ivan solomin strelka final review

Ivan SolominRussia’s Energy Future

(A Case Study of Biogas)

FINAL REVIEW 2010/2011

STRELKA INSTITUTE FOR MEDIA, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

01

“Future city” illustrationauthor unknown

Energy, in whatever form it comes, liquid, solid fuels - or electricity, is a commodity that drives global development, plays a huge role in the geo-political relationships of the states and undoubtably makes Russia what itʼs like today.

RUSSIAN ENERGY FUTUREA MOCKUP OF POSSIBLE STEPS IN RUSSIA’SSHIFT TO THE RENEWABLE POWER.

03

CURRENT FOSSIL SOURCES

NUKES OIL GAS COALFour conventionalpower sourses

Considering the fact that fossils make Russia the way it is, I remembered the old saying: tell me who are your friends, and Iʼll tell you who you are.

This way Russia finds itself in an old, but rather doubtful company.

Conventional sources

hazardous peakyexpensive dangerous

finite

finitefinitepollutive

pollutive

very pollutive

03

CURRENT STATE OF RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGYEnergy future

An diagram shows an inventory of renewable technologies

On the other hand, renew-able technology is represented by more than 100 means of cleaner and safer energy, and growing.

FERMENTATION

sugar (I)

bioethanol

biobuthanol

bio oils

bio gas

biodiesel

bio DME

DMF

biodiesl

digestate

green diesel

hydrogen oils

biodiesel

biogas methanol

syngas

methanol

DME

hydrogen

electricity

biomethanol

bioethanol

bioethanol

biobuthanol

biohydrogen

cellulosys (II)

algae (III)

whole cell fermrntationvia catalist

flash pyrolisys

dark

photo

soil based

liquid based

lliving plant MFS

partial combustion

vegetable, waste oil and fats

algae

PYROLISYS

TRANSCESTERIFICATION

GASIFICATION

BIOMASS-TO-LIQUID

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

FRACTUAL DISTILATION

HYDRODENATION OF OIL AND FATS

CATALICTIC DEPOLIMESATION`

LIVING ALGAE FARMING

SOLAR THERMAL

PVT/T

DAYLIGHTING

SUN CHEMICAL

SUN CHEMICAL

TRACKING DEVICES

AIRBOURN

INLAND

HEAT

SMALL

MICRO

PICO

DIY

PENTON WHEEL

TIDAL STREAM (TEC)

OSMOTIC POWER

MARINE CURRENT (eg gulfstream)

OTEC

WAVE

WATER-TO-WIRE

HEATING

tempetature management

electricity

OFF-SHORE

WIND-DIESEL HYBRID

LOW t

HEATING/COOLING

WATER (SWH)

active

passive

AIR

COOKING

MID t

HIGH t

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

PHOTOVOLTAICS

glazed

CS (collector storage) bubble pump

drainback

CHS (convection heat storage)

unglazed

micro solar passive

active

direct

concentraters

passive

kitegenkitoon

water-to-earth

dry steam (I)

lagoon

free flov turbines turbines

dinamic tidal

electric double-layer capacitor

vapor pressure

flash steam (II)

binary cicle (III)

straight capturing of jazerwater fo heating

air-to-soil

rotor

kite

mars

windsocks

baloon+rotortorus baloon

WAWT

HAWT

fixed

floating

through-pass

parabolic

silicon

wind spire

ORC (organic rankine cycle)

Kalina cycle

open cycle

closed cycle

open cycle

closed cycle

Darrieur’sgyromills cycloturbines helical blades

thin film

DSSC (light absorbing dyes)

organic films

single layer

bilayer

Turbi quiet revolution

bulk

bowl

freshnell mirrors

freshnell lens

solar tover

hologram

front-pass

baskt-pass

sun owens

sun shelves

liquid

air

concentrators

kitoon

THERMOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION

solar combisystems

MCF fuel storage

THREMAL STORAGE BATTERY STORAGE MECHANICAL STORAGE

GRI

D S

TORA

GE

FUEL STORAGE

solar heat

different fuels forfurther conversion

CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT

OTHER MICRO SCALE MEANSHEAT ENGINE

GEN

ERATO

RS

INVERTOR

FUEL CELL

AC S

TABI

LIZE

RS

GEOTHREMAL HYD

ROEN

ERGY SOLAR ENERGY

MARINE ENERGY

WIN

D E

NER

GY

BIOMASS

hydrogen production

Internal combustion

External combustion

Sterling engine

Micro heat engine

Pressure gradients Vibration Human body heat

Piezoelectric membrane generator

Induction generator

Combined heat and power

Micro heat engines

Power stabilizers

Microba

l fuel c

ell

Hydr

ogen

fuel

cell

Bloo

m E

nerg

y ce

ll

AC/D

C

Deep cycle batteries

Seas

onal

The

rmal

sto

rage

Molt

en sa

ltAc

tive/

Pass

ive o

pera

tion

Phas

e cha

nge m

ateria

lsNatu

ral so

il tem

perat

ures

Ultracapacitors

Plug-in electric vehicles

Com

pres

sed

air

Flyw

heel

Hydr

o pu

mp

stor

age

Net metering

Community sharing

storage of fuels produced via biomass

Renewable sources

04

HISTORY

History of renewable energy development in global context.

Renewable technology has seen a 170-year development history, since 1839, when the photovoltaic effect was discovered.

1840 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 1900 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20 25 30 35

The high cost of solar cells limited terrestrialuses throughout the1960s

The 1973 oil crisis stimulated a rapid rise in the production of PV during the 1970s and early 1980s

Increase in RnD for solar energy in Japan and Europe,worldwide production growthincreased to 30%

M. King Hubbard Develops the "Hubberts Peak Theory" for Measuring Oil Supply; Peak of US Oil Production Correctly Predicted

First commercialcomputer.

Formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in Baghdad, Iraq

Santa Barbara Oil Spill

Bringing the price down from $100 a watt to $20 per watt, solar cells could nowcompete in situations where people neededelectricity distant from power lines

Oil Production Peaksin the Lower 48 States

Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident in Pennsylvania Creates Widespread Public Opposition to Nuclear Power

Largest Nuclear Accident Ever Takes Place at Chernobyl

Exxon Valdez Disaster in Alaska Becomes the Largest Oil Spill in US Waters

BP Oil Rig Explodes & CausesLargest Oil Spill in US History

Investment programs

Earthquake off Coast of Japan Damages Six Powerplants at Fukushima Dai-ichi

Kyoto Protocol entered into force.

191 States ratify the protocol

Kyoto Protocol adopted

During the 1860s and 1870s, when “peak coal” fears swept across Europe, many people thought that civilization itself could be extinguished. Scientists and engineers insisted that solar energy could extend the industrial revolution indefinitely after coal ran out

The photovoltaic effect wasdiscovered by French scientist Edmond Becquerel in 1839

A steam engine powered by solar energy was developed by the French mathematician, August Mouchout in 1861

Hoffman Electronics-Semiconductor Division creates a 2% efficient commercial solar cell for $25/cell or $1,785/Watt.

Hoffman Electronics creates a 14% efficient solar cell.

20% efficient silicon cells are created by the Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering

Scientists at the U.S. Department of introducea photovoltaic device that converts 40.8 percent of the light that hits it into electricity

First Hydroelectric Plant, Appleton Wisconsin

First wind turbine electricity producer was the 1888 wind turbine built by Charles Brush in Cleveland, Ohio

The first commercial geothermal power plant was built in 1911 in Larderello, Italy.

In 1917, Alexander Graham Bell advocated ethanol from corn and other foodstuffs as an alternative to coal and oil, stating that the world was in measurable distance of depleting these fuels

John Ericsson,: "A couple of thousand years dropped in the oceanof time will completely exhaust the coal fields of Europe, unless, inthe meantime, the heat of the sun be employed

The first commercial solar cell at a very expensive $300 per watt

Prototype of Internet

Internet rollout Present state ofinternrt (beginning)

Opening of Texas and PersianGulf oil fields inaugurates era of cheap energy in US

1859 First Commercial Oil Well Drilled by Edwin Drake

Birth of the Modern Oil IndustryDiscovery of Texas' Vast Spindletop Oil Field

Steam engine, railway coal mining. Internal Combustion engine, electric power, plastics. Petrochemicals, electroniocs, Aviation. Digital networks softwear, new media. NBIC convergence

Of the 4,192 cars produced in the United States 28 percent are powered by electricity, and electric autos represent about one-third of all cars found on the roads of New York City, Boston, and Chicago.

Henry Ford introduces the mass-produced and gasoline-powered Model T, which will have a profound effect on the U.S. automobile market.

During the 1920s the electric car ceases to be a viable commercial product. The electric car's downfall is attributable to a number of factors, including the desire for longer distance vehicles, their lack of horsepower, and the ready availability of gasoline.

Concerns about the soaring price of oilpeaking with the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 -- and a growing environmental movement result in renewed interests in electric cars from both consumers and producers.

Congress introduces the earliest bills recommending use of electric vehicles as a means of reducing air pollution. A Gallup poll indicates that 33 million Americans are interested in electric vehicles.

Gas prices reach record highs of more than $4 a gallon and car sales drop to their lowest levels in a decade. American automakers begin to shift their production lines away from SUVs and other large vehicles toward smaller, more fuel-efficient cars.

Development of renewable technology.

05

TREND ANALISYS

Two waves and long-lasting trends displayed.

We can identify long-lasting trends, like growing effi-ciency of renewable sources, decrease in their price, growing invironmental concerns and activity.

On the other hand, we see growing fossil fuel prices, driven by fear of peak, Middle East tensions and and increase in global energy demand.

1840 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 1900 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20 25 30 35

Steam engine, railway coal mining. Internal Combustion engine, electric power, plastics. Petrochemicals, electroniocs, Aviation. Digital networks softwear, new media. NBIC convergence

GENERALLY, WE CAN POINT OUT HIGH SEN-SITIVITY OF RENEW-ABLE POWER DEVELOP-MENT INTENSITY TO FOSSIL FUEL PRICES, ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIV-ITY AND TECHNOLOGI-CAL DISASTERS, ASSO-CIATED WITH CONVEN-TIONAL POWER SOURCES

Waves and long-lasting trends

06

TWO WAVES

Two renewable waves

Fear of peak coalStudy trips and scientific societiesPeak of industrial revolutionOil industry underdeveloped

Nearly no inveronmental concernsInsufficient information about reserves

Cheap oil discovered. Any options?

Fear of peak oilInternet, globalisationComputers, modelling, rapid prototypingHigh oil prices, spikes and shortages

High inveronmental concernsMost reserves discovered

70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 1080 85 90 95 1900

Comparison analisys

07

TRANSITION MODEL FRAMEWORK

Vectors of fossil power

consumption

time

quantity

current consumtpion

fossil resource

COMSUMPTION IS DRIVEN BY ECONOMIC DEVELOP-MENT AND POPULA-TION GROWTH.

FOSSIL RESOURCE IS FINITE AND DIMIN-ISHES NATURALLY

AT SOME POINT DE-PLEATING RESERVES WONʼT BE ABLE TO COVER GROWING ENERGY NEEDS

Fossil energy

09


Model framework

cc

quantity

time

renewable resource

fossil resource

consumption

A

Fossils and renewables

08


Vectors of renewable energy

cc

consumption

time

renewable resource

RENEWABLE SUPPLY IS INFINITE AT ANY POINT, AND IS ONLY CON-STRAINED WITH THE RATE OF PRODUCTION.

quantity

Renewable energy

10


Rate of production and consumption

cc

time

fossil resource

A

consumption

c

fp

RATE OF FOSSIL PRO-DUCTION IS PRE-SENTED BY HUBBERT CURVE, BASED ON LO-GISTIC DISTRIBUTION MODEL, THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT PROVED RESERVES, RATE OF CONSUMPTION, MARKET AND POLITI-CAL FACTORS.CONSUMPTION CURVE FOLLOWS THE PRODUC-TION RATE CURVE UNTIL RESOURCE PEAKS AND START DE-PLEATING.

A SEVERE RECESSION, THAT IS LIKELY

TO BE CAUSED BY HIGH COMMODITY PRICES

DURING PEAK, WOULD TEMPORARY LOWER

ENERGY DEMAND, AS IT HAPPENED IN US IN ʻ73

Rate of production

quantityrenewable resource

11


Potential renewable production and consumption

cc

time

renewable resource

fossil resource

A

consumption

c

rp

POTENTIAL RENEWABLE PRODUCTION RATE IS DRIVEN BY INVEST-MENT, VOLUME OF USE AND TECHNOLOGY DE-VELOPMENT.

fp

quantity

Potential renewable production

12


Transition model

cc

consumption

t 1 t 2 time

renuwable resource

fossil resource

c

fossil price

renewable price

rp

AB

AT CURRENT LEVEL OF CONSUMPTION AT A CURRENT POINT IN

TIME T1 FOSSIL SUPPLY STILL MEETS DEMAND,

BUT THE PRICE AL-READY STARTED

GROWING, AMONG OTHER FACTORS

STIMULATING RENEW-ABLE TECHNOLOGY,

THAT AT PRESENT TIME IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

LESS THEN 20% OF CONSUMPTION.

AT SOME POINT IN TIME FOSSIL PRODUC-TION PEAKS AND STARTS TERMINAL DE-CLINE, THAT CREATES DEFICITE AND DRIVES FOSSIL PRICE EVEN HIGHER, FURTHER STIMULATING RENEW-ABLE TECHNOLOGY, UNTILL AT T2 POTEN-TIAL RENEWABLE PRO-DUCTION IS ABLE TO MEET GROWING DEMEND IN POINT B.

fp

quantity

Prices and potential production levels

13


fossil resource

consumption

t 2

renuwable resource

c

fossil price

renewable price

rpfp

t 1

A

B

The shift happens not at the moment where fossil fuel is depleted, but when itʼs high price and shortage drive renewable technology to become more economicaly viable.

OVER DEVELOPMENT TIME, PRICE OF RENEW-ABLE POWER GOES DOWN, AND EVENTU-ALLY, SHORT AFTER THE POINT B, IT BECOMES LOWER THEN FOSSIL PRICE.

UNTILL THIS POINT, DESPITE THE FACT THAT RENEWABLE POWER IS DEVELOPED, FOSSIL RESOURCES ARE STILL IN USE.

Transition process

14

TRANSITION IN RUSSIA AS IN EXPORTING COUNTRY

As world oil exports approach a global peak, the price of ex-ported resource increases and further stimulates domestic eco-nomic growth and oil consump-tion in Export-Land countries, creating a positive feedback process between declining ex-ports and higher prices.

This means, that exporting country can benefit from longer use of fossil oriented infrastruc-ture and domestic resourse, ob-taining more time and financial resources to prepare fo the shift

As one of the major ex-porters of fossil re-sources, Russian hub-bert curve declines less steep, giving us a chance to make use of our status of export-oriented economy, to get redy for the peak and build a new indus-try to replace source of export profits.

Export Land model

15

STATEMENTExport Land model conclusions and perspective for Russia.

Statement for introdution of renewable power.`

Following conclusions made from transition model, we can state,

that effects of the peak are inevitable, and as exporting nation Russia is in favorable condition. We donʼt have to re-build all energy provi-sion infrostructure, today, because we can longer make use of it -

we have time to build an industry with attrac-tive investment cli-mate, using renew-ables where they are needed and viable, starting today so that when time comes we are ready.

16

SMALL SCALE COUNTER-GRID SOLUTIONS

Some footer don’t know what to say probly

Since connection of re-newable sources to the grid implies huge in-vestment, insfrastruc-tural and mind shift, it looks feasible to use them counter grid, not replacing it, but com-pensating its imperfec-tions, where it doesnʼt reach or does it im-properly.

Renewable technology as consumer product.

17

CURRENT STATE TARRIFS

Chart of state in Russian regions

Irkutsk

cheapest renewable source

Magadan

0,47 RUR/KWT/H

>3,5 RUR/KWT/H

4,85 RUR/KWT/H

At first sight, renewable power doesnʼt seem to be competitive, because state tarrifs in Russia are rather low.

But, tarrif grows every year, and is highly de-pendent on fossil re-source price. Moreover, we donʼt allways pay state tarrif.

Compared to renewable price

18

Energy provision in urban areas is usually ok, but rural areas can be off grid, have lim-ited capacity or face blackouts and power-cuts because of poor condition of power-lines and sub-stations.

GRID FORMATION

Hypothetical suburban settlement

Different ways of being connected to the grid

19

Letʼs concider a hypo-thetical rural settle-ment that is being con-nected to the grid, while remote location stays off-grid.The initial power ca-pacity is some x kwt.

GRID FORMATION



20

As time passes, some houses posess new home appliances, that consume more energy.

GRID FORMATION



21

Then, some homes are being rebuilt or mod-ernized, that again leads to increase in power consumption.

GRID FORMATION



22

Then some new homes are built near and con-nected to the grid as well.

GRID FORMATION



23

At this point capacity x is fully used.

GRID FORMATION



24

Newer homes are unable to connect to the same powerline.

GRID FORMATION



25

The have to eather get permission, that costs 20-50 000 rur per kwt/h, invest into building infrustructure , and bribe officials to speed up the process, of stay off-grid.

GRID FORMATION



26

Cottage settlements and townhouses are biult by developer, who invests into infra-structure himself and then charges his own tarrif.

GRID FORMATION



27

ONE REGION - FOUR TARRIFS.

Chart of possible tarrifs in Moscowregion

-

Notably, all this tarrifs are based on growing state tarrif, with a rate of at least 10% a year, while wind turbine electricity lifecycle cost is 4-6 rur, with a per-spective for decrease.

This way in one location there can be four different tarrifs.If we take as example Moscow region, where state tearrif is 2,5 rur per kwt/h, investment into connetcting to grig and obtain-ing aditional capacity usually end up at more then 4,5 rur, and off-grid diesel of gas gen-eration costs 10-30 rur per

3 kW VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

STATE TARRIF

ADDITIONAL POWER CAPACITY CASES

generator working on fossil fuel

Moscow region

min 10% annual growth (factors, forecasts)

may be lowered

2,54,1

4,5

10

Tarrifs at different grid formations

28

TARGET AUDIENCE

21 major cities

-

Since off-grid, and cases of unfavoraple grid formation happen in rural areas, to map our target group we should look at aglomerations of big cities, in which most dachas and ermanent rural homes are situated.

Moscow

Rostov na Donu

Yaroslavl

Voroneg

Nijni Novgorod

Saint Petersburg

Volgograd

Perm Kazan Ijevsk

SamaraUfa Cheliabinsk

EkaterinburgTumen

Saratov

Ulianovsk

Omsk

Novosibirsk

Barnaul

TomskKrasnoyarsk

Export Land model

29

GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY

Suburban settlements in aglomerations of major cities

Four developmenttypologies

NIGNI NOVGORODPopulation Population Population

1251

2020Aglomeration

1165

2050Aglomeration

1144

1560Aglomeration

Population Population Population

1021

1014Aglomeration

974

1155Aglomeration

614

672Aglomeration


992

1306Aglomeration

1474

1800Aglomeration

838

1186Aglomeration


1062

1300Aglomeration

612

731Aglomeration

11 514

14 500 Aglomeration


628

1080Aglomeration

890

1175Aglomeration

592

750Aglomeration


1130

1350Aglomeration

1350

2050Aglomeration

582

656Aglomeration


578

760Aglomeration

4849

5400Aglomeration

1090

1800Aglomeration

SAMARA KAZAN

VOLGOGRAD KRASNOYARSK ULIANOVSK

PERM NOVOSIBIRSK SARATOV

UFA BARNAUL MOSCOW

IGEVSK YAROSLAVLVORONEG

CHELIABINSK EKATERINBURG TUMEN

MAHACHKALA ST PETERBURG ROSTOV NA DONU

21

44,3M

32%

major cities

total aglomeration

of Russian population in 2010

NIGNI NOVGOROD SAMARA KAZAN

VOLGOGRAD KRASNOYARSK ULIANOVSK

PERM NOVOSIBIRSK SARATOV

UFA BARNAUL MOSCOW

IGEVSK YAROSLAVLVORONEG

CHELIABINSK EKATERINBURG TUMEN

MAHACHKALA ST PETERBURG ROSTOV NA DONU

Aglomerations of 21 biggest cities

30

PRIVATE PUBLIC PARTNERSHIPS


PPPʼs are collaboration projects between state and private busi-ness, that implies positive exter-nalities for local community and national interest. This way is usefull in Russia, be-cause government somewhat takes a stake in the project and is interested in its sucess, so it would;n geopardize the initia-tive at secure the debt financ-ing.

PPPʼs are favorable for the area administra-tion - they improve in-frastructure, create new jobs, stimulate spending and regional economic indicators.

Isfastructure-based middle-scale solutions

31

BIOGAS CASE STUDY

Belgorod region

Biogas is one of the most perspective tech-nologies in russia - it is based on existing in-frastructure, resourse is virtualy free, volume of produced electric power can be regu-lated in real tive, and what is important - pro-cess, and power supply is stable, unlike sun or wind power.

My case study features a pri-vate public partnership initia-tive in Graivoron area of Bel-gorod region, that is aimed on construction of two biogas plants that produce biomethane and elecrticity from animal waste from three nearby farms.

Case overview

32

BIOGAS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Production process blueprint

BIOLOGICAL WASTE FROM ANIMALS GET INTO THE COLLECTOR

1

Steps and equipment


1

PRE-HEATED SUBSTRATE IS PUMPED TO THE FERMENTATOR,WHERE BIOGAS IS COLLECTED IN GASGOLDER.

2

HEAT ENERGY IS MAINLY USED TOPRE-HEAT THE SUBSTRATE AND

MAINTAIN OPERATION TEMPERATURE INFERMENTATOR

33

BIOGAS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGYSteps and equipment


1


2

MIXED DIGESTATE GETS TO TEMPORARY LAGOON, ANDTHEN TO THE SEPARATORWHERE LIQUID AND SOLID DIGESTATES ARE SEPARATED

3



34



1


2


3

LIQUID DIGESTATE ISCOLLECTED IN LAGOON, SOLID IS STORED, BOTH ARE USED DOMESTICALLY OR SOLD.

4

35



1


ELECTRICITY AND HEAT ENERGY ARE BEING PRODUCED IN CHP.

2


3

LIQUID DIGESTATE ISCOLLECTED IN LAGOON, SOLID IS STORED, BOTH ARE USED DOMESTICALLY OR SOLD.

4



BIOGAS IS COMPRESSED BY A PUPM AND FREED FROM CONDENSATE

5

36


37

AREA INFRASTRUCTURE

Plants in regional infrastructure

GRAIVORON AREA IS SITUATED ON THE BOARDER WITH UKRAINE, NEAR MOST RAIL-WAY AND HIGH-WAY CUSTOMS POINTS.

13

GRAIVORONAREA

UKRAINE

KURSK REGION

VORONEJ REGION

Aglomerations of 21 biggest cities

GRAIVORON

38

TWO PLANTS

Plants details

304

17720

100

1500

1668

1810

5 х 2400

1

1,7

20 000 1 550 000 960 0000

57 000 12 000 1 320 000 -

TECH SPECS PLANT 1

PRICE (EURO)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

-

waste capacity

biogas produced

staffterritory

Biogas plant

Project Launch and training

Tech equipment

Construction

CHP

electricity consumed

heat consumed (at -30) electricity produced

heat produced

number and volume

tonns/day

m3/day

personhectars

80 10 solid digestate tonns/day

20411 liquid digestate tonns/day

kwt

kwtkwt

kwt

item x m3

TECH SPECS PLANT 2

PRICE (EURO)

1 450

2 9 688

3 60

4 900

5 3 х 2400

6 1

7 1,2

8 51

9 387

20 000 990 000 660 000

47 000 10 000 850 000

-

Plant situated near cow farm and chicken farm, that produce 270 and 34 tonns of waste respectively.Total energy consumption of the farm is 12 M kwt/h annually.Heat energy from the plant may be used to heat the farm in winter.Digestate can be used as a suple-ment right away.

450 tonns of organic waste is produced by a farm of 4800 pigs.

waste capacity

biogas produced

Solid digestate producedLiquid digestate produced

Biogas plant

Project Launch and training

Tech equipment

Construction

CHP

electricity consumed

heat consumed (at -30) number and volume of fermentators

Staff

territiry

tonns/day

m3/day

tonns/daytonns/day

kwt

kwtitems x m3

person

gectar

1127

1108

10

11

electricity produced

heat produced

kwt

kwt

Technical characteristics

39

ECONOMICS

Project on a cost of 7,5 m euro has investment return rate of 56% over 5 year period, pays off in 2 years and 8 month.

47 160 TONNS OF DIGESTETE4 028 900 KWT/H OF HEAT POWER

20 400 700 KWT/H OF ELECTRIC POWER

Basic indicators

40


750 TONNS OF WASTE COMES

DAILYFROM THREE

FARMS IN GRAIVORON AREA OF BEL-

GORODSKI REGION.

EVEN IN THIS AREA THERE ARE

MORETHAN 50

FARMS, ACROSS COUNTRY

THERE ARE THOUTHANDS.

750 tonns of cattle waste a day 365 days a year pro-duces enough energy to power needs of 6 800 fami-lies during one year.

Cattle waste is not the only raw for biogas - waste of other indus-tries, like wood production, food industry, food crops, can as well be used as raw for biogas plants.

Renewable energy

41

CONCLUSION


ON THE OTHER HAND, IF WE FIRST STIMULATE CON-SUMER END AND MIDDLE SCALE INDUSTRY - WE GO FROM REMOTE LOCATIONS TO THE CENTER, FROM INBETWEEN THE GRID TO FIRST GET CONNECTED TO IT REGIONALLY, THEN NATIONALLY.

If we start renewable implementation from high-cost projects that are not feasible, develop-ment will never reach remote consumers, and will stay a luxurios toy.

Export Land model

ivan solomin strelka final review

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