J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum
description
Transcript of J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum
![Page 1: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Methods to measure ammonia emissions from animal houses: the case of the Netherlands
J. Mosquera1, G.-J Monteny1 and J.W. Erisman2
1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum2 Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
![Page 2: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ammonia cycle
Transport and reaction
NH4HSO4
(NH4)2SO4
NH4NO3 DepositionNH3
NH4+
Effects - Acidification - Eutrophication - Loss of biodiversity
Emission
NH3
![Page 3: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ammonia emissions
128 kton
100 kton
0
50
100
150
200
250
3001
98
0
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
NH
3 e
mis
sio
ns
(kto
n p
er
yea
r)
![Page 4: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ammonia reduction
Regulations– Covering of outside slurry storage
– No broadcast application of manure
– Green Label award for low emitting houses
– Transition towards low emitting pig and poultry houses
– Regional differentiation (sensitive regions)
– MINAS
![Page 5: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agricultural sources
Sources Houses+Storage
Land application
Grazing TOTAL
Pigs 35 7 --- 42
Cattle 91 25 14 130
Poultry 13 3 --- 16
TOTAL 139 35 14 188
Ammonia emissions (ktons) in the Netherlands (1997)
![Page 6: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Measurement protocols
Housing systems categorized by species
and types
Measurement technique
Duration of the measurements
Period of the year
Management
![Page 7: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Animal houses
Emission = Ventilation * Concentration in exhaust
Mechanical ventilation Natural ventilation
![Page 8: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mechanically ventilated animal houses
Ventilator
Fan wheelanemometer
Sample line NOx monitor
Sample lineto NOx
Fan wheel anemometer
![Page 9: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Naturally ventilated animal houses
QtracerQNH3=Ctracer
CNH3
![Page 10: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Current protocols: benefits and drawbacks
Benefits– Process-level information
• Management• Daily/Seasonal patterns
Drawbacks– Labor intensive– High costs (equipment, maintenance, personal)– Small number of animal houses measured
![Page 11: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Options for improvement
New sampling strategies– Based on data series and statistics – Sources of variance– Autocorrelation
New measurement techniques– Accuracy/ Precision– Representativity– Costs
![Page 12: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
New strategies
2system
2between_farms=#farms
+2
within_farms
(#farms*#days)+
2equipment
(#farms*#days*#replicates)
Sources of variance
Autocorrelation
– More locations to be measured
– Shorter measurement periods
– Year round measurements
![Page 13: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Passive flux samplers under ventilation shafts
Control tube
Measurement tube
Connecting piecePressure taps
Source
D0
![Page 14: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Protocols and methods: costs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
NO
x
PF
S
NO
x
PF
S
NO
x
PF
S
NO
x
PF
S
Measurement method
% c
os
ts
2x6 monthscontinuous1 location
2x6 monthscontinuous3 locations
1 dayper month1 location
1 dayper month3 locations
![Page 15: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Canister+denuder
MFC
MFC
compressor dryer
Tracer gas
to injection points
pump
sample line
Monitor
denuder
Canister
![Page 16: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Flux frame method
![Page 17: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Plume measurements (ECN)
![Page 18: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Quick box method
Tracer gas
Tracer gas,NH3
![Page 19: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Further research
Low cost sensors for ammonia– Management emissions– Ventilation rate – Detection limit
Open path Tunable Diode Laser– Interference with other gases– Laser stability – Ventilation rate
![Page 20: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Conclusions (I)
New strategies– More animal houses to be measured – Shorter measurement periods– Year round measurements
Mechanically ventilated animal houses– Passive flux samplers under the ventilation shafts
Naturally ventilated animal houses– Intern tracer gas ratio method with canister+denuder – Flux frame method – Plume measurements
![Page 21: J. Mosquera 1 , G.-J Monteny 1 and J.W. Erisman 2 1 Wageningen University & Research Centrum](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/568144bc550346895db1843b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Conclusions (II)
Animal houses with outdoor yards– Integrate system: Flux frame method, plume measurements
– House and outdoor yards (quick box) apart
Further research– Low cost sensors for ammonia
– Open path Tunable Diode Laser