It’s gettin ’ hot in here! (Consequences of climate change)
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It’s gettin’ hot in here!(Consequences of climate change)
Jake and Michael
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Brief background on climate change
• Increasing levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have a variety of environmental effects.– Increasing temperature– Ocean acidification– Ice melts– Extreme weather events
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What effects might these changes have on plant and animal life?
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What effects might these changes have on plant and animal life?
• Direct physical/physiological effects• Habitat loss• Range shifts• New hybrids• Changes in species interactions (predator/prey,
parasite/host, competitors)• Life cycle changes
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Physical/physiological effects
• Warmer temperatures can have direct impacts on organisms health (over-heating)
• Ocean acidification can have a direct negative impact on marine life
• Temperature dependent sex determination
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Example: Coral
• Rising ocean temperature results in coral reef bleaching, where corals expel the mutualistic colorful algae that live within them
• Ocean acidification makes it more difficult for corals to build their calcium based skeletons, resulting in slower growth
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Example: Turtles/Tortoises
• Many species have temperature dependent sex determination
• Warmer temperatures result in a higher ratio of female offspring– Unseasonably warm temperatures in FL cause
loggerhead turtles to produce ~90% females
temp
% M
ale
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Habitat loss
• As the climate changes habitat may change in such a way that makes it unusable for certain species.
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Example: Polar bears
• Sea ice is shrinking and moving farther apart resulting in less hunting ground and making hunting more dangerous
• Warming temperatures cause ice to freeze later in fall and melt earlier in spring resulting in a narrower hunting period
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Example: Mangroves
• Mangrove ecosystems provide crucial breeding and nursery areas for many different species of fish and other wildlife
• Rising sea level and changing salinity destroy mangrove ecosystems
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Range shifts
• Plants and animals shift or expand their ranges to remain in suitable habitat– Optimal temperature– Following food sources
• Shifts can occur both in latitude or elevation
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Example: Pika
• Small mammal adapted to cold habitats in mountainous areas
• Warming temperatures forcing the pika to higher and higher elevations where it is cooler
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New hybrids
• As populations move into new habitats they can come in contact and hybridize with different species.
I love you!
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Example: Arctic mammals
• Melting arctic ice removes barrier that previously separated species. Without the barrier new hybrids are forming.– Polar bear + Grizzly bear = Grolar bear– Narwhal + Beluga– Right whale + Bowhead whale
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Species interactions
• Shifting ranges can expose populations to new predators, parasites, or competitors.
• Changing conditions may alter already existing interactions– eg. warmer temp can speed up parasite life cycle
leading to faster growth and higher rates of transmission
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Example: Frogs and fungi
• Chytrid fungus damages frog populations• Global warming increases cloud cover• Causes daytime cooling and night time warming• Microclimate shifts to growth optimum for chytrid• Allows expansion into previously unaffected altitudes
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Example: Arctic fox and red fox
• Warmer temp allows red fox to expand northward into arctic fox range
• Red fox can act as both a new competitor and as a predator of arctic foxes
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Life cycle changes
• Warming temperatures can alter the timing of a species’ life cycle which can interfere with a variety of biotic and abiotic interactions
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Example: Hibernating Animals
• Warming winter temperatures is causing some animals such as marmots, chipmunks, and brown bears to reduce or completely skip hibernation
• Can lead to winter starvation if food is not abundant enough
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The Extreme Polar Plunge
• Ice platforms are shrinking and moving farther apart
• Polar bears have to swim farther and farther to locate suitable hunting locations
• Increasing amount of open water between shore and sea ice results in rougher waves making swimming more dangerous
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Blinding Nemo!
• Ocean acidification interferes with clownfish senses making it harder for juveniles to find anemones
• Without anemone mutualism clownfish are very vulnerable to predators
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What’s wrong with Bullwinkle?
• Warmer temps have allowed deer to move into moose territory
• Deer bring parasites that harm moose
• Infected moose are weakened and lethargic
Can you go away?You’re making
me sick.