted on the road to reform.

Thomas Shuster hksee was installed as chairof the Mid-Atlantic Council of the NationalRecreation & Parks Association (nrpa) at thenrpa Congress in Indianapolis last September.Tom has served as a member of the councilsince 1999 and is currently the director ofrecreation and parks for Ocean City, Md.

1985Amy Mall mpp has been working for theNatural Resources Defense Council since 2001.In 2006, she relocated fromWashington toBoulder, Colo., and is loving being outside theBeltway.

Ejeviome Otobo mpa was appointed deputyhead and director of strategic planning for thePeacebuilding Support Office at the UnitedNations in December 2006.

Michael Riley mpa2 has been named editor andsenior vice president of Congressional Quarterlyin Washington. He oversees the 150-plus personnews operation that covers Congress, politics,and public policy. Prior to joining CQ, Michaelhad been editor of The Roanoke Times (Va.)and before then had spent a decade as acorrespondent and bureau chief with Timemagazine. In the late 1990s, he founded andran allpolitics.com, a well-regarded Time/cnnwebsite. He and his wife, Arline, live inArlington, Va., with their two daughters.He can be reached at mriley@cq.com.

1986Janet Beardsley mpa was honored with aBe Bold Award by the Women’s Foundation ofColorado at the foundation’s 20th anniversaryluncheon in Denver last November. Held atDenver’s Colorado Convention Center, theluncheon featured Cokie Roberts and Amb.Swanee Hunt. Janet was selected for the awardbased on her work promoting the economicself-sufficiency of women and girls and forserving as a change agent for women’s interests.She is also a past recipient of the Women WhoLight Up the Community Award given by theBusiness Women’s Leadership Group of theChamber of Commerce of Boulder, Colo.In addition, she is celebrating 21 years as the

Judith Miller McConnell mpa is fabricatingmosaic designs in glass, ceramic, or stone. Lastyear she completed an installation of life-sizedfigures of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John inByzantine style for a Houston church. Each is28 square feet of marble, onyx, glass, ceramicbeads, and fossils. “Surprise was when CardinalDiNardo actually blessed my art!” she says.“Many words, incense, and water flew.” InAugust she will be taking a road trip with herSeattle-based teenaged grandchildren to volun-teer at the Democratic National NominatingConvention in Denver. Afterwards, she willrecuperate at her condo in Los Cabos, Baja,Mexico, where friends are invited to join herbeside the Sea of Cortez. In 2010, she will go toItaly for mosaic study with masters and a visitwith a high school classmate during the grapeharvest on his farm. She will then meet upwith hks classmates in Cambridge for the 25thclass reunion.

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state of California to license this new professionto ensure that there will be trained, ethical pro-fessionals in the field. Barbara also reports thatshe bought a red Corvette.

Wendy Feldman mpa organized a major confer-ence for her organization, the Institute of PublicAdministration of Canada. “Canada’s EnergySecurity: Superpower or…a Player?” was heldFebruary 25–26 in Edmonton, Alberta, andhighlighted the complex relationships that willguide Canadian energy politics, public policy,and business decisions from coast to coast.

Nancy Kaufman mpa writes that, althougheven she can hardly believe it, her daughtergot married in July 2007 in Cambridge at theSonesta Hotel. It was a wonderful event, shesays, with a fabulous band, great food, anddancing. As for the rest of her life, all is well.

Veena Siddharth mpp is now the vice presidentfor international programs at Planned Parent-hood Federation of America in New York. Shewas previously the Asia advocacy director forHuman Rights Watch, based in Washington.

1990Lisa Beatman mpa has just published hersecond book,Manufacturing America: Poemsfrom the Factory (Ibbetson Press, 2008). Thecollection moves through the life cycle of manu-facturing from its roots in the Lowell, Mass.,textile mills, through downsizing, to the “artist

1989Monika Aring mpa is living in Seattle andhas her own consulting company. She workson projects that help companies in the privatesector make more sustainable investments inemerging markets and better partnerships withthe public sector to secure their future work-force. Her clients include The ConferenceBoard, where she is senior advisor to the presi-dent and her team on an Emerging MarketsInitiative and developing the organization’sglobal research agenda on the Future Workforce.Over the past year she has also worked on vari-ous initiatives with Starbucks, on a MillenniumChallenge Account Project in East Timor,Making Cents International, and with herformer employer, RTI International, analyzinghow Jordan’s labor laws constrain the growthof target industries. She is writing a booktitled Jorge’s Question, focusing on a question ayoung Peruvian asked her, “Lady, we knowwe’re 30 years behind young people in the richcountries. Will we ever have our chance?”

Barbara deVries mpa became a grandmotherin 2007 to Dylan deVries, “who lives near me inSan Francisco and whom I can kiss frequently,”she says. Her business, Life Management Associ-ates, is in its 17th year and going strong. TheProfessional Fiduciary Association of California,of which she is a past president, recently got the

1988Robert Levy mpa, who is the president ofthe Plantation City Council, was recognizedby the City of West Park, Fla., for his role inits becoming Broward County’s 31st incorpo-rated city. He is also the town manager forWest Park’s sister city of Pembroke Park, Fla.

Vinod Rai mpa has been appointed the comp-troller and auditor general of India (cag). Hewas administered the oath of office by PresidentPratibha Patil at a function January 7 at Rash-trapati Bhawan. Immediately prior to assumingthis position he was financial services secretary.

Elisa Speranza mpa was appointed presidentof ch2m hill omi in January. The employee-owned company is a $5 billion global firmproviding engineering, construction, operations,and related technical services to public andprivate clients. ch2m hill omi has more than23,000 employees worldwide and is routinelyranked among Fortune’s “Most AdmiredCompanies” in its industry. For details, visitch2mhill.com. For the past seven years,Elisa was with the firm’s Water Business Group,where she spearheaded many successful teamsand initiatives. She is active in a number ofindustry associations, including serving asvice president of the global nonprofit Waterfor People.

In advance of the haa Global Series Conference inBeijing, a group of 55 hks alumni gathered at thePudong Shangri-La for a reception with Dean Ellwood.More than 70 hks alumni attended the conference.

Jack St. Croix mpa 2004 (left) and Jesse Mainardimpa 2006 (right), pictured here with Dean DavidEllwood, hosted a Bay Area Regional AlumniAssociation event at the Delancey Street Restaurant.

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development. Last year Pradeep hosted a visitinggroup of current hks students and local alumni,and recently he put together a meeting betweenalumni and Farahnaz Karim mpa 2001, a visit-ing member of the hks Alumni Board. Pradeepis the hks alumni contact person for India.

1992Hill Harper mpa2 received the Image Awardfor Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series at the39th naacp Image Award ceremonies in Febru-ary. He was nominated for his role in the cbstelevision show csi:ny.

Sandra Ridley mpa2 reports that after yearsof working in Boston in health care and healthcare research, she has accepted God’s call to thefull-time ministry. “Currently a full-time stu-dent at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminaryin the master’s in divinity program, I am look-ing forward to being ordained and serving inGod’s vineyard,” she writes.

1993Beth Breger mpp has been working since2004 at the nyc Department of Education inthe Office of Student Enrollment, focusingon policy development and strategic planningefforts to improve equity and access for allNew York students. She lives outside New YorkCity with husband, Forrest Gilman, daughter,Barbara, age four, and son, Sammy, age two.

Glen Margolis mpp is now the ceo ofSteelwedge Software (www.steelwedge.com),the leader in on-demand sales planning andperformance management solutions.

Prakash Puram mpa has been appointed toserve on the Federal Reserve Bank of MinneapolisAdvisory Council on Small Business and Labor.The term on this ten-member council is forthree years. As a member of President Bush’sExport Council, in April Prakash presented aletter of recommendation on non-immigrantvisa policy to members of the U.S. Cabinet,congressmen, and senators, and 30 ceos fromthe private sector on behalf of the council.In June he traveled with Commerce SecretaryCarlos Gutierrez to Kiev, Ukraine, and St.Petersburg, Russia, to attend the 13th Interna-tional Economic Summit organized by theRussian government. The trip was to completea fact-finding mission for President Bush. (Seepage 13 of this issue for more about Prakash.)

Kevin Reardon hksee has been appointeddeputy assistant secretary of homeland securityfor infrastructure protection. In that importantrole, he carries a broad range of responsibilitiesrelated to security of the nation’s critical infra-structure and key resources, as defined in thepresident’s National Strategy for Homeland

a statewide organization that assists nonprofitand government housing agencies to create,acquire, and preserve affordable housing andprovides leadership on housing preservationpolicy and funding. “We regulary see classmateRichard Gross and keep in touch with BennettBrooks, who is now in New York City,”says Karen.

John Quatrale mpa recently started a smallMassachusetts company to plan, design, andimplement exhibitions, mostly for museums,libraries, and archives. In the past year he com-pleted a design for the new Brighton-AllstonHeritage Museum and began redesigning one ofthe larger galleries for the Battleship CoveMuseum in Fall River, Mass. He also completedseveral smaller historical exhibitions, includingone at the Newton History Museum.

1991Will Shafroth mpa is in a hotly contested raceto be the Democratic candidate to represent Col-orado’s 2nd District in Congress. The primaryis August 12. Will was the founding executivedirector of the Colorado Conservation Trust.

Pradeep Singh mpa was recently appointedvice chairman and managing director of idfcProjects. idfc is India’s largest financial institu-tion dedicated to infrastructure financing and

lofts” mined from the old buildings asmanufacturing moves overseas. In addition,Lisa is managing adult literacy programs at theHarriet Tubman House in Boston’s South End.

Luis Cancel mpa was appointed by Mayor GavinNewsom in January to be the executive directorof the San Francisco Arts Commission. He leftNew York after a distinguished 25-year career asa public servant, leading various nonprofit andpublic agencies, including the Bronx Museum ofArts, where he spent 14 years. For the past threeyears, he was executive director of the ClementeSoto Vélez Cultural & Educational Center,raising millions of dollars and expanding thecenter’s profile.

Karen Levesque mpp completed her doctoratein public policy from the Goldman School ofPublic Policy at uc Berkeley in 2004 and wasrecently promoted to director of k-12 School

Improvement at mpr Associates, a national edu-cation research and consulting firm. “We workextensively with education data, conductingresearch, analysis, evaluation, and technicalassistance to help improve the nation’s schools,”she writes. She andMatt Schwartz mpp 1990continue to live in San Francisco with their11-year-old son, Luke, “who has bright red hairlike his father’s used to be(!).”Matt is executivedirector of the California Housing Partnership,

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Michael A. Goldstein mpp was honored inNovember when the charter school he foundedand serves as president, Boston’s Media andTechnology Charter High School (match), wasnamed one of the top 100 public high schoolsin the country by U.S. News and World Report.

John Heinen mpa was recently promotedto inspector of the Georgia Bureau of Investi-gation’s investigative division. He is one ofthree gbi inspectors that oversee regional andspecialized law enforcement operations inGeorgia. In September 2007, he also graduatedfrom the prestigious Federal Bureau ofInvestigation National Academy that offersintensive executive management training tolocal, state, and federal law enforcementmanagers from around the world.

Sebastian Lorenz mpa says that after somefrantic months serving an internationally activemanufacturer of medical devices as generalmanager, he took a sabbatical to go to divinityschool. At the same time he took on some probono consulting and facilitation work for a localschool and a number of churches. Along with ahost of other activities, he is also reentering thesmall business he founded eight years ago, aboutique consultancy serving mainly publichealth care providers with sociometric assess-ments of client and employee performance andsatisfaction data. The company operates out ofSwitzerland and specializes in behavioral healthcare and homes for the elderly.

Sungwook Moon mpa2 recently completedhis term of duty as the commercial attaché atthe Korean Embassy in Ottawa, Canada, andwas returning to the Ministry of Commerce,Industry, and Energy to work in industry orenergy policy.

1999Keith Fitzgerald mpa recently coauthoredNegotiating Hostage Crises with the New Terror-ists with Adam Dolnik (Greenwood, 2007). “Thebook is written mainly for police, military, andother hostage negotiators because the game haschanged,” writes Keith. “Many of the workingassumptions and criteria on which conventionalhostage negotiation are based no longer apply in

1995Mark Adamshick mpa received his ph.d. fromthe University of Maryland, School of PublicPolicy, and has joined the faculty at the U.S.Naval Academy as a military professor ofleadership and ethics.

Enrique Bellagio hksee has recently beenappointed as undersecretary for education inArgentina’s Ministry of Defense.

1996Douglas Shulman mpa was appointed by Presi-dent George W. Bush to be the 17th commis-sioner of internal revenue at the Department ofthe Treasury and was confirmed by the fullCongress on March 14. He was vice chairmanof the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority,previously known as the National Associationof Securities Dealers, and also has served onthe bipartisan National Commission onRestructuring the Internal Revenue Service.

1997Michelle Rhee mpp was the subject of twoarticles in major media sources this pastDecember: The Wall Street Journal (Dec. 22–23)and Newsweek (Dec. 31–Jan. 7).

Sean Rowland mpa was installed as president ofthe Harvard Club of Ireland in November. He isbest known as the founder of Hibernia College,an international, third-level, online collegeheadquartered in Dublin. Each year the collegeeducates more than 5,000 postgraduates inmore than 20 countries worldwide.

1998Nicolas Ducote mpp was selected as HarvardAlumni Association regional director for LatinAmerica 2007–2010. Yale University also chosehim as Argentina’s first World Fellow for theirWorld Fellows Program, inviting him to spendfour months at the university with his familybetween August and December 2007. He hada wonderful and very rewarding experience.This year the Chicago Council on Global Affairsmade him the first recipient of their Gus HartFellowship.

Security and the National Infrastructure Protec-tion Plan. He is a retired U.S. Navy captain withmore than 30 years of active duty, during whichtime he commanded two nuclear submarinesand served in key strategy, policy, and technol-ogy leadership positions with the Navy andJoint Chiefs of Staff. Following his naval career,he held executive positions with several majordefense contractors and information technologycompanies.

1994Robbie Chrishon hksee retired from theU.S. Forest Service on January 3 with 35 yearsof federal service. She will remain in theWashington area.

Karen Feldman mpa2 says that the organizationshe founded and heads, Young Voices, wasfilmed for an nbc’s Today Show segment aboutProvidence, R.I., that was shown in late January.Stories on Young Voices also appeared in theJanuary 18 and February 22 editions of TheProvidence Journal. The February article is anaccount of a presentation by young peopleengaged with Young Voices in the city’s CivicCenter before the mayor, superintendent, andpolice chief of Providence, as well as the stateeducation commissioner and an audience of200. The youths made recommendations basedon their findings after interviewing more than900 students from high schools across the city,focus groups with teenagers, and meetings withmembers of the mayor’s staff, the school admin-istration, and the police department. They hadfound that while 93 percent of the students sur-veyed wanted to go to college, the majority felttheir high school was not preparing them forcollege. They expressed the desire for a morechallenging curriculum and for inspiring teach-ers who would hold them to high expectations.

Andrew Yarrow mpa has written a book on thenational debt, Forgive Us Our Debts (Yale Uni-versity Press, May 2008). In accessible language,he explains why the federal debt is rising, whateffects it may have on Americans if the debt isnot brought under control, why the governmentborrows, and what it will take to pay all themoney back. The book is available in the YaleUniversity Press catalog.

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Lenora Peters Gant hks 1999 and Elicia John mpp2008 at a career networking event sponsored by theAlumni Association Board of Directors in Town Hall.Gant conceived and organized the biannual event.

Horacio Gutierrez, Jr. mpa 2005 hosted an“Inside the Actors Studio” conversation withDean David Ellwood for alumni at the RussianTea Room in New York City in late May.

John McLaughlin mpa 1988, president of hksNew England, congratulated new graduate LionelPerez mpa 2008 at the “First Day as an Alumna/us”brunch.

Tony Wood mpp 2008 presenting the English graduate school address at the Harvard commencement ceremony.

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Mark Fedor mpa is still on active duty in theU.S. Coast Guard and was recently promoted tocommander (o-5). “More important,” he writes,“my wife, Amy, and I welcomed a set of frater-nal twins into the world on November 12.Megan and Andrew join older brothers, Tyler,age seven, and Will, age six, as future KennedySchool aspirants!” In May Mark completed hisfellowship on the House Appropriations Com-mittee. After being “detailed” to Congress fortwo years, he is returning to a Coast Guardassignment. He assumed duties in June as aspecial assistant and speechwriter to the CoastGuard commandant in Washington. His pri-mary responsibilities are to provide policyguidance and prepare formal speeches for thecommandant, who is the Coast Guard’s seniorofficer. Mark expects this will keep his family inthe Washington area until 2010 before he headsback to sea duty on a Coast Guard cutter.

Maria Teresa Petersen mpp writes that herorganization Voto Latino was included in aJanuary 11 cnn.com segment that covered someof the most comprehensive online voter registra-tion sites. The video can be viewed at cnn.com.

Ana Trbovich mpa2 has published A LegalGeography of Yugoslavia’s Disintegration (OxfordUniversity Press, 2008), available throughamazon.com. She is also profiled in the KennedySchool’s video series “Harvard Kennedy Schoolin the World,” which can be found athks.harvard.edu/news-events/multimedia.

2002David O’Brien mpa, hksee 1991 is attendingthe Democratic National Convention as asuperdelegate. David is a member of theDemocratic National Committee.

Lora Jo Foo mpa has published Earth Passages:Journeys Through Childhood. Based on her ownlife, the book, consisting of 28 vignettes and 53color nature photographs, tells the story of a girlraised in a family of eight in the inner-cityghetto of San Francisco’s Chinatown, where hermother works six days a week, 12 hours a day, ina garment sweatshop. In the girl’s rare escapesinto the woods, she discovers a magical worldquite unlike the ghetto in which she lives. Thestories taken from her childhood are paired with

Sandy Schultz Hessler mpa has returnedto the Harvard Kennedy School as assistantdean and director of the Office of CareerAdvancement.

Nereyda Salinas mpp moved last summer fromBoston to the San Francisco area, where she isnow working with Stanford’s School of Educa-tion as director of leadership degree programsoverseeing a one-year master’s degree in policy,organization, and leadership studies (pols) anda joint degree with the Graduate School ofBusiness. “I’m enjoying it tremendously as it tiesmy interests in education reform, policy, andorganizational management,” she writes. Shereports that she has found the hks alumni inher new home “as strong and helpful as I did onthe East Coast (especially those who are parentsof twins).”

2001Allan Bonner hksee, hksee 2002 recentlytoured presidential libraries in the Southwest.His latest book, Tough Love at the Table, presentscase studies from his crisis management anddispute resolution practice. It was launched thisspring. Allan is celebrating 20 years in privatepractice with three network specials for Cana-dian Learning Television. His son Christian isstudying at the University of Toronto, andMichael starts a master’s at Oxford this fall afterFarsi emersion in Tehran. His wife, Lorna, hastaken early retirement from public broadcasting.

Tricia DeGennaro mpa has founded theInstitute of Integrated International Policy(iiip). “iiip is a groundbreaking institute thatasks tough questions about foreign policy andpartners with those who know it is time tochange the current ‘business as usual’ policy,”writes Tricia. “We are here to help developleaders and assist in rebuilding our foreignpolicy institutions so they can act cooperativelyand address tough issues outside of a strictlypolitical realm.”More information can befound at integratedpolicy.com.

Henry DeSio mpa and his wife, Sine, are thevery proud parents of Dante Francis, who wasborn on October 23, 2007. He was 8.1 pounds,20 inches. His favorite toys are Mia, a 20-poundbasenji, and Caesar, a naughty 85-poundgolden retriever.

some situations, namely those involving ‘new’terrorists (those who are more willing to dieand/or to tolerate larger numbers of casualties).The new terrorists have been reading our manu-als. They are more tactically savvy, well pre-pared, and their decision makers are often off-site (changing the dynamic of these incidents),”says Keith. “In particular, the hostage situationsat the theatre in Moscow and at the school inBeslan, North Ossetia, are being studied by AlQaeda and similar groups as ‘best practices’ forfuture hostage/barricade scenarios.”

Rafael Mandelman mpp joined the NorthernCalifornia law firm of McDonough Holland &Allen pc in February as a senior associate to itsPublic Law Practice Group. He primarily repre-sents public agencies, including municipalities,redevelopment agencies, housing authorities,and housing developers in the areas of theCalifornia Environmental Quality Act, NationalEnvironmental Policy Act, and other environ-mental regulations compliance. They also workin the areas of taxation, real estate financingand transactions, affordable housing require-ments, loan agreements and documents, rentcontrol regulations, litigation, and generalland-use matters.

Edoardo Narduzzi mpa launched MyOpenCarelast year. It is the first digital platform for user-generated content that allows patients to individ-ually plan their approaches to health-relatedissues by making the most of participation in acommunity of users. This is Edoardo’s fifth start-up. He has already sold two, and the other two,TechEdge and EvaBeta, are taking off.

2000Rick Ashton hksee has retired as citylibrarian of the Denver Public Library. Heis serving now as chief operating officer ofthe Urban Libraries Council, the leadingorganization devoted to strengthening thepublic library as an essential element ofurban life. ulc is headquartered in Chicago.

Tiziana Dearing mpp has been appointedthe first female president of Catholic Charitiesof Boston.

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Kizito Bishikwabo Nsarhaza hksee hasbeen appointed regional program advisor fortechnical assistance, in the unaids RegionalOffice in Dakar, Senegal, covering 25 countriesof West and Central Africa.

Daniel Ostergaard mpa has been appointeddirector of the Institute for the Economy andthe Future and associate professor of manage-ment and international business at WesternCarolina University. He and his family have alsostarted an organic farm (Smoky MountainHeritage Farm) specializing in heritage livestocknear Asheville, N.C.

Jerry Ugukwe hksee was selected ambassadordesignate of Nigeria and posted to Washing-ton, DC.

Temuri Yakobashvili hksee became ministerfor conflict resolutions for the Republic ofGeorgia.

2005Gayane Afrikian mpa was appointed by theprime minister of Armenia in December to bethe chief executive officer of the newly launchedCouncil on National Competitiveness of Arme-nia, ncca. The council is a multiparty bodywith a national mandate. It is chaired by theprime minister and has government ministers aspermanent members and business, nonprofit,and diaspora leaders as rotating members withfull voting rights.

Mauricio Bejarano hksee left his private sectorjob at The Rendon Group in May to become thechief of staff for the vice president of Colombia.

Frankie Cruz mpa was profiled January 9 onthe Harvard Graduate School of Educationwebsite in its “Everyday Heroes” series. Frankie,an edm alumnus of the Ed School, is executivedirector of Boston Scholars, a nonprofit pro-gram that provides scholarships and support tostudents from low-income backgrounds so theymay attend tuition-based schools and achieveacademic success. The program, currently serv-ing 44 students in grades 9 through 12, providesthem with mentors who are college graduatesable to provide guidance to give them the skillsand discipline necessary to succeed. The story isat gse.harvard.edu/news_events/features/2008/01/09_cruz.php.

was also a really heavy load — 19-hour daysfor seven days a week in pretty stressful circum-stances. I concluded my work on the recoveryplan in February feeling proud that we werereally able to make a tangible difference downthere, but I was also very happy to be done.”In late April, Joe facilitated a town meeting out-side Melbourne, Australia. The summer thenbrought another large project: a statewideconversation on health care reform for 3,500Californians, to shape legislation being consid-ered by the California state legislature.

Richard Greene hksee is now the special/strategic assistant to the director of defenseaffairs at the Multinational Security TransitionCommand in Iraq.

Bill White mpa has left hks after serving foreight years as director of the John F. KennedyJr. Forum — “and 614 Forums,” he writes. Heis now serving in the administration of Massa-chusetts Gov. Deval Patrick as the assistantsecretary for federal relations in the Depart-ment of Energy and Environmental Affairs.

Elizabeth Willmott mpp, Kurt Triplett mpa, andJim Lopez mpa are on the senior staff of KingCounty Executive Ron Sims, in WashingtonState. They visited hks in mid-April to give pre-sentations about and conduct interviews fortheir Executive Fellowship, “a program that hascreated a ‘think tank’ in Ron’s office to createregional solutions to thorny problems likehealth care, climate change, and now economicequity and social justice,” says Elizabeth.

2004Jeffrey Berkin hksee retired from the fbiafter 25 years of service to accept a private sectorposition. This spring he began a new career asa senior vice president and chief security officerfor caci International, a defense contractor andprofessional services company headquarteredin Arlington, Va.

Gela Bezhuashvili hks, hksee 2000 wasappointed national security advisor for theRepublic of Georgia. He is also profiled inthe Kennedy School’s video series “HarvardKennedy School in the World,” which can befound at hks.harvard.edu/news-events/multimedia.

color nature photographs that she took as anadult. “The photographs capture the emotionalweight of growing up in the barrenness of aghetto,” writes Lora. “They also are images ofMother Nature giving me what I did not receivefrom my overworked mother — the folds of theearth that cradle, the caressing of boulders andtrees, and the warm embrace of early morningand late afternoon sunlight.” The book can befound on asiabookcenter.com.

2003Vianney Basse mpa2 is now conseiller diploma-tique adjoint in the cabinet office of the newdefense minister in the administration of FrenchPresident Nicolas Sarkozy.

Steven Breeskin hksee was promoted inDecember to deputy director of the U.S.Department of Labor’s Division of Coal MineWorkers Compensation Program. This federaldisability program administers to the nation’scoal miners and their families by ensuring thatmonetary benefits are provided to qualifiedbeneficiaries. “Could my 28 years in the Depart-ment of Labor be only just the beginning of acareer in public service?” says Steven.

Maria Cristina Caballero mpa published anarticle in the January 10 issue of The ProvidenceJournal on Sakeena Yacoobi, an Afghan womanwho left a comfortable position as a professorat D’Etre University in Grosse Pointe, Mich.,18 years ago to return to Afghanistan to helpits terrorized women and children. In 1995, shecreated the Afghan Institute of Learning (ail)and started organizing 80 underground homeschools for girls, as well as four health clinics.Today ail is helping 350,000 women andchildren and has 470 employees. In DecemberYacoobi was awarded the Harvard KennedySchool 2007 Gleitsman International ActivistAward. Maria Cristina’s article is availableat projo.com.

Joseph Goldman mpp began 2007 in the midstof a massive effort to engage thousands of cur-rent and former New Orleans residents in thecreation of their city’s recovery plan. “It was aremarkable project to be a part of and probablyone of the things that I have done in my careerfor which I am most proud,” he says. “But it

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left to right: Dean David Ellwood and Vuk Jeremic mpa/id 2003; 1998 class members at their class dinner;1993 class members Patricia Langan hks and Colin Jackson mpa present Dean Ellwood with Reunion gift.

Alumni celebrate Reunions.

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HKS REUNION May 16–18, 2008

Collapse of Fortress Bush:The Crisis of Authority in AmericanGovernmentAlasdair Roberts mpp 1986The Collapse of Fortress Bush shows howthe president fought—and lost—key battleswith the defense and intelligence commu-nities. From Homeland Security to Katrina,Bush could not coordinate agencies tomeet domestic threats or disasters. Eitherthe Bush administration refused to exer-cise authority, was thwarted in the attemptto exercise authority, or wielded authoritybut could not meet the test of legitimacyneeded to enact its goals, Roberts writes.Ultimately the vaunted White House disci-pline gave way to public recriminationsamong key advisors. Condemned for secre-tiveness, the Bush administration becameone of the most closely scrutinized presi-dencies in the modern era, he concluded.

owned bank in California in more than 35 yrs,Promerica Bank, where she managed board andinvestor relations. She invites hks friends tovisit her in sunny San Diego, “su casa es tucasa...” She can be reached at jacque-line.reynoso@gmail.com.

2007Anna Bell Farrar mpp is working with dciGroup on federal affairs, issue management, andcorporate social responsibility for nonprofit,government, and private sector clients.

Moses Gituma hksee has been promoted to theposition of manager of strategic management atthe Central Bank of Kenya.

Aaron Graham mpp, national field organ-izer/justice revival coordinator for Sojourners,was included in a Boston Globe series of articleson Ma Siss’s Place and the Quincy Street Mis-sional Church in Boston. The series can be readat boston.com/masiss.

Chris Hughey mpa left his position as thedeputy general counsel of the Federal MaritimeCommission in Washington to become thedeputy general counsel of the Federal ElectionCommission, also in Washington. The fec

administers and enforces campaign finance lawsin federal elections and administers the presi-dential matching funds program. In his newposition, he works alongside the general counselin directing and managing the agency’s litiga-tion, enforcement, and policymaking functions.

Maria Levis mpa2, hksee 2002 and herhusband, Antonio, welcomed their first son,Salvador Santiago Sosa-Levis, into theirlives on February 4th.

Volodymyr Lytvyn hksee has been promotedto deputy minister of finance of Ukraine.

Melanie Roe mpp was named director of hallmanagement for the 2008 Democratic NationalConvention in Denver. She will hold the posi-tion through September. (See page 10 of thisissue for more about Melanie.)

Sean Rush mpa has taken the position ofpresident and chief executive officer of JuniorAchievement (ja) Worldwide. He writes that theorganization is working with 8.5 million peoplein 119 countries around the world, including:4 million in the United States; 150,000 in theMiddle East; 500,000 in Poland; 200,000 inChina; 100,000 in Africa; and 600,000 in Russia.ja provides workforce skill development, finan-

cial literacy education, and entrepreneurshiptraining for children in grades 1 through 12 andthe first two years of college in many countries.Among many projects, they are working in anumber of emerging economies by combiningmicrofinancing with business and economiceducation for rural families. More informationabout the organization can be found at ja.org.

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C L A S S N O T E S

Michael Hayes mpp is still at seal Team tenin Virginia Beach, Va. He spent seven monthslast year in Iraq as the deputy commander of allspecial operations forces in Al-Anbar Provinceand was awarded a Bronze Star with “V” forvalorous actions in combat while pursuingAl Qaeda. “It is definitely a unique problem,”says Mike, “where, irrespective of one’s personalposition on the war, one finds countless peoplewho greatly need our help. Besides our tradi-tional operations where we removed hundredsof hardened insurgents from the streets, wehelped innumerable friendly Iraqi citizens. Wehelped one young girl obtain lifesaving heartsurgery in Jordan, saved another after she hadbeen shot by insurgents, built wells, emplacedgenerators, and conducted medical and dentalassist visits. Our women conducted an Iraqiwomen’s outreach program, and we improved

city and regional governance. We saw securityin Anbar increase dramatically. Our kinetic andnon-kinetic operations contributed to reducingthe number of attacks on Americans from morethan 1,900 in our first month down to 300 permonth just seven months later, and we helpedreduce the number of U.S. servicemen killed inaction from 29 in our first 35 days down to anaverage of 2 per month. Most important, weenabled the citizens of Anbar Province to begintheir own return to normalcy by rejectingextremism and embracing the principles ofgood governance.”

Margot Hope Hoerrner mpa was elected inJanuary to serve as an anc commissioner ofSingle Member District 1b11 in Washington DC,representing 2,000 citizens to the City Counciland Mayor Adrian Fenty. Margot’s district con-sists of Howard University, several square blocksof public housing, and a long stretch of GeorgiaAvenue, which is about to undergo sometransformational commercial and residentialredevelopment. Visit hope4anc.com to learnmore about the challenges facing her and thegoals she has set.

Rick Linnehan hksee, astronaut and missionspecialist, was part of the Shuttle Endeavormission in March. The mission delivered thefirst section of the Japan Aerospace ExplorationAgency’s new laboratory module, Kibo, andCanada’s new robotics system, the SpecialPurpose Dexterous Manipulator, or Dextre, tothe International Space Station. After 16 daysin space and 250 orbits, Rick and fellow crewmembers touched down safely March 26 at theKennedy Space Center in Florida. It was Rick’sfourth mission.

Franklin Pratt hksee, hksee 2006 was recentlyappointed chairman of the Los Angeles Emer-gency Medical Services Commission. He is alsoa member of the Public Health Advisory Com-mittee for the state of California.

Rossana RamirezMPP says it has been awhirlwind since graduation. She took a job withFreedom from Hunger, an international devel-opment ngo based in California, and throughwork she has traveled to various countriesaround the world providing training and tech-nical assistance for local microfinance institu-tions. Between trips and airport runs, she metthe love of her life, Joseph Chen, a financialeconomist working at usc. They were engagedwithin six months and got married within theyear. They are currently living in the East BayArea. She has been very involved with the localhks community and has been lucky to see manyof her classmates either when they were visitingSan Francisco or during one of her manytrips. She is looking forward to getting newsfrom friends. Her current e-mail isrossanamramirez@gmail.com.

2006Brian Ehrlich mpp, an executive of the RelatedGroup in Miami, was appointed to the board ofdirectors of the Miami Beach CommunityDevelopment Corporation.

Temo Figueroa hksee, national field directorfor Barack Obama and former assistant politicaldirector at the largest public-employee unionin the country, was featured in the February 21issue of Time.

Steve Grove mpp, the political director forYouTube, and classmate Sunny Levin Gettinger,corporate communications manager for Google,worked together to plan the cnn/YouTubedebates.

Richard Howorth hksee, mayor of Oxford,Miss., is the proud owner of Square Books. Hisshop, which literally sits “on the square,” hasreceived a lot of attention lately, after beingmentioned in the February 2008 issue of VanityFair.

Ben Jones hksee recently transitioned tothe position of director of public affairs forMissouri and Kansas at Union Pacific Railroad.In this role he is responsible for communityrelations, state government relations, publicrelations, public partnerships, and philanthropicprograms for Union Pacific in Missouriand Kansas.

Jaclyn Marks mpp is working at the CaliforniaPublic Utilities Commission as a policy analystspecializing in renewable energy and climatechange policy. Jaclyn married Doron Ohel onAugust 12, 2007 and resides in San Francisco.

Kimberly Hubbard Walton hksee has beenpromoted to the position of assistant adminis-trator for the Office of the Special Counselor atthe Transportation Security Administration.

Jacqueline Luna Reynoso mpp has taken herhks-acquired skills back to her roots, becomingthe first community development coordinatorfor National City, Calif., since the merger of thecity with the Community Development Com-mission. The city has a high crime rate, amedian income of about $25,000, and 20 per-cent of its population living below the povertylevel. But as Jacqueline is quoted as saying in aNov. 13 article on SignOnSanDiego.com, “Thereare very few people who are educated or accom-plished within my community; it was my dutyto come back and contribute.” Jacqueline isleading National City’s Economic DevelopmentDivision by attracting investments to grow thelocal economy, working to create an Arts andCulture District of the Americas and supportthe continued development of a vibrant andcohesive community. Jacqueline assumed thisposition after helping to start the first Latino-

t Learn more at www.hks.harvard.edu

Graduate Degree Programsat the Harvard Kennedy School

TO SHARE THE EXPERIENCE

ASK WHATYOU CAN DO

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47H A R V A R D K E N N E D Y S C H O O L B U L L E T I N | s u m m e r 2 0 0 8

As a student you were challenged in one of our rigorousand intensive degree programs. You learned from a facultythat is actively engaged in the affairs of the world — shapingpublic policy, advising governments, and helping to runmajor institutions in the United States and abroad. Youbenefited from the programs and activities sponsored byour world-renowned research centers. You gained insightfrom fellow classmates from across the globe who havediverse professional and academic experiences.

Now you have the opportunity to share whatyou learned with others. Let your friends, colleagues,and children know how they can fulfill their aspira-tions and launch the next stage of their professionallives by enrolling at the Kennedy School.

We welcome phone calls, e-mails,and visits from your contacts.Visit www.hks.harvard.edu/admissionsto learn more.

T H E L A S T W O R D

48

exit poll

Talking Heads Early primaries. Split caucuses. Superdelegates. Former pastors. Gender gaps.

Every election adds its own unique offerings to the political lexicon. And this longest and most bitterly

contested political season has been no exception. Throughout, Harvard Kennedy School faculty and alumni

have been in demand to help make sense of it all. Clockwise from top left: David Gergen, professor of

public service and director of the Center for Public Leadership; Elaine Kamarck, lecturer in public policy;

Linda Bilmes, lecturer in public policy; and Jamal Simmons mpp 1998, Democratic analyst.

CHARITABLE LEAD TRUSTMake significant annual gifts toHarvard now and generate a tax-effective transfer of an inheritanceto your heirs with a charitablelead trust.

With a lead trust, you transferassets to a trustee, such as Harvard.The trustee pays an annual sum towhichever part of the universityyou designate for a specific termof years, usually 10 to 25. The assetsof the trust can be invested andmanaged by the Harvard ManagementCompany (hmc). When the trustterminates, the principal plus anyappreciation is transferred to yourbeneficiaries (typically, but not limitedto, children or grandchildren).

TAX IMPLICATIONSYou receive a charitable deductionfor federal gift and estate tax purposesequal to the estimated present valueof the annual trust payments toHarvard. Additionally, any apprecia-tion in the assets during the term ofthe trust, while subject to capital gainstax, is not subject to gift or estatetax. The net result is significant taxsavings that can enable you to transferto your heirs a larger estate after taxthan would otherwise be possible.

EXTERNAL AFFAIRS OFFICE

By establishing a charitable

lead trust benefiting the Harvard

Kennedy School I was able to meet

my financial, estate planning, and

philanthropic objectives in one step.

The lead trust will allow me to

provide an unrestricted, guaranteed

stream of income for the programs

of the Taubman Center for State

and Local Government over the next

20 years, and provide for loved

ones, once they're a bit older.

Robert Beal ab 1963, mba 1965

GIFT OPTIONSWith a lead trust, you can havethe satisfaction of seeing your giftput to work now, and by combiningit with another planned gift, suchas a charitable remainder trust, youcan also endow a fund to supportthe university in perpetuity. To learnmore about charitable lead trusts orother planned giving options andhow you can become a member ofthe Harvard Kennedy School’s Legacyfor Leadership, please contact:

Alasdair H. HallidaySenior Associate DirectorUniversity Planned GivingHarvard University124Mt. Auburn Street,Cambridge, MA 02138

phone 800-446-1277 / 617-496-6957fax 617-495-8130e-mail alasdair_halliday@harvard.eduweb www.post.harvard.edu/pgo

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Thursday, November 13l sif Auction

Friday, November 14l Forum and reception to kick off of the

50th Anniversary of the Mason Programl Reunion dinner for the classes of 1978, 1973,

1968, 1963, 1958

Saturday, November 15l Alumni Refresher on International Developmentl Mason 50th Anniversary dinner celebration

THE WEEKEND EVENTS