J C FosterJ C FosterMIT Haystack MIT Haystack ObservatoryObservatory

Yosemite 2002Yosemite 2002

Plasma Tails & Plasma Tails & Ionospheric SEDIonospheric SED

Millstone Millstone Hill UHF Hill UHF

RadarRadarElevation Scans

Mid-LatitudeStorm Enhanced

Density

Universal Time 18-19 March 1990

Ge

od

etic

La

titu

de

Electron Density @ 500 km Altitude

(Foster, JGR, 1993)Foster, JGR, 1993

March 1990Su et al., GRL 2001

March 31, 2001IMAGE EUV

Kp=6

Kp=8

Kp=4

Storm Enhanced DensityFoster, JGR, 1993

Penetration JetPenetration Jet

Plasmasheet

Plasmapause

Penetration Jet

DMSP F15 6 April 2000 21 MLT

Trough

A Strong Polarization Electric Field forms in Low-Conductivity Region between the Inner Edge of the Plasmasheet Precipitation and the Plasmapause

Plasmapause

Effects of Penetrating Electric Effects of Penetrating Electric FieldsFields

Cross-tail electric fields energize and inject Cross-tail electric fields energize and inject particles into the inner magnetosphere particles into the inner magnetosphere forming the forming the disturbance Ring Currentdisturbance Ring Current

Penetrating electric fieldsPenetrating electric fields uplift and perturb uplift and perturb the Plasmasphere and low-latitude the Plasmasphere and low-latitude ionosphereionosphere

Storm-Enhanced Density (SED)Storm-Enhanced Density (SED) and and detached detached plasmasplasmas are formed as the Penetration Jet are formed as the Penetration Jet overlaps the outer plasmasphereoverlaps the outer plasmasphere

Injected Injected Energetic Ions are DestabilizedEnergetic Ions are Destabilized in in Regions of Enhanced Plasma DensityRegions of Enhanced Plasma Density

Dual Effects of Penetrating Dual Effects of Penetrating Electric FieldsElectric Fields

Penetration Electric FieldUplifts

Equatorial Ionosphere

Polarization JetStrips Away

Outer Plasmasphere

Detached Plasmaspheric Regions

Penetration JetStrips Away

Outer Plasmasphere

Radial E Field

Eastward Penetration Electric Field Uplifts

Equatorial Ionosphere

SED formed where PJ SED formed where PJ overlaps enhanced outer overlaps enhanced outer

PlasmaspherePlasmasphere

Variable TECVariable TEC

Eglin AFB, Fla L=2

Plumes & Blobs of Storm-Enhanced Density

Sweep across Mid Latitudes

Enhancement and Poleward Expansion of

Equatorial Anomaly

Penetration Jet

GPS Map of TEC July 15, 2000 22:15 UT

GPS Map of SED Plume Mar 31, GPS Map of SED Plume Mar 31, 20012001

March 31, 2001DMSP F13

PJ Overlaps Outer

Plasmasphere

GPS and Millstone Hill Radar GPS and Millstone Hill Radar Maps ofMaps of

Storm Enhanced DensityStorm Enhanced Density

1015 el m-2s-175 TECu DMSP F13Zenith

MISA

IMAGE PlasmapauseIMAGE Plasmapause(J. Goldstein)(J. Goldstein)

SED Plume: GPS and IMAGE SED Plume: GPS and IMAGE

Noontime Scintillation

Mid-Latitude Scintillation Hanscom AFB, MA

Scintillation Occurs as SED Sweeps across Mid Latitudes Millstone Hill

ISR

TE

Cu

/min

GPS ROTI Westford MA

Radar: Radar: Storm Enhanced Storm Enhanced DensityDensityIMAGE:IMAGE: Plasmaspheric TailPlasmaspheric Tail

Detached plasma

SED

Polar Ionosphere View Polar Magnetosphere View

Plasmasphere Drainage PlumesTongues of IonizationStorm Enhanced Density