Ivica TRUMBIC UNEP/MAP – PAP/RAC INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE URBAN CONTEXT.

Ivica TRUMBICUNEP/MAP – PAP/RAC

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE

MANAGEMENT IN THE URBAN CONTEXT

SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007

COUNTRIES AND COASTAL REGIONS


MEDITERRANEAN PRESSURES

• population• coastal urbanisation• tourism• economy


COASTAL URBANISATION• Overall urbanisation rate: 64% in 2000, 72% in 2025 • In the North urbanisation rate will grow only slightly, from 67% to 69% • In the South urbanisation rate will grow from 62% to 74% • Urban inhabitants: 275 mil. in 2000, 380 mil. in 2025• The population of the agglomerations in the South will grow from 145

million inhabitants in the year 2000 to 243 million in 2025, of which more that 30 million new inhabitants for the agglomerations on the coastal regions.

• The population of the agglomerations in the North will grow from 129 million inhabitants in the year 2000 to 135 million in the year 2025, with the urban population of the coastal regions remaining practically unchanged

• 65% of coastline is urbanised; number of coastal settlements with more than 10,000 inhabitants doubled from 1950 to 1995


GROWTH OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS


COASTAL SETTLEMENTSAnnual amounts (‘000 m3/year) of waste water discharged into the sea from coastal cities

Reused0.49

Untreated3067.11

Treated2830.23


NUMBER OF CITIES SERVED BY TREATMENT PLANTS

02 0

6 08 0

1 0 0

4 0

1 2 01 4 01 6 01 8 0

Nu

mb

er o

f ci

ties

P o p u la tio nb e lo w

1 0 0 ,0 0 0

P o p u la tio n1 0 0 ,0 0 0 -5 0 0 ,0 0 0

P o p u la tio n5 0 0 ,0 0 0 -

1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

P o p u la tio nab o v e

1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

To ta l n u m b er o f c itie s

N u m b er o f c itie s se rv ed b y trea tm en t p lan t


Tertiary(4% )

Secondary(38% )

Prim ary(10% )

None(48% )

DEGREE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT IN COASTAL CITIES


MEDITERRANEAN “HOT SPOTS”


URBAN SPRAWL

Padua and (Venice) Mestre

1955

1997

Istanbul

2000

1945


COASTAL ARTIFICIALISATION

40% of Mediterranean coasts were built in 2000


Coastal urban development problems are essentially the resource management

problem, notably water and space


WHAT IS INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (ICZM)?

• ICZM is continuous, proactive and adaptive process of resource management for environmentally sustainable development of coastal areas

• ICZM requires multidisciplinary approach, problem solving instead of problem transfer, stakeholder participation, as well as integration among sectors, institutions and administrative levels

• ICZM requires full understanding of interactions among coastal resources, their use, and impacts of the development on economy and the environment


COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

• Initial phase (1978-1984): MEDPOL I, monitoring and assessment of pollution, BP and PAP established

• reorientation of MAP on integrated management of coastal areas, 1986

• PAP Coastal Pilot Projects (CPPs), 1987• Methodological Framework for ICAM, 1988• MAP CAMP, 1989• Guidelines on Integrated Coastal Areas Management

ICAM (with UNEP), 1995• Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable

Development - recommendations for ICAM, 1997• Assessment of ICAM Initiatives in the Mediterranean:

experiences from METAP and MAP, 1998• “White Paper” on coastal zone management in the

Mediterranean, 2001


Major Legal Breakthrough

Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management


MAP CAMP PROJECTS

CAMP”Al Hoceima”MOROCCO

CAMP"The Albanian

Coast" ALBANIA

CAMP"Tlemcen"ALGERIA

CAMP"The Kastela

Bay"CROATIA

CAMP"The Area of

Fuka"EGYPT

CAMP"The island of

Rhodes"GREECE

CAMPISRAEL

CAMPLEBANON

CAMPMALTA

CAMP “TheSlovenian

Coastal Region" SLOVENIA

CAMP"The Bay of

Izmir"TURKEY

CAMP"Sfax"

TUNISIA

CAMP “TheSyrian Coastal

Region"SYRIA

CAMPCYPRUS

CAMP

SPAIN


• Mobilising actors and means of action towards achieving the sustainable urban development

• Acting towards a better management of urban dynamics

• Improving public urban services management• Strengthening the Mediterranean and Euro-

Mediterranean co-operation for a sustainable urban development

MCSD RECOMMENDATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN

MANAGEMENT


URBAN CONTEXT


NON-URBAN CONTEXT


THE RESULT


WHERE IS SPLIT?

Italy

Romania

Greece

Croatia

Albania

Slovenia

Bosnia Herzegovina

Macedonia

San MarinoMonaco

STUDY AREA


SOUTHERN ELEVATION OF THE DIOCLETIAN’S PALACE


LAND RECLAMATION


INITIATIVES

• Very little mention in literature, except port cities and waterfront development

• Urban regeneration• Hangzou Workshop and Hangzou

Declaration (1999)


DEFINITIONS

• Coastal city (HYDROPOLIS): Conurbation of more than 100,000 people contiguous with, significantly oriented towards, and/or actually or potentially affected hydrodinamically by an extensive body of surface fresh and salt water

• Urban coastal zone: Bi-polar area, bounded on the landward side by the local hinterland of the cityscape, and on the waterward side by the functional ecosystemic integration of the coastal littoral zone (Timmerman and White, 1997)


CONCLUSIONS• Urban development and ICZM were not well integrated in

spite of obvious strategic similarities• ICZM mainly related to non-urbanized areas: how to

preserve them, and how to limit the urbanisation process• Urban development: although sometimes large, coastal

areas were not considered as a specific resource, therefore pressure on its coastal fringe

• Heavy use of the urban coastline for industry, rather than for recreation, commerce, housing or conservation

• Unfortunately, the dilemma was not whether urban development is environmentally unacceptable, but only how to mitigate environmental impacts without causing too much delay to the development

• Challenges and rationale: socio-economic development, which goes well beyond urban areas’ boundaries; impacts of global changes, pressure on land-sea interface


RECOMMENDATIONS

• ICZM benefits for urban development: facilitates resource allocation; conflict resolution; environmental protection improves the quality of life; economic benefits (i.e. waterfront development, urban regeneration)

• Urban issues should be integrated in the ICZM process, not as an obstacle but as an advantage

• Planning in coastal cities should consider coastal zones as a resource potential and special management plans should be prepared


United Nations Environment ProgrammeMediterranean Action Plan

Priority Actions ProgrammeRegional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC)

Kraj Sv. Ivana 1121000 Split, CROATIA

tel: (385) (21) 34 04 70fax: (385) (21) 34 04 90

e-mail: [email protected]://www. pap-thecoastcentre.org

Ivica TRUMBIC UNEP/MAP – PAP/RAC INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE URBAN CONTEXT.

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