IV. C. Changes & Challenges to Political-Territorial Arrangements

Debra Coram Troxell, NBCT

5. Electoral Geography

• Redistricting & Reapportionment • Gerrymander• “electoral districts, municipalities”

Congressional reapportionment

If Party A is in control of redistricting…

• Wasted votes: Party B is a minority in every district

• Excess votes: almost all of Party B supporters are in one district

• Stacked votes: Party A controls the majority of districts, yet Party B controls more than 1 – can result in very strange shaped districts

www.redistrictinggame.org

“Gerrymandering”

Redistricting forpartisan purposes

A famous gerrymander

NC Voter registration

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1I

Change in Electoral Votes

1980 1990 2000 2010

New York 41 33 31 30

NC 13 14 15 15

Florida 17 25 27 28

Texas 26 32 34 37

California 45 54 55 55

Presidential Elections

2004

2008

2012

2008 Election

2004 Presidential Election

2012 Presidential Election

2012 Presidential Election

2012 Presidential Election

2012 Presidential Election

1. Changing Nature of Sovereignty• Early People: Tribes behaved territorially but not exclusively – held sway over

people but no collective agreement among rulers about how territory would be organized or what rulers could do within their respective domains (deBlij 241)

• Westphalian System: 1648 Treaty of Westphalia gave rise of political-territorial power– Instead of societies defining territories; Territories define societies

• “These new countries are artificial units, geographic expressions carved on the map by European imperialists. These are the units we have tried to turn into nations.” -Julius Nyerere, president of Tanzania 1971

• Globalists_supr article in polit. Folder on EU being close to global governance

1. Changing Nature of Sovereignty• Globalization has changed the face of sovereignty, with companies, people,

and ideas now interacting across borders at a pace never seen before. With emerging intergovernmental organizations, such as the European Union, the definition of sovereignty is in flux. http://digitalcommons.hamline.edu/dhp/14/

1. Globalization of economies, transnational corps., outsourcing2. International and supranational institutions

1. Trade blocs2. WTO3. EU

3. NGOs4. International Migration and effective communication undermines the state

as a cultural community5. Increased nationalist and separatist movements in “culturally composite

states”• Globalists_supr article in polit. Folder on EU being close to global

governance

2b. Unification

• East Germany – West Germany• Hong Kong – China• North Korea – South Korea

2c. Cooperation

• Due to “economic globalization” & international cooperation– Some of sovereign state’s traditional responsibilities

and authorities are being diluted by• Higher-order political and economic organizations• Transnational corporations • Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)• Which operate outside of nation-state jurisdiction

– Transnationals corps. Limit the economic influence of individual countries

– Internet & Cyberspace are not controlled

3. Supranationalism & International Alliances

Supranational Political Bodies

• Associations of three or more states created for mutual benefit and to achieve shared objectives.

• Supranational organizations come into being when countries give up a portion of their sovereignty (willingly) in order to gain the advantages of having a closer relationship with their neighboring countries, politically, economically or culturally.

Goals of International Organizations

• Political & Military– United Nations– North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)– Warsaw Pact (1955 – 1991)– Organization of American States (OAS)– African Union (AU)

Goals of International Organizations

• Economic– European Union (EU)– Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

– communist countries (1949 – 1991)– North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

(1994 - )

Political & Military Organizations

United Nations

• 1945 – original 49 members• 2014 – 193 members

United NationsThe United Nations

• The United Nations System is based on five active principal organizations:• UN General Assembly • UN Security Council • UN Economic and Social Council• UN Secretariat• International Court of Justice

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations

Non-member StatesTaiwan (China)

Vatican City

Western Sahara (territory of Morocco)

Palestinian Territories

Tibet (China)

Sample United Nations OrganizationsSample of UN Organizations • UNDP - United Nations Development Programme

• UNIFEM - United Nations Development Fund for Women

• UNV - United Nations Volunteers

• UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme

• UNFPA - United Nations Fund for Population Activities

• UNHCR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

• UN-HABITAT - United Nations Human Settlements Programme

• UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund

Maritime boundaries

• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):

– Four zones:1. Territorial sea – 12 nautical miles

2. Contiguous zone – 24 n.m.

3. Exclusive Economic zone (EEZ)-200 n.m.

4. High Seas or Global Commons

Map of Canada outlining the 200 mile exclusive economic zone (red line) and the possible limit of the extended continental shelf (white line).

• After WWII – 16 member nations• Since fall of communism – some former Warsaw pact countries have

joined

NATO

European Union

• Began as European Economic Community (EEC), – 1957. – Stronger in 1994– 10 new members, joined, 2004– 2015: 28 members

• Turkey wants to join but have faced resistance.– Greece objects due to Cyprus– Objections due to human rights abuses of Kurds– Not “European” enough

Notice

France & Germany are members and use the Euro

UK & Romania are members but do not use the Euro

Switzerland & Norway are not members

EU: Federal or Confederate?

• Almost one-half of the total annual legislation in the United Kingdom now comes from the European Union.

• Power of Place: EU

Economic Organizations

Swaziland

Angola

UMA: Arab Maghreb Union

COMESA: Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa

CEN-SAD: Community of Sahel-Saharan States

EAC: E. African Com.

ECCAS: Eco. Com. of Central African States

ECOWAS: Eco. Com. of W. African States

IGAD: Intergovernmental Authority on Development

SADC: Southern Africa Dev. Com.

The Overlapping of Political & Economic Membership

Trading Blocs

OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a large group of countries[1][2] made up of Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Ecuador (which rejoined OPEC in November 2007)

NAFTA

• 1993• Designed to converge wealth between Canada,

US, & Mexico• Increase in wealth for elite, decline in income for

Mex. farmers, and job loss for US workers• Increase in maquiladoras

ASEAN

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations• Formed 1967• To promote political and economic cooperation

and regional stability

ASEAN

• Components– Political-Security Community

• Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights• Defence Ministers Meeting, etc.

– Economic Community• Free Trade Area• Ministers on Energy Meeting• Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture and Forestry, etc.

– Socio-Cultural Community• Ministers Responsible for Culture & Arts• Education Ministers Meeting

ASEAN

• Brunei• Cambodia• Indonesia• Laos• Malaysia• Myanmar• Philippines• Singapore• Thailand• Viet Nam

• Asia Cooperation Dialogue

• Gulf Cooperation Dialogue

• Shanghai Cooperation Organization

• Turkic Council• Economic

Cooperation Organization

• South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

• Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

3b. International Alliances

• “NATO, ASEAN, NAFTA and European Union”

4a. Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces

The largest ethnic group as the percentage of total population.* Dark yellow: 85% and above.* Yellow: 65-84%.* Light yellow: 64% and below;* Blue: Traditional ethnic definitions do not apply. Ethnicity is replaced by color of skin.(Source: WFB. Data as of 2000-2008).

Centripetal forces

• Forces that promote national unity and solidarity. • The ultimate centripetal force is the nation’s raison

d’être: Its ‘reason for being’ Every state must have a reason to exist:

Defending a culture or ideology Standing up to a common enemy Special status in the world

States that don’t have a raison d’etre try to create one to unify the people.

Centripetal forces

1. Raison d’etre2. Nationalism3. Unifying institutions: schools, the armed forces and

state churches. *Organization and administration of the government.

4. Transportation and communication – strong core area

5. A perceived threat to a group’s sense of identity.

Examples of centripetal forces

• Nationalism is the primary source of group identity in the modern state. – It is the idea that a person derives a significant part

of his identity from a sense of belonging to a nation.

– States try to create allegiance to keep country stable: want their populace to accept the ideology, adhere to laws, participate in its operation.

– Icons—flags, national sports teams, holidays, statues

Centrifugal forces

• Forces that disrupt internal order and further the destruction of a country. – Ethnic conflicts; competing claims among ethnic groups. – Religion – Poorly run government and/or transportation systems. – A dissident minority seeking autonomy – Large population in frontier area– Devolution: transfer of power from the state’s central

government. to separate political subdivisions within its territory.

Government systems and Cultural Diversity

• Homogenous populations with similar languages, religions and shared history—a single identity—are best governed as unitary states. Reaction by the people against unitary rule can generate strong centrifugal forces.

• Heterogeneous populations are best governed as federal states. Allowing people to govern themselves close to home can generate strong centripetal forces.

Size and shape

• Can influence the viability of a state.• The size may encourage unity or division • The shape may also encourage unity or division

Thus either size or shape have the potential to

generate centrifugal or centripetal forces.

Centrifugal forces Centripetal forces

Size “Too big”

Or “Too small”

“Just right”

Shape “Too much like

Shattered glass”Or “Too much like

Swiss cheese.”

“Just the right shape”

Advantages Disadvantages

Large Size

Large population: more talent large armyMore natural resources Economic self-sufficiency

Difficult to unify Population: more spread out, more culturally diverse. Transportation difficultEveryone pays attention

Small Size

Easier to unify Population is closer togetherLess culturally diverse Transportation easyNo one pays attention

Small population: Less talent Small defense forceVulnerable to attackFewer resourcesEconomic vulnerability

2a. Fragmentation

• “indigenous areas”• “autonomous lands affect political, social and

economic processes”

4b. Devolution

• “ethnic separatism”• Time Permitting: Devolution hw

(devolution_act) ESPN • Power of Place: Velvet Divorce

6a. Armed Conflicts - War

• Ethnic Conflicts/Genocide• Acquisition of Territory/Resources

– Russia – Ukraine– Iraq – Kuwait and oil– Falkland Islands

6b. Terrorism

Mr. Craddock

What is Terrorism

• US: premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents

• UN: intention to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act.

Terrorism?

• Terrorism or Acts of Violence or War Activity

Terrorism or Acts of Violence or War

North Ossetia Lebanon Sri Lanka Pakistan India France Dagestan,Russia Burma New York Istanbul, Turkey Elazig Province,

Turkey

Texas Guinea Blacksburg Seattle Uzbekistan

Grozny, Russia Kosovo Cote d’Ivoire Yemen

Definition cont.

• Terrorism generally can be confined to three concepts– Violence– Fear – Intimidation

• It is almost always targeted in the most public way against civilians in order to draw attention to the act

Number of Terrorism Incidents, 2000-2008

Types of Terrorism

• Domestic – acts against one’s own country (Oklahoma City)

• International – acts that transcend national boundaries (9/11)

• Subnational – acts committed by nongovernmental groups (Chechnya)

• State – acts committed by agents of the government (Syria – before ISIS, “passive support” of HAMAS, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad)

Major Terrorist Incidents

• 9/11 (2001)• Munich Olympic Massacre (1972)• Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)• Beirut Bombing (1983)• Mumbai (2008)• School Hostages in Russia (2004)

Categorize the Paris Charlie Hebdo attack

Charlie Hebdo must be veiled

Oklahoma City Bombing

• April 19, 1995• Alfred P. Murrah Federal

Bldg.• By Timothy McVeigh

and Terry Nichols• 168 Died, 680+ Injured• American militia

movement sympathizer (survivalist, anti-tax, etc)

Beirut, Lebanon (1983)

Mumbai, India (2008)

New York City (2001)

Types of Terrorism cont.

• Bioterrorism – intentional release of toxic biological agents for the intent of terrorism

• Cyberterrorism – usually an attack on information technology to disrupt an organization

• Ecoterrorism – attacking disruptors of the environment in order to protect the environment.

Terrorist Groups

• Basque Fatherland and Liberty (Spain)• Irish Republican Army (N. Ireland)• HAMAS (Palestine)• Hezbollah (Lebanon; to resist Israeli occupation)• Palestinian Liberation Front (Palestine)• Sikh Terrorism (India)• Boko Haram (Nigeria)

Khalistan Basque

Palestinian State

Al Qaeda

• Established in 1989 by Osama bin Laden• Is a fundamentalist organization seeking to rid

Muslim nations of Westernization and secularism and replace with Theocracies.

• Operates out of individual cells instead of as a formal organization.

Reactions to Terrorist Attacks

• Reducing or addressing the cause of terrorism (Basque Spain)

• Increasing international cooperation in surveillance of subnational groups (Arab Gulf States)

• Increasing security measures within the country (United States)

• Using military means against terrorism (United States)

Ukraine Case Study?

• NATO eastward expansion, • the splintering of the EU over sanctions, • and the idea of two Ukraines divided by

language, religion, and economic development.• centripetal and centrifugal forces, • ethnic conflict, • core/periphery tensions, and • supranationalism vs devolution in contemporary

Europe.