IW mushrooms and sustainability - Arizona Mushroom Growers ... · modern mushroom cultivation...
Transcript of IW mushrooms and sustainability - Arizona Mushroom Growers ... · modern mushroom cultivation...
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The7,265,275,234 (8/28/14)
populationquestion..
Howdowefeedanincreasinglypopulatedworld??Sustainably.
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People have been using fungi as food and medicine for thousands of years!!
Artifacts from the Iceman included the fungus Piptoporusbetulina, a conk used in primitive medicine, and Fomes fomentarius, a conk used as a fire starter
Otzi, the Iceman 5300 BC
Otzi’stoolkitandmedicinebaghadmushrooms!!
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Peoplehavebeengatheringmushroomsforthousandsofyears!!Ø Over2000edible/medicinalmushroomspecies
havebeenidentifiedØ About60havebeencultivated;about10ona
largeindustrialscaleØ Alltherestofthewonderfulediblemushrooms
mustbegatheredinthewild.Ø Gatheringwildmushroomsisamulti-billion$
industryworldwide!
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Mostwildharvestedmushroomsareconsideredgourmet!!
Chanterelle,$30/lb
Blacktruffle, $140/lb
Porcini,$30/lb
Whitetruffle,$75/lbCauliflowermushroom, $35/lb
Morel,$45/lb
Thesearesomeofthemostcommonwildharvestedmushrooms
Alsovisit:http://www.forestmushrooms.com/guides/wilds.pdf
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Butsomewildharvestedmushroomssuchasmeadowmushroomsorwooddecayfungi canbecommerciallygrownoncompostoronsterilizedsubstrates
Ø 1245China§ ChenYen-yu publishesdetaileddescriptionsofthegrowthandpreparationof15mushroom
varietiesonwoodchipsandonstraw
Ø 1313China/Japan§ WangZengdescribesthecultivationofShitakemushroomsonlogs
Ø 1707France§ Tourefort describescultivationofAgaricus campestris,thecommonfieldmushroom,inartificialbedsandmodernmushroomcultivationbegins• Horsemanureandstrawcompost• Inlimestonemines
Ø 1900- USAOystermushroom(Pleurotus spp.)firstcommerciallycultivatedonpasteurizedstraw
Thebeginningsofcommercialmushroomcultivation
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Moderncommercialmushroomproductionoccursindedicatedcontrolledenvironmentfacilities.
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Fungicanbegrowninavarietyofwaytointegrateintodifferentfoodproductionsystems.
Theycanbegrowninopenbeds
Paddymushrooms
Yummyportobelas!
Whitebutton
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Enoki
oysterLion’smane
Theycanbegrowninbags
Woodear
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Onhaybales
Enoke
Shitake
Injars
Oyster
Onartificiallogs
Maitake
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Outdoorcultureofshitakeonnaturallogs
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Orjustletthemrunaroundthegarden
Evenanoldpairofjeans!!
Oyster
Inoldcardboardboxes
Shaggymane
Tricholomas
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EstablishingmushroomproductioninArizona
Arizona MushroomGrowers Association
ü FundedbytheArizonaDepartmentofAgricultureSpecialtyCropsBlockGrantprogram,2015
ü Providingcultures,resources,research,expertise,andtrainingtoassistsmallbusinessesintegratemushroomproductionintodiversifiedfarmingsystems
ü Currently17membersrepresentingproductionin7ofthe14counties
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http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/meat/.
“Isourappetiteformeatbadfortheplanet?”“Whataretheimpactsofproteinproduction”
Creating sustainable protein productions systems
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TheimpactonLAND• Beefcattleproductionaccountsforalmost90percentofthelandusedforraisinglivestockintheUnitedStates,acreagethatincludespastureaswellascroplandforgrowingfeed.
Mushroomsusearound1foot2 /1000calories
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TheimpactonFEED• Theamountoffeedneededtoproduceathousandcaloriesofconsumedbeefismorethanthreetimesthatneededforpork.Cattlefeedincludespasture,grains,androughagesuchashay.
Mushroomscanbeupto200%bio-efficient,andcanbegrownonwasteproducts
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TheimpactonWATER• Irrigatinglandforcattlefeedusesalmostthreetimesasmuchwaterasalltheotherfoodsherecombined.Dairycowsrequiremuchless,andtheirproductscontributethemostcaloriestoU.S.diets.
Waterusedinmushroomgrowingcanbereusedorusedasirrigationwater
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TheimpactonGreenhouseGases• Greenhousegasesfromcattleproductionare40percentmethane,burpedbycattlefromtheirspecializedstomachs.Cattlefedonlygrassbelchmorethanthoseeatinggrassandfeed.
CurrentstudiesareunderwayinthePryorlabtodeterminejusthowmuchCO2mushroomsproduce
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Ifwecomparefungalproteintoanimalprotein,wecanseethatperhapsthemostecologicallysustainableandefficientmeansofproducingacompleteproteinsourceforhumansismushroomproduction.
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Letslookatthesamegraphsbutincludeanequallyperfectsourceofprotein,oystermushrooms.
020406080
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avg gallonswaterrequiredtoproduce1000caloriesoffood
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beef pork Poultry eggs dairy mushrooms
Gramsofproteinper1000calories
Sincemushroomsarelowincalories,wecanmakeothercomparisonsbyconvertingallgraphsintogramsoffoodproteinusingthesesimpleprotein/caloriesratios
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Caloriesperpoundproduct
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Acomparisonofbioefficiencies
Cattle 5-15%Chicken 30-50%Fish 60-80%Crickets 75-90%Mushrooms 80-150%
Andyoucanfeedmushroomsthingsevenchickensandfishwon’teat!
Andthenyoucanfeedtheremainsofmushroomproductionbacktothechickensandfish!!
Processedpelletedfeed
𝐵𝐸% = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑊𝑡. ×100
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Increasinginterestinpolycultural foodsystemsseektointegratemushroomproductionwithplantproductionsystems
Regardedforimprovedyield,reduceddiseaseincidence,andclimatechangeresilience.
Spatialandtemporalseparation
Integratedsystemsseektousethesameresourcemorethanonce
RecyclingO2,CO2,organiccarbonandnitrogen
However,totalproductionefficienciescanbeincreasewithco-cultivation.
In 1885, Quaker farmers in SE Pennsylvania growing roses and carnations in greenhouses sought to make use of the space under the growing benches.
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o FungiarethegreatdecomposersoftheEarth• Liberatenutrientsfromnearlyeverything• Accomplishedviaarsenalsofextraceullar enzymes
o Awidevarietyofagro-industrialplant-basedbyproductscanbeusedtocultivatemushrooms• Straws,cornhusks,tomatopomace,coffeepulp, cotton
waste,sugarcanebagasse,legumeroughage,paperproducts,woodbyproducts, brewerywaste,etc.
o Spentsubstratecanbere-purposedinregularcompostingsystemsbecausemuchofthedecompositionhasbeenaccelerated.
Butperhapswherefungiuniquelycontributetosustainablefoodproductionsystemsisin…..
Recyclingwaste!!
Eventextiles!!
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6 ways fungi can save the world. A TED Talk
Additional myco-inspiration comes from the self-proclaimed world fungal guru, Paul Stamets
A very cool company
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In closing: promote mycoculture, educate our community, and cook wonderful mushrooms!Enjoy!