It’s All Gr k to Me 700 B.C. to 145 B.C.. Section 1: City-States Polis – “city-state”...
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Transcript of It’s All Gr k to Me 700 B.C. to 145 B.C.. Section 1: City-States Polis – “city-state”...
It’s All Gr k to Me700 B.C. to 145 B.C.
Section 1: City-States
• Polis – “city-state”– Geographic & political center of Greek Life– City was in the inner & farms on the outer
Acropolis– Built on an Acropolis: fortified(military) limestone hill
Agora• Bottom of hill was the agora: open
marketplace– Political & legal center, shops, water for the
women
Running the City-States• Own government & laws
• Contained 5,000 to 10,000 citizens
• Only males from Greece could vote– Citzens could vote, own property, and hold
gov. positions
• Polis gave them sense of belonging and civic & personal honor
Section 2: Sparta
Assembly: passed laws & made decisions about war
Ephors: Public affairs and education of the young
Council of Elders: suggested laws & was high court
• Aristocrats (nobles) took over gov.– Led by 2 Kings who lead the army and conducted
religious services
• Aristocrats = only Spartan citizens
Helots and Perioeci• Spartans believed in totalitarianism
– Gov. that uses force & power to rule
• Helots: enslaved people who farmed the land
• Perioeci: merchants and artisans who lived in villages– Neither enslaved ppl nor citizens
• Helots & Perioeci outnumber aristocrats
• Aristocrats trained for army & war
Spartan Way of Life• Goal: to be militarily strong
– Did not believe in change b/c it would weaken way of life• Newborns check to see if they were healthy• Men
– At 7, sent to military camps to be educated & to train for fighting• Strict Rules: silence, 1 piece of clothing, slept outdoors, measured
weight– Expected to marry at 20 & Became hoplites– Left army at 60
• Women– Had more freedom then other women in Greece– Had public schooling – read & write– Owned land– Loved sports such as wrestling & racing– Told men to come home w/ their shields or on them
Section 3: Athens
• 750 BC – Set up an oligarchy
• 594 – Solon made plans to change gov.– Made constitution: set of principles & rules for ruling
• Broke power of rich, established an assembly, offered citizenship, and trade
• 508 – Spartans overthrown by Cleisthenes– Created 1st democratic society
Democratic Constitution• Freedom of speech
• Opened assembly
• Council of Five Hundred– Handled daily business– Chosen by lot
• Required to educate sons
• At 18, took an oath of citizenship
Daily Life in Athens• Young children would read Aesop’s fables
• Youth were to develop artistic and intellectual talents• Men
– Boys from wealthy families would go to school– Age 12: Phys. Ed. was most important– 18 to 20: went to military training school– Clothing: wool tunics or himation– Hair: Short (young) & Long (old)– Did the shopping
• Women– Only did physical activities at festivals– No schooling– Clothing: long wool or linen tunics– Hair: Long but pulled up in bun or pony tail– Marriages were arranged– Confined to certain part of the house– Jobs: cook, weave, raise children– No social life w/ husband
• Homes– Large, airy luxurious buildings made of mud brick
Persian Wars• 545 B.C. – Persia
conquered Ionia
• Ionians w/help from mainland Greece revolted against the Persians – Persians won
• Darius (Persian King) wanted to continue to punish the Greeks
Battle of Marathon
• 490 – Darius & Persians sailed to Marathon– They then decided to sail to Athens
• Athenians decided to surprise attack the Persians– Ran down the hills of Marathon– Athenians defeated the Persians
• Afraid that the Persians would still come to Athens after, Athenians sent Pheidippides to tell them: “Nike”
Battle of Thermopylae• Athenians triremes built
– Made strong navy
• Xerxes (New King of Persia) brings his large army back to Northern Greece
• Sparta & Athens teamed together
• Met the Persians at the narrow pass
• For the first few days, the Greeks esp. the Spartans held off the Persians– While doing so, people of Athens were told to flee
• A Greek traitor helped the Persians through the mountain pass– Persian were able to surround the Greeks– 300 Spartans and 700 Greeks stayed to
fight to the bitter end• 1 Spartan survived the war• Athens burned
Battle of Salamis• Persians moved toward Athens
• Greek army went to Salamis & waited for Persians– Themistocles tricked the Persians
• Caused Persians to come through narrow pass– Difficult: Too many ships & large ships
• Greeks destroyed Persians
Battle of Plataea• Xerxes went back to Persia
• ½ his army stayed in N. Greece– They decided to go South
• Greeks crushed the Persians
Delian League & Athenian Empire
Effects of the Delian League
in Athens•Controlled ships
•Led gov.’s of other city-states•Gained more power over others
•Rebuilt palaces & temples
in other city-states•Had a common navy
•Had to use Athenian money•Controlled by Athens
•Disliked the Athenian power
•Delian League: protective group head-quarted on the island of Delos
• Most city-states joined – Sparta did not
Peloponnesian War• 433 BC – Athens aligned themselves with Corinth a
Sparta ally– Sparta accused Athens of aggression & threatened war
• 431 – War starts when Sparta allies attack Athens’ ally• 1st Phase – 10 years of fighting• 2nd Phase – Nicias – a truce of 6 years• 3rd Phase – Athens lost attack on Sicily• Ended with a crushing defeat of Athens by Sparta• Sparta set up a King in Athens
– Athens was never again as strong even though they would revolt and set up a democracy once again
Decline of City-States
1. Lost sense of community
2. Money issues
3. Harsh rule by the Spartans and then Thebes