ITT Course – Unit I - Chapter 1 - Computer Concepts (50 Pages)

7/30/2019 ITT Course Unit I - Chapter 1 - Computer Concepts (50 Pages)

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ITT Course Unit I

Chapter 1Computer Concepts


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The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India(Setup by an Act of Parliament)

Board of Studies

100 Hours ITT Course

Learning Objectives

To understand the basic concepts of computer system

To know the uses of computers in various fields

To understand the computing process

To understand the characteristics of computers

To do the classification of computers

To discuss the various generations of computers


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Computer An Introduction

In simple terms, computer is an electronic device that canmanipulate data.

Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculationsaccording to a set of instructions, or programs.

A Computer System


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Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software.

Showing Various Hardware Showing Various Software
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nccu.edu/facultyandstaff/its/newsletter/images/windows_vista_logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nccu.edu/facultyandstaff/its/newsletter/novtechdigest.cfm&usg=__lca0s1gN9A4jYF58J3IzUYxwxrE=&h=354&w=483&sz=45&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=Bz23KyA9oIIxqM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwindows%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tarahaat.com/Images/Tally_9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tarahaat.com/tg_job_tally9.aspx&usg=__MoPGKN6EcZBBQUGwRXy4QywHemo=&h=495&w=350&sz=108&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=tKy4sIEaEoCehM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtally%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rcs-hr.pl/img_upload/corel_draw_x3.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://gu1337.com/aio-apps/226178-most-needed-programs-drivers-pc.html&usg=__eaeqgZ2_9UQ6bmsQbsA5vEMbN7M=&h=400&w=400&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=gOOCyyK0q9-KQM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcorel%2Bdraw%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.isnaini.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/02/Adobe-Photoshop-Elements-4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.isnaini.com/2006/02/12/adobe-photoshop-elements-40&usg=__ZyWqKwBfsdhj2SuABxE4VkMTclM=&h=344&w=360&sz=27&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=cPWDxQHEgzxwyM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dadobe%2Bphotoshop%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den


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Internal View of Computer Parts


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Computer Operations

Input: A computer accepts thedata that is provided by meansof an input device, such as akeyboard.

Processing: A computerperforms operations on thedata to transform it in someway.

Output: A computer produces

output a device, such as aprinter or a monitor, thatshows the results ofprocessing operations.

Storage: A computer stores

the results of processingoperations for future use.


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Uses of Computer

Playing computer games

For creating documents, spreadsheets, databases, presentations.

Solving mathematics

Looking for information on the Internet

Watching TV and movies

Listening to music

Communicating with other people

For weather forecasting

Computers are used in banks, hospitals, military activities, etc.


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Computing Process Elements

Computers consists of the following:-

Hardware

Software

Data

People

Procedure

f C f


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Hardware

Hardware : The termshardware refers to thephysical part of thecomputer system.

Th I tit t f Ch t d A t t f I di


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Software

Software: Software is the set of instructions that guides thehardware what to do. Software can be categorized into thefollowing types:-

System Software

Operating System Translators Languages

Low Level LanguagesHigh Level Languages

Application Software

Generalized Software Customized Software

Utilities



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System Software

System software is any

computer software that

provides the

infrastructure over which

programs can operate,

i.e. it manages and

controls computer

hardware so that

application software can

perform.



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Operating System

An Operating System (OS) is an

interface between hardware and

user which is responsible for themanagement and coordination

of activities and the sharing of

the resources of the computer

that acts as a host for computing

applications run on the machine

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


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Functions of OS

Command Interpretation

Peripheral Management

Memory Management

Process Management

File Management



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Types of Operating System

There are two types of operating system as follows:-

Single User Operating System (for example MS-DOS)

Multi User Operating System (for example Linux, Windows, etc.)

Single User OS Multi User OS

http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://blog.gofaxer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Linux-is-the-Way-of-the-Future.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blog.gofaxer.com/%3Fp%3D250&usg=__AREm_XetGyYmpNX4VtSG8iW60xE=&h=279&w=468&sz=15&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=Ni74B7TW5dSeKM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLinux%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1G1GGLQ_ENIN334%26um%3D1


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Translators

A Translator is a computer program that translates one programming

language instruction(s) into another programming language

instruction(s) without the loss of original meaning.

Translator

Interpretere.g., BASIC Compilere.g., C, C++, Cobol



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Compilers

A compiler is a computer

program (or set of

programs) that transforms

source code written in a

computer language (the

source language) into

another computer

language (the target

language, often having abinary form known as

object code).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compiler.svg


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Interpreters

An interpreter is a computer

program which reads sourcecode written in a high-level

programming language,

transforms the code to

machine code, and executes

the machine code.



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Application Software

Application software is a computer program that functions and is

operated by means of a computer, with the purpose of supporting or

improving the software user's work.



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Generalized Software

Generalized software are those software that serves a changing

environment. By allowing variable data to be introduced, the program

can solve the same problem for different users, types of data or

situations.



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Customized Software

Customized software is a type of software that is developed either

for a specific organization or function that differs from already

available software. It is generally not targeted to the mass market,

but usually created for companies, business entities, and

organizations.



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(Setup by an Act of Parliament)

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Languages

A programming language is an

artificial language designed to

express computations that can

be performed by a machine,

particularly a computer.



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Low Level Languages

A low-level programming language is a language that provides little

or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture. A

low-level language does not need a compiler or interpreter to run;

the processor for which the language was written is able to run the

code without using either of these.

Low-level programming languages are sometimes divided into two

categories as follows:-

First Generation

Second Generation



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1st Generation

Low Level LanguagesThe first-generation programming language, or 1GL, is machine

code. It is the only language a microprocessor can understand

directly. Currently, programmers almost never write programs directly

in machine code.

Example: A function in 32-bit x86 machine code to calculate the nth

Fibonacci number:

8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383

FA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000

B9010000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD98B

C84AEBF1 5BC3



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2nd Generation

Low Level LanguagesThe second-generation programming

language, or 2GL, is assembly

language. It is considered a second-

generation language because while it

is not a microprocessor's nativelanguage, an assembly language

programmer must still understand the

microprocessor's unique architecture

(such as its registers and instructions).

These simple instructions are then

assembled directly into machine code.The assembly code can also be

abstracted to another layer in a similar

manner as machine code is abstracted

into assembly code.



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2nd Generation (Example) Low Level LanguagesExample: Fibonacci number calculator in x86 assembly language using MASM syntax:fib:

mov edx, [esp+8]cmp edx, 0

ja @f

mov eax, 0

ret

@@:

cmp edx, 2

ja @f

mov eax, 1ret

@@:

push ebx

mov ebx, 1

mov ecx, 1

@@:

lea eax, [ebx+ecx]cmp edx, 3

jbe @f

mov ebx, ecx

mov ecx, eax

dec edx

jmp @b

@@:

pop ebxret

A Computer System Showing Assembly Language Programming



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High Level Languages

A high-level programming

language is a programming

language with strong

abstraction from the details

of the computer. Incomparison to low-level

programming languages, it

may use natural language

elements, be easier to use,

or be more portable across

platforms. Such languageshide the details of CPU

operations such as memory

access models and

management of scope.



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Data

Data : Data is the raw material related with entities and events and

their recording as facts and figures. Data is the input to the processing.

Customer

Code

Customer Name Address Contact E-mail

C001 Parag 101, Housing Board Colony,

Shastri Nagar, N. Delhi

[email protected]

C002 Vinod 150, Shanti Nagar, Hyderabad [email protected]

C003 Vishal 110, Prakash Building, Road

No. 10, Indore

[email protected]

C004 Sanjay 210, Suresh Manson, Indira

Bazar, Calcutta

[email protected]

C005 Abhishek 333, C-Scheme, Jaipur [email protected]



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People

People: Most computersrequire people, who are

called users.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India(S t b A t f P li t)


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Procedure

Procedure: Procedures arethe steps that one must

follow to accomplish a

specific computer related

task.



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Characteristics of Computers

Computers are fast and can perform hundreds of millions of

processing operations in one second.

Computers are accurate.

Computers can perform very complex operations.

Computers can store massive amount of information.

Computers can move information very quickly from one place to

another.



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Classification of Computers

ComputersClassification

FundamentalClassification

Process-wiseClassification

CommercialClassification



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FundamentalClassification

Hardware Software



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Process-wiseClassification

Analog

Computer

Digital

Computer

Hybrid

Computer



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Analog Computers

Analog Computers are those computers which deals with analog

signals (data). An example of analog computer is ECG (Electro

Cardiogram).

An Analog Computer



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Digital Computers

Digital computers are those computers which deals with digital data

i.e., 1 and 0. An example of digital computer is Personal computer,

laptop, etc.

Showing Digital Data



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Hybrid Computers

Hybrid computers are those computers which are combination of

analog computer and digital computer. An example of hybrid digital

computer is Super computer.

A Hybrid Computer



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CommercialClassification

Desktop(PC)

MainframeComputers

MiniComputers

MicroComputers

SuperComputers

PortableComputers

EmbeddedComputers



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Desktop Computer

Desktop computer is a computer which is also called Personal

Computer. Desktop computers are normally used by end users for

performing simple as well as complex operations.

A Desktop Computer (PC)



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Mainframe Computer

Mainframe computers are those computers which have

multiprocessing and multiprogramming capabilities and they are

composed of many computers. Mainframe computer systems are

powerful enough to support several hundred users simultaneously at

remote terminals.

Mainframe Computer



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Miniframe Computers

Mini computers are those computers which are similar to mainframes

but smaller in scaling. Mini computer can accommodate remote

users, but mini computer are slightly less storage, and the

processing is relatively slower as compared to mainframe computer.

Miniframe Computer



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Micro Computer

Micro computers are those computers which are workstations. They

use RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) microprocessors.

RISC processors are particularly useful in special purpose

applications, such as graphics, in which speed is critical.

A Micro Computer A Microprocessor



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Super Computer

Super computers are those computers which are largest, fastest,

most powerful, and most expensive computers. Super computers are

used primarily for scientific applications that are mathematical

intensive. workstations. The aerospace, automotive, chemical,

electronics, and petroleum industries uses supercomputers

extensively.

A Super Computer



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Portable Computer

Portable computers are those computers which are smaller in size

with good processing power and storage as micro computers and

even workstation. Some of the examples of portable computers are

laptop, palmtop, Personal Digital Assistants, etc.

Palmtop Computer Laptop ComputerPDA

(Personal Digital Assistant)



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Embedded Computer

Embedded computers are those computers which are built into

special purpose devices, such as video game players, microwave

ovens, washing machines, wrist watches, etc. They control the

working and operation of electro-mechanical machine.

Embedded Computer



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Generation of Computers

Based on the characteristics of various computers developed from time

to time, they are categorized as generation of computers.

Generationof

Computers

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration



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First Generation Computers

Time Period : 1951 to 1959 Technology : Vacuum TubesSize : Very Large System Processing : Very Slow

Characterized By: -

Magnetic Drums

Magnetic Tapes

Difficult to program

Used machine

language & assemblylanguage

First Generation Computers


f S


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Second Generation Computers

Time Period : 1959 to 1963 Technology : TransistorsSize : Smaller Processing : Faster

Characterized By :-

Magnetic Cores

Magnetic Disk

Used high level language

Easier to program

Second Generation Computers


B d f St di


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Third Generation Computers

Time Period : 1963 to 1975Technology : ICs (Integrated Circuits)

Incorporated many transistors & electroniccircuits on a single chip

Size : Small as compared to 2nd generation computers

Processing : Faster then 2nd generation computers

Characterized by: -

Minicomputers accessible by

multiple users from remoteterminals.

IC (Integrated Circuit)


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Fourth Generation Computers

Time Period : 1975 to TodayTechnology : VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

Incorporated many millions of transistors &electronic circuits on a single chip

Size : Small as compared to first generation computerProcessing : Faster then first generation computer

Characterized by :

The personal computer and user

friendly micro-programs, very fastprocessor chip high level

language, OOP (Object Oriented

Programming)

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)


B d f St di


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Fifth Generation Computers

Time Period : Future TechnologyTechnology : AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Fifth Generation ComputerAI (Artificial Intelligence)

ITT Course – Unit I - Chapter 1 - Computer Concepts (50 Pages)

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Transcript of ITT Course – Unit I - Chapter 1 - Computer Concepts (50 Pages)