J Microirrigation
Transcript of J Microirrigation
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MicroirrigationMicroirrigation
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MicroirrigationMicroirrigation
Delivery of water at low flow rates throughDelivery of water at low flow rates through
various types of water applicators by avarious types of water applicators by a
distribution system located on the soildistribution system located on the soilsurface, beneath the surface, or suspendedsurface, beneath the surface, or suspended
above the groundabove the ground
Water is applied as drops, tiny streams, orWater is applied as drops, tiny streams, or
spray, through emitters, sprayers, or porousspray, through emitters, sprayers, or porous
tubingtubing
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Water Application CharacteristicsWater Application Characteristics
Low ratesLow rates
Over long periods of timeOver long periods of time
At frequent intervalsAt frequent intervals
Near or directly into the root zoneNear or directly into the root zone
At low pressureAt low pressure
Usually maintain relatively high water contentUsually maintain relatively high water content
Used on higher value agricultural/horticulturalUsed on higher value agricultural/horticulturalcrops and in landscapes and nurseriescrops and in landscapes and nurseries
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Schematic of a Typical Microirrigation SystemSchematic of a Typical Microirrigation System
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AdvantagesAdvantages High application efficiencyHigh application efficiency
High yield/qualityHigh yield/quality
Decreased energy requirementsDecreased energy requirements
Reduced salinity hazardReduced salinity hazard
Adaptable for chemigationAdaptable for chemigation Reduced weed growth and diseaseReduced weed growth and disease
problemsproblems
Can be highly automatedCan be highly automated
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages High initial costHigh initial cost
Maintenance requirements (emitterMaintenance requirements (emitter
clogging, etc.)clogging, etc.)
Restricted plant root developmentRestricted plant root development
Salt accumulation near plants (along theSalt accumulation near plants (along the
edges of the wetted zone)edges of the wetted zone)
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Salt Movement Under Irrigation with Saline WaterSalt Movement Under Irrigation with Saline Water
Salt accumulation leachedSalt accumulation leached
downward by successive waterdownward by successive water
applicationsapplications
Salt accumulation leachedSalt accumulation leached
radially outward from dripradially outward from drip
tubingtubing
Subsurface DripSubsurface Drip Sprinkler/FloodSprinkler/Flood
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Types of SystemsTypes of Systems Surface trickle (drip)Surface trickle (drip)
Water applied through small emitterWater applied through small emitter
openings to the soil surface (normally lessopenings to the soil surface (normally less
than 3 gal/hr per emitter)than 3 gal/hr per emitter)
Most prevalent type of microirrigationMost prevalent type of microirrigation
Can inspect, check wetting patterns, andCan inspect, check wetting patterns, andmeasure emitter dischargesmeasure emitter discharges
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Point Source Emitters in a New OrchardPoint Source Emitters in a New Orchard
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Types of Systems ContdTypes of Systems Contd
SpraySpray
Water applied (spray, jet, fog, mist) to the soilWater applied (spray, jet, fog, mist) to the soil
surface at low pressure (normally less thansurface at low pressure (normally less than
about 1 gal/min per spray applicator)about 1 gal/min per spray applicator)
Aerial distribution of water as opposed to soilAerial distribution of water as opposed to soil
distributiondistribution Reduced filtration and maintenanceReduced filtration and maintenance
requirements because of higher flow raterequirements because of higher flow rate
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Types of Systems ContdTypes of Systems Contd BubblerBubbler
Water applied as a small stream to flood theWater applied as a small stream to flood the
soil surface in localized areas (normally lesssoil surface in localized areas (normally less
than about 1 gal/min per discharge point)than about 1 gal/min per discharge point)
Application rate usually greater than the soil'sApplication rate usually greater than the soil's
infiltration rate (because of small wettedinfiltration rate (because of small wetteddiameter)diameter)
Minimal filtration and maintenanceMinimal filtration and maintenance
requirementsrequirements
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Types of Systems ContdTypes of Systems Contd
Subsurface trickleSubsurface trickle
Water applied through small emitterWater applied through small emitter
openings below the soil surfaceopenings below the soil surface
Basically a surface system that's beenBasically a surface system that's been
buried (few inches to a couple feet)buried (few inches to a couple feet)
Permanent installation that is "out of thePermanent installation that is "out of theway"way"
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30 in30 in
60 in60 in
Typical Subsurface Drip Tubing Installation for Row CropsTypical Subsurface Drip Tubing Installation for Row Crops
1212 14 in14 in
Non WheelNon Wheel--
Track RowTrack Row
Wetting PatternWetting Pattern
Drip TubingDrip Tubing
6060--inch dripline spacing is satisfactory on silt loam & clay loam soilsinch dripline spacing is satisfactory on silt loam & clay loam soils
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System ComponentsSystem Components
PumpPump
Control headControl head
FiltersFilters
Chemical injection equipment (tanks, injectors,Chemical injection equipment (tanks, injectors,backflow prevention, etc.)backflow prevention, etc.)
Flow measurement devicesFlow measurement devices
ValvesValves ControllersControllers
Pressure regulatorsPressure regulators
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System Components, ContdSystem Components, Contd
Mainlines and Submains (manifolds)Mainlines and Submains (manifolds)
Often buried and nearly always plastic (PVC)Often buried and nearly always plastic (PVC)
LateralsLaterals
Plastic (PE)Plastic (PE)
Supply water to emitters (sometimesSupply water to emitters (sometimes
"emitters" are part of the lateral itself)"emitters" are part of the lateral itself)
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Applicator HydraulicsApplicator Hydraulics
GeneralGeneral Need pressure in pipelines to distributeNeed pressure in pipelines to distribute
water through the system, but thewater through the system, but the
applicator needs to dissipate that pressureapplicator needs to dissipate that pressure
qqee = emitter discharge= emitter discharge
K = emitter discharge coefficientK = emitter discharge coefficient
H = pressure head at the emitterH = pressure head at the emitter
X = emitter discharge exponentX = emitter discharge exponent
(varies with emitter type)(varies with emitter type)
xKHeq !
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Characteristics of Various Types of EmittersCharacteristics of Various Types of Emitters
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Emitter HydraulicsEmitter Hydraulics
Emitter TypeEmitter Type
Coefficient, KCoefficient, K -- Exponent, XExponent, X
Emitter Discharge, gpmEmitter Discharge, gpm
Operating PressureOperating Pressure
8 psi8 psi 12 psi12 psi 16 psi16 psi
Porous PipePorous Pipe -- 0.112 1.000.112 1.00 2.072.07 3.13.1 4.144.14
Tortuous Path 0.112 0.65Tortuous Path 0.112 0.65 0.750.75 0.970.97 1.171.17
Vortex/Orifice 0.112 0.42Vortex/Orifice 0.112 0.42 0.380.38 0.450.45 0.510.51
Compensating 0.112 0.20Compensating 0.112 0.20 0.200.20 0.220.22 0.230.23
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Estimating Emitter Exponent & CoefficientEstimating Emitter Exponent & Coefficient
Requires discharges qRequires discharges qe1e1, q, qe2e2 at two pressures hat two pressures h11, h, h22
Emitter ExponentEmitter Exponent
Emitter CoefficientEmitter Coefficient
oror
)/log()/log(
21
21
hhqqxee
!
xh
qK
1
1
!xh
qK
2
2
!
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Emitters (Point Source)Emitters (Point Source) LongLong--pathpath
OrificeOrifice
VortexVortex
Pressure compensating (x < 0.5)Pressure compensating (x < 0.5) FlushingFlushing
LineLine--source tubingsource tubing
PorousPorous--wall tubing (pores of capillary size that oozewall tubing (pores of capillary size that ooze
water)water) SingleSingle--chamber tubing (orifices in the tubing or prechamber tubing (orifices in the tubing or pre--
inserted emitters)inserted emitters)
DoubleDouble--chamber tubing (main and auxiliary passages)chamber tubing (main and auxiliary passages)
Applicator Hydraulics ContdApplicator Hydraulics Contd
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SprayersSprayers Foggers, spitters, misters, etcFoggers, spitters, misters, etc
Relatively uniform application over the wetted areaRelatively uniform application over the wetted area
Lateral hydraulicsLateral hydraulics
Very much like sprinkler hydraulics, but on aVery much like sprinkler hydraulics, but on asmaller scalesmaller scale
Since there is usually a large number of emitters,Since there is usually a large number of emitters,
multiple outlet factor (F)multiple outlet factor (F) }} 0.350.35
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OtherDesign and Management IssuesOtherDesign and Management Issues
CloggingClogging Physical (mineral particles)Physical (mineral particles)
Chemical (precipitation)Chemical (precipitation)
Biological (slimes, algae, etc.)Biological (slimes, algae, etc.) FiltrationFiltration
Settling basinsSettling basins
Sand separators (centrifugal or cycloneSand separators (centrifugal or cycloneseparators)separators)
Media (sand) filtersMedia (sand) filters
Screen filtersScreen filters
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There are many different typesThere are many different types
of filtration systems.of filtration systems.
There are many different typesThere are many different types
of filtration systems.of filtration systems.
The type is dictated byThe type is dictated bythe water source andthe water source and
also by emitter size.also by emitter size.
The type is dictated byThe type is dictated bythe water source andthe water source and
also by emitter size.also by emitter size.
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Filtration Requirements for Drip EmittersFiltration Requirements for Drip Emitters
Filter openings should beFilter openings should be
1/71/7thth 1/101/10thth the size ofthe size of
the emitter orificethe emitter orifice
0.0200.020--inch orificeinch orifice
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Plugging Potential of Irrigation Water for
Microirrigation
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Chemical treatmentChemical treatmentAcid: prevent calcium precipitationAcid: prevent calcium precipitation
ChlorineChlorine control biological activity: algae and bacterial slimecontrol biological activity: algae and bacterial slime
deliberately precipitate irondeliberately precipitate iron
FlushingFlushing
after installation or repairs, and as part of routineafter installation or repairs, and as part of routinemaintenancemaintenance
valves or other openings at the end of all pipes,valves or other openings at the end of all pipes,including lateralsincluding laterals
Application uniformityApplication uniformity manufacturing variationmanufacturing variation
pressure variations in the mainlines and lateralspressure variations in the mainlines and laterals
pressurepressure--discharge relationships of the applicatorsdischarge relationships of the applicators
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Subsurface Drip IrrigationSubsurface Drip Irrigation
AdvantagesAdvantages
High water application efficiency
Uniform water application
Lower pressure & power requirements
Adaptable to any field shape
No dry corners vs. center pivot Adaptable to automation
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Subsurface Drip IrrigationSubsurface Drip Irrigation
DisadvantagesDisadvantages High initial cost
Water filtration required
Complex maintenance requirements
Flushing, Chlorination, Acid injection
Susceptible to gopher damage
Salt leaching limitations
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Subsurface DripSubsurface Drip--Center Pivot ComparisonCenter Pivot Comparison
((--S
ection Field; ET =0.
25 in/day)S
ection Field; ET =0.
25 in/day)
Subsurface DripSubsurface Drip Center PivotCenter Pivot
Area IrrigatedArea Irrigated 160 acres160 acres 125 acres125 acres
Initial CostInitial Cost $800$800--1000 acre1000 acre $280$280--360 acre360 acre
Irrigation EfficiencyIrrigation Efficiency 9090--95%95% 7070--85%85%
Water RequirementWater Requirement 5.05.0--5.3 gpm acre5.3 gpm acre 5.55.5--6.8 gpm acre6.8 gpm acre
Operating PressureOperating Pressure 1010--20 psi20 psi 2525--35 psi35 psi
Energy RequirementEnergy Requirement(250(250--ft lift, mile supply line)ft lift, mile supply line)
36 hp36 hp--hr achr ac--inin 48 hp48 hp--hr achr ac--inin
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Gopher Damage on Subsurface Drip TubingGopher Damage on Subsurface Drip Tubing
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Schematic of Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) SystemSchematic of Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) System
PumpPump
StationStation
BackflowBackflow
PreventionPrevention
DeviceDevice
FlowmeterFlowmeter
ChemicalChemical
InjectionInjection
SystemSystem
Air & VacuumAir & Vacuum
Release ValveRelease Valve
X X
Pressure GagePressure Gage
X X
Flush ValveFlush Valve
XX
DriplineDriplineLateralsLaterals ZonesZones1 and 21 and 2
SubmainSubmain
FlushlineFlushline
FiltrationFiltration
SystemSystem
x
X Zone ValveZone Valve
Diagram courtesy of Kansas State UniversityDiagram courtesy of Kansas State University
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Turbulent flow PVC emitter welded inside tubingTurbulent flow PVC emitter welded inside tubing
Netafim TyphoonNetafim Typhoon Drip Irrigation TubingDrip Irrigation Tubing
(Clear Demo Tubing)(Clear Demo Tubing)
1616--mm diameter, seamless, 13mm diameter, seamless, 13--mil thick extruded PE tubingmil thick extruded PE tubing
Emitter outletEmitter outlet
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Netafim TyphoonNetafim Typhoon Drip Irrigation TubingDrip Irrigation Tubing
Flap over emitter outlet:Flap over emitter outlet:
-- prevents root intrusionprevents root intrusion
-- prevents blockage by mineral scaleprevents blockage by mineral scale
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30 in30 in
60 in60 in
Typical Drip Tubing Installation for Row CropsTypical Drip Tubing Installation for Row Crops
1212 14 in14 in
Non WheelNon Wheel--
Track RowTrack Row
Wetting PatternWetting Pattern
Drip TubingDrip Tubing
6060--inch dripline spacing is satisfactory on silt loam & clay loam soilsinch dripline spacing is satisfactory on silt loam & clay loam soils
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Wetting Pattern of a Subsurface Drip LateralWetting Pattern of a Subsurface Drip Lateral
Photo Courtesy of Kansas State UniversityPhoto Courtesy of Kansas State University
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Wider dripline spacings may not work.Wider dripline spacings may not work.Wider dripline spacings may not work.Wider dripline spacings may not work.
Photo Courtesy of Kansas
State University
Photo Courtesy of Kansas
State University
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SDI
System Maintenance
SDI
System Maintenance
Lateral flushing scheduleLateral flushing schedule
(sediment)(sediment)
Chlorine injectionChlorine injection scheduleschedule
(biological growths)(biological growths)
Acid injection scheduleAcid injection schedule
(chemical precipitates & scaling)(chemical precipitates & scaling)
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Salt Movement Under Irrigation with Saline WaterSalt Movement Under Irrigation with Saline Water
Salt accumulation leachedSalt accumulation leached
downward by successive waterdownward by successive water
applicationsapplications
Salt accumulation leachedSalt accumulation leached
radially outward from dripradially outward from drip
tubingtubing
Subsurface DripSubsurface Drip Sprinkler/FloodSprinkler/Flood
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Small research plots during supply line installation
Small research plots during supply line installation
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Plowing in drip tubing
Plowing in drip tubing
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Trenching across the drip tubing ends for PVC manifold installationTrenching across the drip tubing ends for PVC manifold installation
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Drip tubing end after being sheared by the trencher
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Components for Drip LateralComponents for Drip Lateral--Submain ConnectionSubmain Connection
21/32 Hole in Submain21/32 Hole in Submain
NeopreneGrommetNeopreneGrommet
PolyethylenePolyethylene
Barb AdapterBarb Adapter
5/8 Polyethylene5/8 Polyethylene
Supply Tube
Supply Tube(Usually 2(Usually 2--3 ft long)3 ft long)
Stainless Steel Wire Twist TieStainless Steel Wire Twist Tie
5/8 Drip Irrigation Tubing5/8 Drip Irrigation Tubing
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Typical Drip Tubing Connection to SubmainTypical Drip Tubing Connection to Submain(1 (1 --inch Submains and Larger)inch Submains and Larger)
Supply Submain or Flushing ManifoldSupply Submain or Flushing Manifold
NeopreneGrommet InsertedNeopreneGrommet Inserted
in 21/32 hole in manifoldin 21/32 hole in manifold
Polyethylene Barb AdapterPolyethylene Barb Adapter
Inserted in GrommetInserted in Grommet
5/8 Polyethylene5/8 Polyethylene
Supply Tubing
Supply Tubing
5/8 Drip5/8 Drip
Irrigation TubingIrrigation Tubing
Stainless SteelStainless Steel
Wire Twist TieWire Twist Tie
Identical connection on distal end for flushing manifold connectionIdentical connection on distal end for flushing manifold connection
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Flush Risers on Distal End of Research PlotsFlush Risers on Distal End of Research Plots
Ball Valve for ManualBall Valve for Manual
Flushing of Drip LateralsFlushing of Drip Laterals
Air Vent to Release TrappedAir Vent to Release Trapped
Air from LateralsAir from Laterals
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SDI Water Application RatesSDI Water Application Rates(inches/hour)(inches/hour)
(60(60--inch tubing spacing)inch tubing spacing)
12 inches12 inches 18 inches18 inches 24 inches24 inches
0.16 gph0.16 gph 0.0430.043 0.0340.034 0.0260.026
0.21 gph0.21 gph 0.0560.056 0.0450.045 0.0340.034
0.33 gph0.33 gph 0.0880.088 0.0710.071 0.0530.053
0.53 gph0.53 gph 0.1420.142 0.1130.113 0.0850.085
Emitter SpacingEmitter Spacing
Emitter DischargeEmitter Discharge