J. Environ. Res. Develop. Journal of Environmental Research And … · 2018-12-15 · J. Environ....

J. Environ. Res. Develop. Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol.10 No. 01, July-September 2015

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Review paper (NS- I) ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN

RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA Savale P. A.

Department of Physics, Arts and Science College, Bhalod Tal. Yawal Dist. Jalgaon, Maharashtra (INDIA)

Received January 10, 2015 Accepted July 19, 2015

ABSTRACT Energy security, economic growth and environment protection are the national energy policy drivers of any country of the world. There is an urgent need for transition from petroleum based energy systems to one based on renewable resources to decrease dependence on depleting reserves of fossil fuels. Renewable energy has the potential to create many employment opportunities at all levels, especially in rural areas. Enhancing the regular use of renewable energy sources, promoting deployment, innovation and basic research in renewable energy technologies, resolving the barriers to development and commercial deployment of solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, nuclear and biomass technologies in rural area is today’s need. In this research paper, various renewable energy resources, their potential of producing electricity, their cost effectiveness, repeatability, efficiency, applications and limitations, transport and storage problems are focus of discussion.

Key Words : Renewable energy sources, Solar, Wind, Hydropower, Geothermal, Nuclear, Biomass

INTRODUCTION Solar is the Latin word for sun. It is a powerful source of energy. Without it, there will be no life. This is the most recognized renewable energy source. India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to7 kWh/m2 for 300 to 330 days in a year. This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per square kilometer land area. Energy from the sun is captured using cells made from silicon materials and then converted into electricity. The biggest factor in solar cell production is cost. It is considered renewable energy because the technology used to convert the sun’s power into electricity does not produce smoke. Tapping the sun’s energy does not usually destroy the environment.1-5 Unfort-unately, the sun does not available in the night, and in some days, clouds and rains and other natural conditions prevent the sun’s powerful rays to reach earth. This means that it is not always available. India has been rated as one of the most promising countries for wind power development with an estimated potential of 20,000 MW. Total installed capacity of wind electric generators in

the world is 23270 MW. Germany 8100 MW, Spain 3175 MW, USA 4240 MW, Denmark 2417 MW and India1426 MW top the list of countries. Thus, India ranks fifth in the world in wind power generation. There are 39 wind potential stations in Tamil Nadu, 36 in Gujarat, 30 in Andhra Pradesh, 27 in Maharashtra, 26 in Karnataka, 16 in Kerala, 8 in Lakshadweep, 8 Rajasthan, 7 in Madhya Pradesh, 7 in Orissa, 2 in West Bengal, 1 in Andaman Nicobar and 1 in Uttar Pradesh.6,7 Out of 208 suitable stations 7 stations have shown wind power density more than 500 Watts/ m2. Hydro electric energy is becoming a common source of electricity production in the 21st century. There is a large amount of kinetic energy stored in water. It is available for use when the rivers and streams flow towards the oceans and the potential becomes greater when they turn into waterfalls. Most dams that are being built have infrastructure that allows them to capture the energy from the water. Being a clean, cheap and renewable source of energy, a lot of research is being put into efficient utilization of the water resources we have


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available on the planet.8,9 Hydropower is renewable, environment friendly and produces no toxic gases. Geothermal power does not put off greenhouse gases and it is reliable. However, it can only be used in areas where there is tectonic activity. Unfortunately, drilling is involved with geother-mal extraction. Additionally, exploration is rather expensive. The costs of starting a geothermal plant are quite high at the outset, including the piping that would need to be laid and all the other costs, although a geothermal operation takes up less surface space than a power plant that uses coal or oil.10-14 Fuel is not necessary for a geothermal plant at all. However, once a successful geothermal plant is established, the long term cost efficiency usually makes up for the initial cost outlay. Ocean mechanical energy is quite different from ocean thermal energy. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, tides are driven primarily by the gravitational pull of the moon, and waves are driven primarily by the winds. A barrage is typically used to convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing the water through turbines, activating a generator. India has the World's largest programmes for renewable energy. Several renewable energy technologies have been developed and deployed in villages and cities of India.15 The most controversial form of renewable energy is nuclear energy. Electricity is produced from the energy released by nuclear reactions. Fission is the main source used today. Currently, power plants generating power using nuclear fission are among the safest plants. They also generate power without emitting pollution. The biggest drawback that many see with nuclear energy is the waste16-19. A Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) created in 1992 for all matters relating to Non-Conventional / Rene-wable Energy. Government of India also created Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) to assist and energy projects. Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cow dung, human waste or any kind of biological materials derived through anaerobic fermentation process. The biogas consists of 60% methane with rest mainly carbon-di-oxide (CO2). Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting. Byproduct is usable as high grade

manure. Biomass fuels account for about one third of the total fuel used in the country. It is the most important fuel used in over 90% of the rural households and about 15% of the urban households. Using only local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic wastes, energy and manure are derived 20-22. Biomass is plentifully available in the rural regions. It is already being used by the rural people as a major source of energy, mainly in cooking food, which constitutes almost 50% of the total energy consumption. Hence, the biogas plants are the cheap sources of energy in rural areas. Estimates of approximate potential capacities from various renewable energy sources are solar energy 20,000MW, Wind energy 47,000MW, small hydropower 15,500MW, ocean energy 50,000MW and biomass energy 19,500MW. The sum of these renewable resource potentials, 152,000 MW, is greater than the current total installed energy generating capacity of India. Enhancing the regular use of above available renewable energy sources, promoting deployment, innovation and basic research in renewable energy technologies, resolving the barriers to development and commercial deployment of solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, nuclear and biomass technologies in rural area is today’s need.

DISCUSSION Solar energy Solar cells are devices that convert light energy directly into electrical energy. In these cells, there are semiconductors. Larger arrays of solar cells are used to power road light and even larger arrays are used to power satellites in orbit around earth. Solar cells are also called photovoltaic cells or PV devices. Solar panels are different to solar cells. Solar panels do not generate electricity directly. Instead they heat up water directly. A pump pushes cold water from a storage tank through pipes in the solar panel. The water is heated by heat energy from the sun and returns to the tank. They are often located on the roofs of buildings where they can receive the most sunlight. In solar thermal route, solar energy can be converted into thermal energy with the help of solar collectors and receivers known as solar thermal devices. Low grade solar thermal devices are used in solar water heaters,


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air heaters, solar cookers and solar dryers for domestic and industrial applications23,24. Fig.1 shows the technique of conversion of solar

energy into the electric power whereas the Fig. 2 shows the sun light energy is used to power road light.

Fig. 1 : The technique of conversion of solar energy into the electric power

Fig. 2 : Road light

Solar water heaters Most solar water heating systems have two main parts : A solar collector and a storage tank. The most common collector is called a flat plate collector. It consists of a thin, flat, rectangular box with a transparent cover that faces the sun, mounted on the roof of building. Small tubes run through the box and carry the fluid either water or other fluid, such as an antifreeze solution to be heated. The tubes are attached to an absorber plate, which is painted with special coatings to absorb the heat. The heat builds up in the collector, which is passed to the fluid passing through the tubes. An

insulated storage tank holds the hot water. It is similar to water heater, but larger is size. In case of systems that use fluids, heat is passed from hot fluid to the water stored in the tank through a coil of tubes. Solar water heating systems can be either active or passive systems. The active systems, which are most common, rely on pumps to move the liquid between the collector and the storage tank. The passive systems rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated 25. Fig. 3 shows solar water heater and the technique of conversion of solar energy to heat the water.

Fig. 3 : Solar water heater and the technique of conversion of solar energy to heat the water


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Solar cooker Solar cooker is a device, which uses solar energy for cooking, and thus saving fossil fuels, fuel wood and electrical energy to a large extent. However, it can only supplement the cooking fuel, and not replace it totally. It is a simple cooking unit, ideal for domestic cooking during most of the year except during the monsoon season, cloudy days and winter months. Box type solar cookers The box type solar cookers with a single refl-

ecting mirror are the most popular in India. These cookers have proved immensely popular in rural areas where women spend considerable time for collecting firewood26. A family size solar cooker is sufficient for 4 to 5 members and saves about 3 to 4 cylinders of LPG every year. The life of this cooker is upto 15 years. This cooker costs around Rs.1000 after allowing for subsidy. Solar cookers are widely available in the market. Fig. 4 shows box type solar cooker.

Fig. 4 : Box type solar cooker

Parabolic concentrating solar cooker Fig. 5 shows parabolic concentrating type solar cooker. A parabolic solar concentrator comprises of sturdy fiber reinforced plastic shell lined with stainless steel reflector foil or aluminized polyester film. It can accommodate a cooking vessel at its focal point. This cooker is designed

to direct the solar heat to a secondary reflector inside the kitchen, which focuses the heat to the bottom of a cooking pot. It is also possible to actually fry, bake and roast food. This system generates 500 kg of steam, which is enough to cook two meals for 500 people. This cooker costs upward of Rs.50, 000.

Fig. 5 : Parabolic concentrating type solar cooker

Solar electricity generation Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Photo means light and voltaic means electric. PV cells are usually made of silicon, an element that naturally releases electrons when exposed to light. Amount of electrons released from silicon cells depend upon intensity of light incident on it. The silicon

cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric current. This current is guided into a wire that is connected to a battery or DC appliance27,28. Typically, one cell produces about 1.5 Watts of power. Individual cells are connected together to form a solar panel or module, capable of producing 3 to 110 Watts


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power. Panels can be connected together in series and parallel to make a solar array, which can produce any amount of Wattage as space will allow. Modules are usually

designed to supply electricity at 12 Volts. PV modules are rated by their peak Watt output at solar noon on a clear day. Fig. 6 shows solar cell, module and array.

Fig. 6 : Solar cell, module and array

PV tracking systems This is an alternative to the fixed, stationary PV panels. PV tracking systems are mounted and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun as it moves through the sky. These tracking systems run entirely on their own power and can increase output by 40%. Back-up systems These are necessary since PV systems only generate electricity when the sun is shining. The two most common methods of backing up solar electric systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or on cloudy days.

Solar water pumps Fig. 7 shows solar water pumping system consists of a photovoltaic array mounted on a stand and a motor pump set. In solar water pumping system, the pump is driven by motor run by solar electricity instead of conventional electricity drawn from utility grid. A SPV water pumping system consists of a photovoltaic array mounted on a stand and a motor pump set compatible with the photovoltaic array. It converts the solar energy into electricity, which is used for running the motor pump set. The pumping system draws water from the open well, bore well, stream, pond, canal etc.

Fig. 7 : Solar water pumping system consists of a photovoltaic array mounted on a stand and a

motor pump set

Limitations of producing solar energy Initial investments are more. Clean climate is necessary condition. In the rainy season all the environment is cloudy so in that period this technology is not useful. The lives of solar

cells are not long, skilled technicians are required to fit the solar cells. Wind energy Wind power is growing rapidly and is becoming a well recognized renewable energy resource.


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The kinetic energy of the wind is converted to electrical energy. Fig. 8 shows the technique of conversion of wind energy into the electric power. Using wind power to turn turbines that generate electricity can provide a cheap source of energy. Building and maintaining equipment could provide thousands of jobs and cost

efficient and clean electricity 29. Wind power could be used in areas where there is a great deal of wind, and a lot of open spaces. Wind power is used for grinding grains, pumping water, sailing ships in the centuries. Now wind power is harnessed to generate electricity in a larger scale with better technology.

Fig. 8 : Technique of conversion of wind energy into the electric power

Wind energy technology The basic wind energy conversion device is the wind turbine. Although various designs and configurations exist, these turbines are generally grouped into two types, Vertical axis wind turbines, in which the axis of rotation is vertical with respect to the ground whereas Horizontal axis turbines, in which the axis of rotation is horizontal with, respect to the ground30. Fig. 9 illustrates the two types of

turbines and typical subsystems for an electricity generation application. The subsystems include a blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy, a drive train, usually including a gear box and a generator, a tower that supports the rotor and drive train and other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment and interconnection equipment.

Fig. 9 : Illustrates the two types of turbines and typical subsystems for an electricity generation

Wind Electric Generators (WEG) Wind electric generator converts kinetic energy available in wind to electrical energy by using rotor, gear box and generator. There are a large number of manufacturers for wind electric generators in India who have foreign collaboration with different manufacturers of Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, USA, Austria, Sweden, Spain and U.K. etc. At

present, WEGs of rating ranging from 225 kW to 1000 kW are being installed in our country. Wind farms are not particularly popular. They can impact local environment and wildlife and even provide noise pollution. Many people feel that the equipment used obstructs scenic views. It is possible to construct wind turbines in various sizes. They can be made for single residential use and they can be constructed on


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a large scale as well. Technology is making this mode of renewable energy more efficient and less intrusive 31. Wind potential For a wind energy system to be feasible there must be an adequate wind supply. A wind energy system usually requires an average annual wind speed of at least 15 km/h. A wind generator will produce lesser power in summer than in winter at the same wind speed as air has lower density in summer than in winter. Similarly, a wind generator will produce lesser power in higher altitudes as air pressure as

well as density is lower than at lower altitudes 32. The wind speed is the most important factor influencing the amount of energy a wind turbine can produce. Increasing wind velocity increases the amount of air passing the rotor, which increases the output of the wind system. The towers are generally placed 100 meters away from the nearest obstacle. The middle of the rotor is placed 10 meters above any obstacle that is within 100 meters. Table 1 represents a guideline of different wind speeds and Table 2 shows potential of producing electricity in India.

Table 1 : A guideline of different wind speeds

Average wind speed km/h (mph) Suitability

Up to 15 (9.5) No good 18 (11.25) Poor 22 (13.75) Moderate 25 (15.5) Good 29 (18) Excellent

Table 2 : Wind power potential of producing electricity in India (MW)

S/N State Gross potential

Total capacity

Technical potential

1 Andhra Pradesh 8275 101.3 1750

2 Gujarat 9675 218.05 1780 3 Karnataka 6620 274.2 1120 4 Kerala 875 2 605 5 Madhya Pradesh 5500 26.35 825 6 Rajasthan 5400 212 895 7 Tamil Nadu 3050 1683.6 1750 8 Maharashtra 3650 411.15 3020 9 West Bengal 450 1.1 450 10 Others 2990 3.1 -

Total 45195 2884.75 12875

Applications Utility interconnected wind turbines generate power which is synchronous with the grid and are used to reduce utility bills by displacing the utility power used in the household and by selling the excess power back to the electric company. Wind turbines for remote homes generate DC current for battery charging. Wind turbines for remote water pumping generate 3 phase AC current suitable for driving an

electrical submersible pump directly. Wind turbines suitable for village scale, wind power range from 500 watts to 50 kilowatts. Limitation of producing wind energy Initial cost is too large for the establishment of wind mills. Also, it is very difficult to establish new wind mills at distant areas in India. Wind cannot blow continuously all the time. It can be produced at the top of hill or mountains or at coastal regions by establishing wind mills where


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wind velocity is more than 25 Km/hr. When wind velocity is less than 25 Km/hr, production of wind energy cannot possible. Geothermal energy Fig. 10 shows the technique of conversion of geothermal energy into the electric power. Geothermal energy is called a renewable energy source because the water is replenished by rainfall and the heat is continuously

produced by the earth. Deep down in the earth's crust, there is molten rock i.e. magma. Molten rock is simply rocks that have melted into liquid form as a result of extreme heat under the earth. This can be found about 1800 miles deep below the surface, but closer to the surface, the rocks layers are hot enough to keep water and air spaces there at a temperature of about 50-60 degrees F.

Fig. 10 : Technique of conversion of geothermal energy into the electric power

Geothermal technology takes advantage of the hot close to earth surface temperatures to generate power. In places with hotter close to earth surface temperatures, deep wells can be drilled and cold water pumped down. The water runs through fractures in the rocks and is heated up. It returns to the surface as hot water and steam, where its energy can be used to drive turbines and electricity generators33-36. Limitations of producing geothermal energy It is very costly and time consuming process to find out specific locations for the geothermal energy. Water energy Fig. 11 shows the technique of conversion of water energy into the electric power. Hydropower is the most important and widely

used renewable source of energy. Moving water has kinetic energy. This can be transferred into useful energy in different ways. Hydroelectric power schemes store water high up in dams. The water has gravitational potential energy which is released when it falls. The dam is built to retain the water. More electricity is produced if the water is more in the reservoir. Sluice Gates can open and close to regulate the amount of water that is released into the pipes. Potential energy in the retained water is transferred into kinetic energy by water flowing through the pipes with high speed. The force and high pressure in the water turns a series of shafts in a generator. Spinning shafts in the generator charges millions of coils and magnets to create electricity, this is regulated by a transformer.37,38

Fig. 11 : Technique of conversion of water energy into the electric power


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Small hydro Small Hydro Power is a reliable, mature and proven technology. It is non polluting and does not involve setting up of large dams or problems of deforestation, submergence and rehabilitation. India has an estimated potential of 10,000 MW. Micro hydel Hilly regions of India, particularly the Himalayan belts are endowed with rich hydel resources with tremendous potential. The MNES has launched a promotional scheme for portable micro hydel sets for these areas. These sets are small, compact and light weight. They have almost zero maintenance cost and can provide electricity to small cluster of villages. They are ideal substitutes for diesel sets run in those areas at high generation cost39. Micro (upto 100kW), mini hydro (101-1000 kW) schemes can provide power for farms, hotels, schools and rural communities and help create local industry.

Tidal energy Fig. 12 shows the technique of conversion of tidal energy into the electric power. Tidal electricity generation involves the construction of a barrage across an estuary to block the incoming and outgoing tide. The head of water is then used to drive turbines to generate electricity from the elevated water in the basin as in hydroelectric dams. Barrages can be designed to generate electricity on the ebb side, or flood side or both. Tidal range may vary over a wide range (4.5-12.4 m) from site to site. A tidal range of at least 7 m is required for economical operation and for sufficient head of water for the turbines. Tidal power is being developed right now as an energy alternative. Tidal generators placed underwater work in a similar fashion to wind turbines, only they are turned by currents. While considered environmentally friendly, tidal power will be difficult and expensive to develop, since it involves placing generators at the bottom of the ocean40. These underwater wind farms are also likely to have impacts on sea life.

Fig. 12 : Conversion of tidal energy into the electric power

Limitations of producing tidal energy This technology is not sophisticated. Many times in the absence of neap and spring tides the height of tide is less than 8 meters, at that time it is impossible to generate electricity by using them. It is very expensive to build dams near the mouth of gulf. But this may one of the alternatives to the traditional energy recourses particularly in the coastal regions. Ocean energy Fig. 13 shows the technique of conversion of ocean energy into the electric power. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface, making them the world’s largest solar collectors. Ocean energy draws on the energy of ocean waves, tides or on the thermal energy (heat) stored in the

ocean. The sun warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water and this temperature difference stores thermal energy. The ocean contains two types of energy : thermal energy from the sun’s heat and mechanical energy from the tides and waves. Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation. There are three types of electricity conversion systems : closed cycle, open cycle and hybrid. Closed cycle systems use the ocean’s warm surface water to vaporize a working fluid, which has a low boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapour expands and turns a turbine. The turbine then activates a generator to produce electricity. Open cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low


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pressures. This produces steam that passes through a turbine or generator. The hybrid

systems combine both closed cycle and open cycle systems41.

Fig. 13 : Technique of conversion of ocean energy into the electric power

Nuclear energy Fig. 14 shows the technique of conversion of nuclear energy into the electric power. The most controversial form of renewable energy is nuclear energy. Electricity is produced from the energy released by nuclear reactions. Fission is the main source used today. Currently, power plants generating power using nuclear fission are among the safest plants. They also generate power without emitting pollution. The biggest drawback that many see with nuclear energy is the waste. Radioactive waste is a concern, since it is a

health hazard and if stored improperly can leach into soil and groundwater. However, with the right kind of processes, it is possible to recover the waste from the reactions, reclaiming it for further power generation. With technological advancements, it could be theoretically possible to reclaim up to 95% of the waste from initial reactions. Another issue is fear of sabotage that could result in large scale contamination. However, nuclear energy is the probably the fastest method that could be put into practice for energy independence from fossil fuels42,43.

Fig. 14 : Technique of conversion of nuclear energy into the electric power

Limitations of producing nuclear energy Radically improve the energy efficiency and green house gas emission intensity by improved technology and efficiency through the entire life cycle to prevent energy cannibalism during rapid growth. Eliminate nuclear insecurity to reduce the risks associated with nuclear power so that the free market can insure the nuclear industry without large public nuclear energy insurance subsidies. Eliminate all radioactive waste at the end of life and minimize the environmental impact during mining and operations and the nuclear industry must regain public trust or face

obsolescence as a steady stream of renewable energy technologies quickly improve both technical and economic performance. The nuclear industry must also address difficult issues of equity both in the present and for future generations Biomass fuels Biomass is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas. Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including the by


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products from the wood industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, household wastes etc. Bio-energy, in the form of biogas, which is derived from biomass, is expected to become one of the key energy resources for global sustainable development. Biomass offers higher energy efficiency through form of biogas than by direct burning 44,45. These fuels come from things that once lived. It is known as natural material. The wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, aquatic plants and even garbage produce biomass fuels. Plants used up a lot of the sun's energy to make their own food. They stored the foods in the plants in the form of chemical

energy. As the plants died, the energy is trapped in the residue. This trapped energy is usually released by burning and can be converted into biomass energy. Wood is a biomass fuel. It is renewable. It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 15% of the world's total energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating46,47. Fig. 15 shows the technique of conversion of biomass energy into the electric power. Other ways in which organic matter can be converted into energy include decomposition and fermentation.

Fig. 15 : Technique of conversion of biomass energy into the electric power

Decomposition Things that can rot, like garbage, human and animal waste, dead animals and the like can be left to rot, releasing a gas called biogas. Methane can be captured by a machine called micro turbine and converted into electricity. Sometimes, animal waste can also be converted into methane by a machine called anaerobic digester 48-52. Fermentation Ethanol can be produced from crops with lots of sugars, like corn and sugarcane. The process

used to produce ethanol is called gasification. Biogas plants A typical biogas plant has the following components. A digester in which the is biomass fermented, an inlet tank for mixing the feed and letting it into the digester, gas holder in which the generated gas is collected, outlet tank to remove the spent slurry, distribution pipeline to transport the gas into the kitchen and a manure pit, where the spent slurry is stored. Fig. 16 shows a typical biogas plant53-56.

Fig. 16 : Typical biogas plant


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Biomass briquetting The process of densifying loose agro-waste into a solidified biomass of high density, which can be conveniently used as a fuel, is called Biomass Briquetting. Briquette is also termed as ‘bio-coal’. It is pollution free and eco- friendly. Fig. 17 shows biomass briquetting. Some of the agricultural and

forestry residues can be briquetted after suitable pre-treatment. A list of commonly used biomass materials that can be briquetted are corn cob, jute stick, sawdust, pine needle, bagasse, coffee spent, tamarind, coffee husk, almond shell, groundnut shells, coir pith, bagasee pith, barley straw, tobacco dust, rice husk, de oiled bran.

Fig. 17 : Biomass briquetting

Biomass gasifies Biomass gasifies convert the solid biomass into a combustible gas mixture normally called as producer gas. The conversion efficiency of the gasification process is in the range of 60%–70%. The producer gas consists of mainly carbon-monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen gas and methane and has a lower calorific value (1000–

1200 kcal/Nm3). Gasification of biomass and using it in place of conventional direct burning devices will result in savings of at least 50% in fuel consumption57-59. The gas has been found suitable for combustion in the internal combustion engines for the production of power. Fig. 18 shows comparison of product of biomass direct burring and biogas.

Fig. 18 : Comparison of product of biomass direct burring and biogas

Applications Biomass briquetting Some of advantages of biomass briquetting are high calorific value with low ash content, absence of polluting gases like sulphur, phosphorus fumes and fly ash, which eliminate the need for pollution control equipment, complete combustion, ease of handling, transportation and storage - because of uniform size and convenient lengths.

Water pumping and electricity generation Using biomass gas, it is possible to operate a diesel engine on dual fuel mode i.e., part diesel and part biomass gas. Diesel substitution of the order of 75 to 80% can be obtained at nominal loads. The mechanical energy thus derived can be used either for energizing a water pump set for irrigational purpose or for coupling with an alternator for electrical power generation 3.5 KW-10 MW.


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Heat generation A few of the devices, to which gasifier could be retrofitted are dryers- for drying tea, flower, spices, kilns for baking tiles or potteries, furnaces for melting non-ferrous metals, boilers for process steam, etc. Direct combustion of biomass has been recognized as an important route for generation of power by utilization of vast amounts of agricultural residues, agro industrial residues and forest wastes. Gasifiers can be used for power generation and available up to a capacity 500 KW. High efficiency wood burning stoves These stoves save more than 50% fuel wood consumption. They reduce drudgery of women saving time in cooking and fuel collection and consequent health hazards. They also help in saving firewood leading to conservation of forests. They also create employment opportunities for people in the rural areas. Limitations of producing bio-fuel Bio-diesel can be produced from all kinds of plant oils. But oil produced from edible oil is not beneficial because oil produced from edible oil become very costly. It is very difficult to fulfill increasing demand of mineral oil by replacing bio fuels. The boiling point of bio diesel (1910C) is greater than mineral oil (1100C).

CONCLUSION There is an urgent need for transition from petroleum-based energy systems to one based on renewable resources to decrease reliance on depleting reserves of fossil fuels. In addition, renewable energy has the potential to create many employment opportunities at all levels, especially in rural areas. Therefore, isolated systems are needed to be linked with rural industry. Innovative financing is also a requirement. Main streaming of renewable is very essential. A disparaging part of the solution lies in promoting renewable energy technologies as a way to address concerns about energy security, economic growth in the face of rising energy prices, competitiveness, health costs and environmental degradation. The cost effective-ness of wind and small hydro power energy should also be taken into account. An emphasis should be given on presenting the real picture of massive renewable energy potential, it would be possible to attract foreign investments

to herald a Green Energy Revolution in India. Specific action includs promoting deployment, innovation and basic research in renewable energy technologies, resolving the barriers to development and commercial deployment of solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, nuclear and biomass technologies in rural area is today’s need.

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