J. Hoffmeyer -- Western Telecom Consultants, Inc.1 IEEE 1900 Committee Next Generation Radio and...

J. Hoffmeyer -- Western Telecom Consultants, Inc. 1

IEEE 1900 Committee

Next Generation Radio and Spectrum Management

Jim HoffmeyerWestern Telecom Consultants, Inc.IEEE 1900.1 Working Group Chair

[email protected]

303-931-3840


Presentation Outline

• Problem Definition – the 10,000 foot view

– Technical

– Common Regulatory Concerns

• IEEE 1900 Committee

– 1900.1

– 1900.2

– 1900.3

– Study Groups

• Existing and Potential Relations with Other Standards Organizations

• Summary


The Buzzwords

• Software Defined Radio

• Cognitive Radio

• Policy-Based Radio

• Reconfigurable Radio

• Smart Radio

• Intelligent Radio

• Composite Networks

Complex technology, regulatory, business, standards and legal issues need to be solved to bring this to fruition


Man-Machine Interface

Software Control Processing Engine (Adaptive Control Mechanism)

Information needed for cognitive and policy-based adaptive control mechanisms:

•Policies (regulatory, operational, user)•Sensor information•Available RF bands•Propagation data•Available protocols•Performance requirements•Information from radio network infrastructure

Information to software control processing engine

Control Signals

Radio Signals

LEGEND

RF Digital

SoftwareControl

I/0

Software Controlled Radio (SCR)

Illustration of Advanced Radio System Terminology


Radio Platform

Transmit Sense

Planning

DataBase

Monitor

Learning

Radio Platform

Transmit Sense

Radio Platform

Transmit Sense

Radio Platform

Transmit Sense

Communication Channel•Information Exchange•Distributed Resource Allocation•Negotiation, Contracting etc

Tasks, Policies, Rules, Goals

Cognitive Radio

Note: The arrows shown above should be viewed as representative and should not be interpreted to imply a specific standardized implementation

Components of Intelligent Radio Systems


Control & Behavior

Algorithms

RF Digital

SoftwareControl

I/0

Radio Capabilities

Software Controlled Radio (SCR)

Hardwired or Software

OpportunitiesSense

Environment

- Downloadable- Changeable

RegulatoryPolicies

Interference Avoidance

Policy Controls

System OperatorPolicies

Security, QoS, Mission

Priorities, etc.

RadioPolicies

Routing, Duty Cycle, Power,

etc.

PolicyBase

Policy Processing• Reasoning/Inference• Conformance Checking• …

Components of Policy-Based Radio Adaptive Control Mechanism


1. Spectrum Usage Data Collection

•Real-time, wide-band, low-power sensing of the spectrum environment

•Download machine-readable regulatory policies and spectrum usage information that are both geo-location and time sensitive.

3. React

•Formulate the best course of action (i.e., what is the most appropriate frequency and waveform to use)

2. Characterize the Data

•Real-time evaluation of the spectrum data

•Rapid waveform determination

4. Adapt

•Transition network to new emission plan

Dynamic

Frequency

Selection

Policy-Based Radio Dynamic Frequency Selection Functions


Some Key Issues

• Why is there a need for common definitions?

• What are the different perspectives of the issues: technical, regulatory, industry food chain and business cases?

• Global (international) issues – What are the commonalities and the differences?

• Are the issues service related? What issues can be addressed globally (all services and bands of the spectrum)?

• What standards are needed?

– New IEEE 1900 Series – What are the objectives?– What is/will be the role of the ITU?

• What are the regulatory requirements? What is a realistic vision and timeline for that vision?

– Does the timeline and vision differ between services and bands in the spectrum?

• What additional research is needed?

• Security issues – what has been addressed and what remains to be addressed?




– Technical



– 1900.1

– 1900.2

– 1900.3

– Study Groups


• Summary


Common Concerns of Regulatory Authorities Around the Globe (1 of 2)

• Increasing demands for access to more spectrum

• More efficient use of the spectrum

• Spectrum trading

• Dynamic frequency sharing

• Interrelationship of developments in technology, market and regulatory practices

• Need for a new spectrum management paradigm

• Pace of technology development – regulation has to keep up or get out of the way


Common Concerns of Regulatory Authorities Around the Globe (2 of 2)

• Balance of different types of spectrum management– “Command and control” – Inflexible frequency assignments– “Market mechanisms” – The market manages the spectrum within the constraints of the

licenses.– “License exempt use” – Nobody controls who uses the spectrum; power constraints or other

mechanisms restrict usage to reduce interference.

• International Coordination

• Investment in Equipment

• Security (ensure that disruption to communication services can not occur as a result of inadvertent or malicious changes to software in advanced communications devices and systems).

• Interference (ensure that users can use the spectrum assigned to them without disruption).

• Noise temperature

• See the bibliography:– European Radio Spectrum Policy Group – ERO ECC PT8 – FCC Spectrum Policy Task Force Report and proceedings on software defined radio and cognitive radio and

related proceedings– Ofcom Spectrum Framework Review– Cave Report




– Technical



– 1900.1

– 1900.2

– 1900.3

– Study Groups


• Summary


What Standards Are Needed?

• Definitions and Concepts

• Interference/Co-Existence/Sharing

• Conformance, Dependability, Evaluation, Levels of Assurance and Compliance

• Network aspects of cognitive and reconfigurable radio systems

• Security

• Other


Purpose of IEEE Standards Committee 1900

The IEEE P1900 Standards Group was established in the first

quarter 2005 jointly by the IEEE Communications Society

(ComSoc) and the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Society. The objective of this effort is to develop supporting

standards dealing with new technologies and techniques

being developed for next generation radio and advanced

spectrum management.


Current Standards Activities of IEEE 1900 (1 of 5)

– 1900.1 WG: Standard Definitions and Concepts for Spectrum Management and

Advanced Radio Technologies

• Project Approval Request approved March 2005; many drafts have been created; work

primarily being done by email and teleconference calls, but supplemented by physical

meetings; international participation.

• Chair: Jim Hoffmeyer [email protected]

• This standard will provide technically precise definitions and explanations of key

concepts in the fields of spectrum management, policy defined radio, adaptive radio,

software defined radio, and related technologies. The document will go beyond simple,

short definitions by providing amplifying text that explains these technologies from

different perspectives. The document will also describe how these technologies

interrelate and can be used in a wide variety of communication service environments to

achieve new capabilities while at the same time providing mechanisms supportive of

new spectrum management paradigms and spectrum access.

mailto:[email protected]


Definition of Cognitive Radio/Cognitive Radio Node

• a.) Radio in which communication systems are aware of their environment and internal state and can make decisions about their radio operating behavior based on that information. The environmental information may or may not include location information related to communication systems.

• b.) Cognitive Radio (as defined in a.) that utilizes Software Defined Radio, Adaptive Radio, and other technologies to automatically adjust its behavior or operations to achieve desired objectives

• Footnotes to the definitions– The IEEE recognizes that the terminology commonly used is “cognitive radio.”

However, generally the cognitive functionality may be outside the boundary normally associated with a radio (e.g., environment sensing is a cognitive function that is not normally part of a radio).

– [1] The IEEE notes that the terms “dumb,” “aware,” and “smart, are used in the technical literature but the IEEE does not define these terms at this time. They are additional functional terms that are sometimes applied to radios.



– 1900.2 WG: Recommended Practice for the Analysis of In-Band and Adjacent

Band Interference and Coexistence between Radio Systems

• PAR approved March 2005; several drafts have been created; work primarily being done

by email and teleconference calls, but supplemented by physical meetings; international

participation.

• Chair: Steve Berger [email protected]

• This recommended practice will provide technical guidelines for analyzing the potential

for coexistence or in contrast interference between radio systems operating in the same

frequency band or between different frequency bands.




– 1900.3 WG: Recommended Practice for Conformance Evaluation of Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software Modules

• PAR approved May 2005; work has been initiated.

• Chair: Andre Kruetzfeldt: [email protected]

• This recommended practice will provide guidance on how to estimate the conformance

with relevant specifications of software intended for deployment into a SDR terminal.

Concepts and methods to be used in these analyses will be detailed. This

recommended practice will support quality control and testing.

• The goal of this effort is to assure that SDR software can be deployed with high

confidence that it will operate within prescribed regulatory and operational limits. The

guideline will apply to wireless network operators and terminal equipment

manufacturers to help them define test guidelines that conform to SDR technologies

licensed by regulatory authorities.




Study Group A: Dependability and Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance for Radio Systems with Dynamic Spectrum Access

• Study Group approved March 2006

• Chair: John Chapin (Vanu Corporation): [email protected]

• Depending on level of interest, it may become a new Working Group.

• Areas of Study

– Dependability – level of trust in the correct operation of a system.

– Evaluation – Assessment of whether or not a system is correct, i.e., whether or not it complies with a specification

» Evaluation of the etiquette

» Evaluation of the implementations

– Levels of assurance




Study Group B: Coexistence Support for Reconfigurable, Heterogeneous Air Interfaces

• Study Group is being proposed by End-2-End Reconfigurability Project

• Chair: Markus Muck (Motorola, Paris)

• Depending on level of interest, it may become a new Working Group.

• Areas of Study– The coexistence of heterogeneous air interfaces naturally occurs in a software-

defined radio context where devices adapt their respective air interface usage and Dynamic Spectrum Access strategies to their QoS requirements. In particular, devices operating in a context-aware environment off-load a number of data-streams to one or several different air interfaces which are chosen in function of their availability and QoS.

– Uncertainties regarding the efficiency of resource usage strategies in user devices and/or network equipment create significant problems for both industry and regulators.

– The above topics will be studied with the view of determining the feasibility of developing standards in this area.


Study Group B / 1900.4 (continued)

Study Group B:• PAR submitted for Working Group creation (under review by NesCom in december

• Chair(s): Soodesh Buljore (Motorola, Paris) • Vice Chair: Patricia Martigne (FTR&D, Paris)

• Define system architecture for the optimisation of radio resource usage and spectrum access; standardised protocols at a latter stage in order to provide improved capacity, efficiency and utility within a heterogeneous wireless network wherein devices operate

– on multiple air interfaces, therefore spectrum bands

– with next generation radio capabilities,• Simultaneous connection to more than one Radio Access Technology (RAT) • dynamic spectrum access,• distributed decision making for radio resource usage strategies

– in licensed and unlicensed bands.

– Resources : Radio Access Technologies, Frequency Bands & Channels, wherein frequency bands cover multiple channels

P1900.B/.4 System which enables optimization of radio resource usage for devices supporting multiple links and multiple radio access technology simultaneously.


More Information on IEEE 1900

• http://www.ieeep1900.org/

• http://standards.ieee.org/board/nes/1000-1999.html



• Problem Definition – the 10,000 foot view– Technical


• IEEE 1900 Committee– 1900.1

– 1900.2

– 1900.3

– Study Groups


• Summary


IEEE 1900 Committee on Next Generation Radio and Spectrum Management – Possible Relations with External Organizations

IEEE 1900

(Jointly sponsored by ComSoc SA and EMC SA

IEEE 802.18

Regulatory TAG

IEEE 802.19

Coexistence TAG

IEEE 802.22

Cognitive Radio in TV Bands

Other IEEE ?

ITU-R•Study Groups 1, 8 and possibly others

SDR Forum OMGEnd-to-End

Reconfigurability Project

802.18 Chair is official

liaison person between IEEE

and ITU-R

Other )

(future)

IEEE 1900 has submitted inputs

to WP8A and WP8F; new

Question on CR

MOU being discussed

MOU being discussed

Informal interactions

Informal agreement to

coordinate documents

Informal interactions

Through IEEE 1900 Study

Group B


• IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Series

– 802.16 WG: Broadband Wireless Access Working Group

– 802.18 TAG: Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group

– 802.19 WG: Coexistence Working Group

– 802.20 WG: Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBA)

– 802.21 WG: Medial Independent Handover Services

– 802.22 WG: Wireless Regional Area Networks

• Developing Standard for Cognitive Wireless Regional Area Networks (RAN)

Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Policies

and Procedures for Operation in the TV Bands

Other Relevant IEEE Standards Activities


What Is the Role of the ITU-R and How Will This Evolve?

• Current ITU-R Activities In SDR Relative to Question on SDR– WP8A Report on SDR, “Software-Defined Radio in the Land Mobile Service.”

(ITU-R Report M.2064)

– WP8F Report on SDR, “The Impact of Software Defined Radio on IMT-2000, the Future Development of IMT-2000 and Systems Beyond IMT-2000.”

(ITU-R Report 2063)

– Combined Report - This will include other working parties in ITU-R Study Group 8 (Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services )

• Near-Term Activities of the ITU-R– Study Group 8 (Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite

services): • Existing Question on Software Defined Radio

• New Question (DNQ) on Cognitive Radio

– Study Group 1 (Spectrum Management) • Proposed Draft New Question on SDR

• Proposed Draft New Question on Cognitive Radio

• Longer-Term Activities of the ITU-R– New Spectrum Management Paradigm?

Note: IEEE is a Sector Member of the ITU-R


ITU Radiocommunication Sector Questions (1 of 2)

• ITU-R Study Group 8Question on SDR– Question ITU-R 230-1/8: Software-defined radio (assigned jointly to WP 8A

and WP 8F) • What should the appropriate ITU definition for SDR be?

• What are the key technical characteristics that are associated with the design and application of SDR?

• What frequency band considerations are important to the application of SDR?

• What special interference considerations may be required in SDR applications?

• What are the operational implications of SDR to mobile radio systems?

• What technical considerations are necessary to insure conformance with ITU Recommendations and Radio Regulations?

• IEEE 1900 has contributed to the two published ITU-R reports on SDR


ITU Radiocommunication Sector Questions (2 of 2)

• ITU-R Study Group 8 Question on Cognitive Radio

– What is the ITU definition of cognitive radio systems?

– What are the closely related radio technologies (e.g. smart radio, reconfigurable radio, policy-defined adaptive radio and their associated control mechanisms) and their functionalities that may be a part of cognitive radio systems?

– What key technical characteristics, requirements, performance and benefits are associated with the implementation of cognitive radio systems?

– What are the potential applications of cognitive radio systems and their impact on spectrum management?

– What are the operational implications (including privacy and authentication) of cognitive radio systems?

– What are the cognitive capabilities that could facilitate coexistence with existing systems in the mobile service and in other radiocommunication services, such as broadcast, mobile satellite or fixed?

– What sharing techniques can be used to implement cognitive radio systems to ensure coexistence with other users?

– How can cognitive radio systems promote the efficient use of the radio resources?

– IEEE 1900 will contribute to this work


GS

M

GS

M

GS

M

GS

M

DE

CT

UM

TS

WLA

N

WLA

N

* * *

Frequency (Not to Scale)

850

MH

z

5500

M

Hz

Spectrum Broker

Spectrum Allocation Manager

Network Planning & Management

Composite Network•Multiple cellular networks•Broadcast•WLAN•etc.

Mo

nit

ors

an

d C

on

tro

ls

Acc

ess

Net

wo

rk L

oad

Allocates spectrum in composite environments

Negotiates Spectrum

E2R Concept of Dynamic Spectrum Management in Composite Radio Environments

Information Source: Reconfiguration Techniques to

Enhance Network Efficiency, K. Moessner;


Unlicensed Bands– Spectrum etiquette– Opportunistic spectrum access

Licensed Bands Interruptible Mode– Spectrum pooling– Primary user (higher priority) & secondary

users

Licensed Bands Centralized Mode– Multiple operators– Auctions– Spectrum pooling– Dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA)

Co

gn

itiv

e R

adio

Sco

pe

of

Rec

on

fig

ura

bil

ity

Wireless World Research Forum View of Cognitive Radio and Reconfigurability

Information Source: WWRF White Paper by Dimitrakopoulos, Hoffmeyer, et. al. – See bibliography.


•Primarily focused on commercial wireless applications.

•Reconfigurable radio

•Networks to support reconfigurable radio

SDR Forum

•Addressing military, commercial, and public safety applications of SDR and CR

•Definitions

•Measurements and analysis of current spectrum utilization

IEEE 1900•Definitions•Concepts•Vision•Roadmap

•Guidelines on how to analyze the potential for coexistence, or conversely interference between radio services.

•SDR conformance modeling.

DARPA XG Policy-based Adaptive

•Primarily focused on military applications.•Development of enabling technologies •Protocols•Wideband sensing and opportunity identification.•Policy language framework, machine readable and machine understandable policies•Traceability – identification of sources if interference occurs.•Verification and accreditation•Need for a new regulatory policy framework.

WWRF and E2R

ITU-R

•WP8A: Report on SDR for mobile applications other than IMT-2000

•WP8F: Report on SDR for IMT-2000 applications

•WRC changes to Radio Regulations

Ideal Goal:

Globally coordinated PBR/SCR/SDR/RR/CR definitions, concepts,

vision and interference guidelines

Note: This figure does not purport to depict all entities involved in PBR/SCR/SDR/RR/CR/ and related technologies (e.g., NSF, academic research, other standards organizations, etc. are not depicted).




– Technical



– 1900.1

– 1900.2

– 1900.3

– Study Groups


• Summary

33CR – Cognitive Radio PBAR – Policy-Based Adaptive RadioRFI – Request for Information SCR – Software Controlled RadioSDR – Software Defined Radio SR – Software Radio

Note: SDR currently is practical for some applications such as commercial wireless basestations, but not for some wireless handsets. Cost, power, size and weight are critical design requirements that must be considered when considering the use of advanced radio technologies.

Incr

easi

ng

Fle

xib

ility

an

d

Rec

on

fig

ura

bili

ty

SCRSCR + SDR baseband

(for some applications)

Ideal Software Radio

SCR + SDR baseband + SDR RF

Hardware Radio

1995 2005 20252015

2004: First SDR device approved by FCC

1995: First RFI on SDR

SR

SDR

Increasing use of softw

are

in advanced radios

CR

PBAR

Hardware radio includes firmware and

therefore may have significant

operational flexibility.

Rough Technology Timeline


Summary

• The spectrum crunch resulting from the demand for new services in many applications is a major driving factor.

• There is a complex interrelationship between business cases for new wireless services, technology, standards and regulatory requirements.

• IEEE 1900 is well positioned to play a leading role in meeting the standardization requirements in next generation radio.

• Regulators need standards to reference.

• The IEEE 1900 Committee has already made significant contributions to the ITU-R.

• The IEEE 1900 Committee is investigating possible formal relationships with the following organizations:

– Object Management Group (OMG)– SDR Forum


IEEE 1900 Meeting Schedule 2007

Month Dates Organization Event Location

January 1900.4 Working Group Meeting

Paris or London

March 1900.4 Working Group Meeting

Spain

April 18 -20 IEEE ComSoc DySPAN Dublin, Ireland

April 16 – 19 IEEE 1900 Plenary plus WGs Dublin, Ireland

June 1900.4 Working Group Meeting

Athens

July 9 – 10 IEEE EMC EMC Symposium Honolulu, HA USA

July 9 – 10 TENTATIVE

IEEE 1900 Plenary plus WGs Honolulu, HAUSA

September 1900.4 Working Group Meeting

Paris

September 24 – 28 OMG OMG Technical Meeting

Jacksonville, FL USA

September 24 – 28TENTATIVE

IEEE 1900 Plenary plus WGs Jacksonville, FL USA

November 1900.4 Working Group Meeting

Berlin


Abbreviated Bibliography (1 of 2)

1. FCC Proceedings on Cognitive Radio and SDR:– Spectrum Policy Task Force Report, ET Docket 02-135, November 2002– Authorization and Use of Software Defined Radios ET Docket No. 00-47, Report and Order,

September 2001– Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive

Radio Technologies, ET Docket 03-108, Report and Order, March 2005

2. Software-Enabled Wireless Interoperability Assessment Report - Software Defined Radio Subscriber Equipment: http://www.safecomprogram.gov/SAFECOM/library/technology/1170_softwareenabledwireless.htm

3. European Radiocommunications Office (ERO) Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) PT 8 ECC PT8: http://www.ero.dk/B2FCAAB8-DAAD-43DA-84E7-A6BEA982F907.W5Doc

4. Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (RE&TTE): http://www.ero.dk/B2FCAAB8-DAAD-43DA-84E7-A6BEA982F907.W5Doc

5. European Radio Spectrum Policy Group http://rspg.groups.eu.int/

6. Moessner, K.; Grandblaise, F.; Caper, J.; Luo, J.; and Mohyeldin, E. (2004), “Reconfiguration Techniques to Enhance Network Efficiency,” Frequenz, 58, 5-6, pp 132 – 135. Available at: http://www.e2r.motlabs.com/

7. WWRF White Paper: Dimitrakopoulos, G., Demestichas, Pl; Grandblaise, D.; Moessner, K.; Hoffmeyer, J.; and Luo, J (2005a); “Cognitive Radio, Spectrum and Radio Resource Management, WWRF WG 6 White Paper, Available at: http://e2r.motlabs.com/dissemination/whitepapers

http://www.safecomprogram.gov/SAFECOM/library/technology/1170_softwareenabledwireless.htm

http://www.ero.dk/B2FCAAB8-DAAD-43DA-84E7-A6BEA982F907.W5Doc


Abbreviated Bibliography (2 of 2)

8. 11th CEPT Conference Presentations: http://www.ero.dk/6672A950-B423-4BE0-B532-914DAA65A381.W5Doc?frames=0

9. 12th CEPT Conference: European Electronic Communications Regulatory Forum Presentations: http://www.ero.dk/69D2D33E-0770-44CB-BEF1-9A8C74C04DBD.W5Doc?frames=no&

• Session 1: Spectrum Management Reform – Who Needs It?• Session 2: Ultra Wideband – Pioneer of New Spectrum Use Paradigms?• Session 3: Regulatory Approaches Around the Globe• Session 4: Alternative Approaches to Regulation•

10. Ofcom Spectrum Framework Review (http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/sfr/sfr2/)

11. Radio Spectrum Management Review, Professor Martin Cave, http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/spectrum-review/index.htm

12. Wireless World Research Forum http://www.wireless-world-research.org/

13. Multi-Mode Radio Architecture Platforms http://www.mumor.org/

14. Japan Radio Policy Vision, 30 July 2003 http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/eng/features/radio_policy_vision.pdf

15. IEICE Transactions on Communications, December 2003: Special issue on software defined radio technology and it application http://www.ieice.or.jp/cs/trans_b.html

16. Vision 20/20: Future Scenarios for the Communications Industry – Implications for Regulation (Australia), April 2005 http://internet.aca.gov.au/ACAINTER.131186:STANDARD:1689838082:pc=PC_1650

17. Radio Software Download for Commercial Wireless Reconfigurable Devices; J. Hoffmeyer, et. al. IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2004

J. Hoffmeyer -- Western Telecom Consultants, Inc.1 IEEE 1900 Committee Next Generation Radio and...

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