Professor Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., FASHRAE [email protected] ...
J. Berntsen, J.E. Olesen, B.M. Petersen, J. Eriksen Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
1
istry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheris nish Institute of Agricultural Sciences N input N output N balance 2 N loss N Storage Manure Fixation Other 1 C rops Cattle Leaching N 2 ,N 2 O Amm onia Soil Foulum soil Tystofte clim ate 93 88 17 131 8 42 51 11 9 -5 H igh fertility Low fertility 93 100 17 118 8 67 39 9 8 34 Jyndevad clim ate 93 84 24 123 8 46 70 10 8 -14 H igh fertility Low fertility 93 96 24 111 7 71 55 8 8 27 Jyndevad soil Tystofte clim ate 93 66 17 93 5 62 72 3 7 -13 H igh fertility Low fertility 93 74 17 82 4 80 56 3 6 27 Jyndevad clim ate 93 76 24 97 6 67 85 3 7 -16 H igh fertility Low fertility 93 85 24 87 6 85 67 3 7 26 N itrogen budget(kg-N ha -1 y -1 )forthe differentscenarios. 1 Estim ated deposition and N from seeds. 2 The balance includes inputfrom m anure and fixation m inus N in harvested crops and cattle. Simulation of nitrate leaching from an organic dairy crop rotation with different manure types and loads J. Berntsen, J.E. Olesen, B.M. Petersen, J. Eriksen Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences Introduction Management of nitrogen in dairy systems is especially difficult due to the use of organic manures and the residual effects of pastures. During grazing a considerable build-up of soil N is often observed. Ploughing of the grassland is therefore followed by a large mineralisation that might exceed the demand of the subsequent crop. This might lead to large amount of nitrate being leached. In addition, rotations dependent on organic manures rather than mineral fertilizers are believed to have a higher risk of nitrate leaching. Conclusions The FASSET model was able to capture the general trends in experimental data set. Effects of manure type and level on nitrate leaching were small and less than 10 kg-N ha -1 . The scenarios showed that the nitrate leaching depends on soil type, climate and fertility. The range was from 39 kg-N ha -1 at the low fertility loamy sandy soil with a dry climate to 85 kg-N ha -1 at the high fertility sandy soil with a wet climate. References Berntsen, J.,Petersen, B. M., Jacobsen, B. H., Olesen, J. E., and Hutchings, N. J. 2003. Evaluating nitrogen taxation scenarios using the dynamic whole farm simulation model FASSET. Agricultural Systems 76: 817-839 Eriksen, J.,.Askegaard, M., and Kristensen, K. 1999. Nitrate leaching in an organic dairy/crop rotation as affected by organic manure type, livestoc density and crop. Soil Use and Management 15: 176-182 Petersen, B. M., Berntsen, J., Jensen, L. S., and Hansen,S. 2003. CN-SIM – a model for the turnover of soil organic matter. I Long term carbon and radiocarbon development. Soil Biology and Biochemistry (subm.) LS HS LL HL Barley w ith undersow n grass- clover 70 100 175 225 1 st yeargrass-clover 2 nd yeargrass-clover 70 140 Barley/pea 60 90 Winterwheat * 140 170 130 170 Fodderbeet 210 250 220 300 C rop rotation and application oforganic m anure in the fourtreatm ents (kg total N ha -1 ) Both simulations and measurements indicate that the effects of the different types of organic input are small and the effect of the level of input is between 3-7 kg-N/ha. The crops had different leaching potential. Winter wheat had the highest simulated nitrate leaching followed by barley/pea mixture, oat, spring barley, beets and grass-clover. A similar crop ranking was observed in the measurements. Leaching Simulation (94-98) Simulation (94-02) Observation (94-98) LS 21 22 34 HS 26 32 42 LL 21 23 36 HL 26 29 39 Leaching Simulation (94-98) Simulation (94-02) Observation (94-98) Observation (94-02) Barley 14 16 27 27 G razed clover-grass 12 18 24 22 Pea-Barley 28 37 43 37 Winterwheat/oat 61 61/42 61 36 Beet 14 17 48 46 Fig 1. Observed and simulated N-leaching in the HL treatment. Method A dairy crop rotation experiment was established at Foulum, Denmark in 1994 (Table 1 and Eriksen et al. 1999) with four treatments: high slurry (HS), low slurry (LS), high deep litter (HL) and low deep litter (LL). These levels correspond to livestock densities of 0.9 and 1.4 livestock units ha -1 . The FASSET model (Berntsen et al., 2003) was used to simulate the above experiment. The model is a whole farm model that contains a crop- soil-atmosphere model, which simulates daily changes in crop growth, soil organic matter and transport of several solutes. The soil organic matter model is based on Petersen et al. (2003). The model simulated all the different treatments in the years 1993 to 2002 using observed management, measured manure application and composition, measured climate data and soil characteristics. Results Simulated and observed nitrate concentrations are shown in figure 1 for the HL treatment. There was a general good agreement between simulations and observations. Scenarios Based on the above crop rotation a set of scenarios was constructed focusing on the following effects: • Soil type: sandy (Jyndevad) and loamy sand (Foulum) • Climate: wet (Jyndevad) and dry (Tystofte) • Soil Fertility: 3 and 1.5 %C in top soil. 1/1/94 1/1/95 1/1/96 1/1/97 1/1/98 1/1/99 1/1/00 1/1/01 1/1/02 NO 3 - (m g-N l -1 ) 0 50 100 150 NO 3 - (m g-N l -1 ) 0 50 100 150 NO 3 - (m g-N l -1 ) 0 50 100 150 NO 3 - (m g-N l -1 ) 0 50 100 150 NO 3 - (m g-N l -1 ) 0 50 100 150 NO 3 - (m g-N l -1 ) 0 50 100 150 Pea-Barley W interw heat Beet Pea-Barley W interw heat Beet Pea-Barley W interw heat Beet Beet Barley * Pea-Barley O at Beet Beet W interw heat Pea-Barley O at Beet Pea-Barley W interw heat Pea-Barley Beet Pea-Barley W interw heat G razed grass-clover Barley * G razed grass-clover Barley * G razed grass-clover Barley * G razed grass-clover Barley * G razed grass-clover G razed grass-clover Barley * G razed grass-clover Barley * G razed grass-clover Barley * G razed grass-clover Archived at http://orgprints.org/00001700
description
Simulation of nitrate leaching from an organic dairy crop rotation with different manure types and loads. J. Berntsen, J.E. Olesen, B.M. Petersen, J. Eriksen Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Introduction - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of J. Berntsen, J.E. Olesen, B.M. Petersen, J. Eriksen Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheris
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
N input N output N balance2 N loss N Storage
Manure Fixation Other1 Crops Cattle Leaching N2,N2O Ammonia Soil
Foulum soil
Tystofte climate 93 88 17 131 8 42 51 11 9 -5
High fertility Low fertility 93 100 17 118 8 67 39 9 8 34
Jyndevad climate 93 84 24 123 8 46 70 10 8 -14
High fertility Low fertility 93 96 24 111 7 71 55 8 8 27
Jyndevad soil
Tystofte climate 93 66 17 93 5 62 72 3 7 -13
High fertility Low fertility 93 74 17 82 4 80 56 3 6 27
Jyndevad climate 93 76 24 97 6 67 85 3 7 -16
High fertility Low fertility 93 85 24 87 6 85 67 3 7 26
Nitrogen budget (kg-N ha-1 y-1) for the different scenarios. 1Estimated deposition and N from seeds. 2The balance includes input from manure and fixation minus N in harvested crops and cattle.
Simulation of nitrate leaching from an organic dairy crop rotation with different manure types and loads
J. Berntsen, J.E. Olesen, B.M. Petersen, J. EriksenDanish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Introduction
Management of nitrogen in dairy systems is especially difficult due to the use of organic manures and the residual effects of pastures. During grazing a considerable build-up of soil N is often observed. Ploughing of the grassland is therefore followed by a large mineralisation that might exceed the demand of the subsequent crop. This might lead to large amount of nitrate being leached. In addition, rotations dependent on organic manures rather than mineral fertilizers are believed to have a higher risk of nitrate leaching.
Conclusions
The FASSET model was able to capture the general trends in experimental data set. Effects of manure type and level on nitrate leaching were small and less than 10 kg-N ha-1. The scenarios showed that the nitrate leaching depends on soil type, climate and fertility. The range was from 39 kg-N ha-1 at the low fertility loamy sandy soil with a dry climate to 85 kg-N ha-1 at the high fertility sandy soil with a wet climate.
References
Berntsen, J.,Petersen, B. M., Jacobsen, B. H., Olesen, J. E., and Hutchings, N. J. 2003. Evaluating nitrogen taxation scenarios using the dynamic whole farm simulation model FASSET. Agricultural Systems 76: 817-839Eriksen, J.,.Askegaard, M., and Kristensen, K. 1999. Nitrate leaching in an organic dairy/crop rotation as affected by organic manure type, livestoc density and crop. Soil Use and Management 15: 176-182Petersen, B. M., Berntsen, J., Jensen, L. S., and Hansen,S. 2003. CN-SIM – a model for the turnover of soil organic matter. I Long term carbon and radiocarbon development. Soil Biology and Biochemistry (subm.)
LS HS LL HL Barley with undersown grass-clover
70 100 175 225
1st year grass-clover 2nd year grass-clover 70 140 Barley/pea 60 90 Winter wheat* 140 170 130 170 Fodder beet 210 250 220 300 Crop rotation and application of organic manure in the four treatments (kg total N ha-1)
Both simulations and measurements indicate that the effects of the different types of organic input are small and the effect of the level of input is between 3-7 kg-N/ha.
The crops had different leaching potential. Winter wheat had the highest simulated nitrate leaching followed by barley/pea mixture, oat, spring barley, beets and grass-clover. A similar crop ranking was observed in the measurements.
Leaching Simulation
(94-98) Simulation
(94-02) Observation
(94-98) LS 21 22 34 HS 26 32 42 LL 21 23 36 HL 26 29 39
Leaching Simulation
(94-98) Simulation
(94-02) Observation
(94-98) Observation
(94-02) Barley 14 16 27 27 Grazed clover-grass 12 18 24 22 Pea-Barley 28 37 43 37 Winter wheat/oat 61 61/42 61 36 Beet 14 17 48 46
Fig 1. Observed and simulated N-leaching in the HL treatment.
Method
A dairy crop rotation experiment was established at Foulum, Denmark in 1994 (Table 1 and Eriksen et al. 1999) with four treatments: high slurry (HS), low slurry (LS), high deep litter (HL) and low deep litter (LL). These levels correspond to livestock densities of 0.9 and 1.4 livestock units ha-1.
The FASSET model (Berntsen et al., 2003) was used to simulate the above experiment. The model is a whole farm model that contains a crop-soil-atmosphere model, which simulates daily changes in crop growth, soil organic matter and transport of several solutes. The soil organic matter model is based on Petersen et al. (2003). The model simulated all the different treatments in the years 1993 to 2002 using observed management, measured manure application and composition, measured climate data and soil characteristics.
Results
Simulated and observed nitrate concentrations are shown in figure 1 for the HL treatment. There was a general good agreement between simulations and observations.
Scenarios
Based on the above crop rotation a set of scenarios was constructed focusing on the following effects:• Soil type: sandy (Jyndevad) and loamy sand (Foulum)• Climate: wet (Jyndevad) and dry (Tystofte)• Soil Fertility: 3 and 1.5 %C in top soil.
1/1/94 1/1/95 1/1/96 1/1/97 1/1/98 1/1/99 1/1/00 1/1/01 1/1/02
NO 3- (
mg
-N l
-1)
0
50
100
150
NO 3- (
mg
-N l
-1)
0
50
100
150
NO 3- (
mg
-N l
-1)
0
50
100
150
NO 3- (
mg
-N l
-1)
0
50
100
150
NO 3- (
mg
-N l
-1)
0
50
100
150
NO 3- (
mg
-N l
-1)
0
50
100
150
Pea-BarleyWinter wheat
Beet
Pea-Barley
Winter wheat
Beet
Pea-Barley
Winter wheat
BeetBeet
Barley* Pea-Barley Oat BeetBeetWinter wheat
Pea-Barley OatBeetPea-BarleyWinter wheat
Pea-BarleyBeetPea-Barley
Winter wheat
Grazed grass-clover
Barley* Grazed grass-clover
Barley* Grazed grass-clover
Barley* Grazed grass-clover
Barley* Grazed grass-cloverGrazed grass-clover
Barley* Grazed grass-clover
Barley*
Grazed grass-clover
Barley* Grazed grass-clover
Archived at http://orgprints.org/00001700
![Nooter Eriksen Presentation [2]](https://static.fdocuments.in/doc/165x107/54fb9c8d4a7959434c8b4f5c/nooter-eriksen-presentation-2.jpg)
