Itihsa of Bhratam Janam through

Indus Script cipher and Maritime

Tin Route

-- (Meluhha cipher), Proto-Prakritam

S. Kalyanaraman, Sarasvati Research Centre September 3, 2015

kalyan97@gmail.com

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/

Roots in 8th millennium BCE Dance step Bhirrana hieroglyph potsherd Mohenjodaro bronze sculpture

Histoire Ancienne Des Etats Hindouiss D'extrme-Orient --George Coedes History of Ancient Hinduised States of Far East

Roman Aqueduct: 2,000 years old, 2500 feet long, 100 feet high, 20,000 granite blocks with no mortar Pont Du Gard in Languedoc, France. Romans built a 50km aqueduct from Uzs to Nmes in France with an overall fall of about 17 metres and an average gradient of 1/3000. Magdeburg Water Bridge in Germany. 918 metres (2003)

Aqueduct across Ganga-Yamuna for reborn Sarasvati from Sharada River

Confluence of Pachu nala and Gori Ganga - On The Trek Route Of Milam Glacier, Uttarakhand

http://www.uttarakhandguide.com/glaciers/milam-glacier/

Milam glacier, Kumaon Himalaya http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/recession-and-reconstruction-

milam-glacier-kumaon-himalaya-paper-current-science

Mahakali-Sharada: Uttarakhand Milam is a major Himalayan glacier situated in Munsiyari tehsil of Pithoragarh district within the hill state of Uttarakhand in India. Milam with an elevation ranging from 5, 500 - 3, 870 meters above the sea level, is located about 15 Km northeast of Nanda Devi.

Typical size of inscription

Indian Ocean Maritime Routes ca. 500-1000 CE

Hindumahsgar Parivr Indian Ocean Community

Dholavira-Uruk

Assur-Kultepe

Uruk-Kultepe

http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1301/report.pdf Tin resources of the world, USGS Bulletin 1301 (1969)

Trefoils on terracotta bangle. H98-3517/8679-01

H2000-4432/2174-3 Steatite button sealCf. Kenoyer 2010. Smoothed, polished pedestal of dark red stone. National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi. After Mackay 1938: 1,411; II, pl. 107:35; cf. Parpola, 1994, p. 218. Heifer with trefoil inlays, Uruk (W.16017) c. 3000 BCE; shell mass with inlays of lapis lazuli, 5.3 cm long. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin; cf. Parpola, 1994, p. 213.Trefoil-decorated bull; traces of red pigment remain inside the trefoils. Steatite statue fragment; Mohenjodaro (Sd. 767). After Ardeleanu-Jansen 1989: 196, fig.1

Trefoil on Egyptian artifacts

Hammered gold fillet. Fillet with hanging ribbons falling down the back. [ paamu ] paamu. [Skt.] n. A gold band or fillet tied on the forehead of one at the time of coronation [ paaa ] paau. [Tel.] n. A smithy, a shop. [ paika ] An

anvil paaai, n. < K. paale. 1. Community; . 2. Guild, as of workmen; . paa, n. < bhaa. 1. Learned man, scholar; priest. patau m. ferry (Sindhi) paakila m. tenant of royal land Vet. -- . Pk. paal(l)a -- m. village headman ; G. pael m. hereditary headman OM. palu, M. pel, l m. village headman.(CDIAL 7703)

bhaa 'furnace'. baa iron (Gujarati). pot shawl Rebus: pottha-kara 'modeller in clay' and po ta artisan casting in metal. kolom pota 'three perforated

beads' Rebus: kolimi pottha-kara

po ta 'smithy-forge modeller in clay (metalcaster), casting in metal'.

patta ferryman(Punjabi)

The following semantics lend support to derivation by R. A. Hall in Language 12, 133 from *partana -- (pr ~ Lat.portus, &c.) for the word paana (Kautilya):

Rebus: S. patau m. ferry (whence pta m. ferryman , f. ferry boat ); L. pattan, (Ju.) pata m. ferry ; P. patta ferry, landing -- place , patta, tu m. ferryman, one who lives near a ferry ; B. ptan ferryman .(CDIAL 7705). paaku, n. [T. paava, M. paaku.] 1. Small boat; . 2. Dhoney, large boat; . (W.) [ pai ] pahi. [Afghan.] n. Pathan, a certain tribe of Afghans.

Allograph: [ paaga ] paaga. [Tel.] n. A flag or banner, a crest. . A snake's crest or hood.

A tree associated with smelter and linga from Bhuteshwar ca. 3rd cent. BCE: kuTi tree Rebus: kuThi smelter. Six lingas found in Harappa.

Eraka Subrahmanya, Swamimalai: peacock, gajanana (Both are hieroglyph-multiplexes)

Three-headed: elephant, buffalo, bottom

jaw of a feline. NS 91.02.32.01.LXXXII.

Dept. of Archaeology, Karachi. EBK 7712

King Puru presenting Indian ukku (wootz) steel sword

to Alexander in the battle on River Hydaspes (Jhelum,

Vitasta) Painting in SAIL Guest House, Ranchi

Intermixed ferrite and cementite alloys in the

crucible steel of South India, 6th cent BCE

The 'Porus Medallion', a silver decadrachm with an image of Alexander the Great

This silver Dekadrachm featuring the figure of Alexander the Great was part of the

Prospero Collection was struck during Alexanders campaigns in India. http://www.davecullen.com/forum/index.php?topic=26820.3870

(Coin image above reproduced courtesy of Baldwin's Auctions Ltd, New York Sale

XXVII, 304).

Did Alexander defeat Porus? Daunted by the skill and number of the native people

and terrified by their elephants, the Macedonians mutinied and demanded to return westwards, to which Alexander eventually agreed. After many trials and tribulations the Macedonian army ultimately returned to Babylon where Alexander would live out the last few months of his life before dying suddenly and mysteriously on the 10th June 323 BC. Was Alexander injured by Indian steel ukku sword?

http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/numismatics/tag/undergraduate_research/ Sharada Srinivasan; Srinivasa Ranganathan (2004). India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World. National Institute of Advanced Studies. (South Indian sites producing crucible steel: Gulbarga, Mysore, South Arcot. http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm

Maritime Tin Route of 3rd millennium BCE from Far East to Fertile Crescent

Tin belt of the world is in the Far East

Dong Son Bronze Drums attest to cire perdu casting methods and use of hieroglyphs

Eurasias demand for tin to make Tin Bronzes because of scarcity of arsenical copper

Maritime Tin Route supplied Tin through Seafaring Merchants of Meluhha (Mleccha), 'bhratam janam

The rollout Shu-ilishu Cylinder seal. Akkadian translator of Meluhha . Courtesy of the Department des Antiquites Orientales, Musee du Louvre, Paris.

Nahal Mishmar: cire perdue arsenical copper hieroglyphs, 4th millennium BCE

Hindumahasagar parivaar Malay Tin Granite belt Opencast tin mining, Taiping Dong Son Bronze Drum with heron, antelope

Tin

Tin belt of the globe Paramahamsa http://www.slideshare.net/JohnSykes/myanmar-the-black-swan-of-global-tin-gardiner-sykes-may-2015-itri-conference

'bhratam janam R.gveda (ca 3.53.12) uses the term, 'bhratam janam',

which can be interpreted as 'bhrata folk'. The i of the skta is vivmitra gthina. India was called Bhratavara after the king Bharata. (Vyu 33, 51-2; Bd. 2,14,60-2; lin:ga 1,47,20,24; Viu 2,1,28,32).

ya ime rodas ubhe aham indram atuavam vivmitrasya rakati brahmedam bhratam janam 3.053.12 I have made Indra glorified by these two, heaven

and earth, and this prayer of vivmitra protects the people of Bharata. [Made Indra glorified: indram atuavam -- the verb is the third preterite of the casual, I have caused to be praised; it may mean: I praise Indra, abiding between heaven and earth, i.e. in the firmament].

Tiny seals with Indus Script

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/442408363369262276/

Tiny seal Dr. Bryan Well (unseen), an expert on Indus

Valley Civilisation, holding a tablet at The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Taramani, Chennai. Photo: M. Karunakaran http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indus-civilisation-reveals-its-volumetric-system/article48883.ece

Tablets, seals -- HARP

An additional six copies of these tablets, again all with the same inscriptions, were found elsewhere in the debris outside of perimeter wall [250] including two near the group of 16 and two in debris between the perimeter and curtain walls. Here all 22 tablets are displayed together with a unicorn intaglio seal from the Period 3B street inside the perimeter wall, which has two of the same signs as those found on the tablets.

Hieroglyph-multiplex (hypertext) demonstrated by Dennys Frenez & Massimo Vidale

M0299 composite animal h096 composite animal m1177 composite animal

Composite animal has the body of a ram, horns of a zebu, trunk of an

elephant, hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail

Composition of faces analysed by Huntington

Mahabharata, the most accurately dated history in human civilization

Earliest Phase-Ravi (3300-2800 B.C.)

mhaIp kI %r yaa ke pfav

Great Water Tower for 250 crore people Himalaya is the source of major rivers for 2.5 billion people; Manasarovar in Tibet yields Sindhu, Sutlej, Sarasvati, Mahakali-Karnali-Sharada and Tsangpo-Lohitya-Brahmaputra rivers; other rivers flowing from eastern Himalaya are: Irawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtse and Huanghe. Precipitation levels increase along the Himalaya from Karakorm (250 cm. per annum) to Cherrapunjee, Assam (1410 cm p.a.) registering the highest rainfall regions of the world. Since 1959, Chinese government estimates that they have removed over $54 billion worth of timber.

Satellite imagery

Siwalik hills were left-laterally displaced. NNW-SSE-trending tear fault is still active. The earlier west-flowing rivers were swung southwards, following the path of the fault.

[NRSA, ISRO, Hyderabad]

IRS P3 WiFS True Color Composite image: palaeo-drainage of Sarasvati river basin. 4 to 10 kms. wide channels. ISRO, Jodhpur

Map of Sapta Sindhu (Nation of Seven Rivers): Theatre of Pan~cajana_h,Five Peoples Marius Fontane, 1881, Histoire Universelle, Inde Vedique (de 1800 a 800 av. J.C.), Alphonse Lemerre, Editeur, Paris. Amri-Nal maritime roots. Helavo, elelo seamens song: Mleccha lingua franca; Sanskrit literary language, grammatically correct.

Spatial distribution of major drainages in northern Haryana. Important pilgrim sites/tirthas lie on the bank of Saraswati Nadi. Inset: Location of the study area

Drainages and watershed boundaries of (1) Markanda, (2) Saraswati and (3) Somb Rivers on the Siwalik foothills of Haryana

Spatial distribution of Harappan and post Harappan sites in relation to palaeochannels in parts of northern Haryana. Note the concentration of archaeological sites along Saraswati Nadi.

Distribution/concentration of settlements of Sarasvati civilization http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/rihn_e/project/img/H03-2.jpg (After RIHN 2009 GIS map)

IRS P6 LISS III image of Feb. 2004 showing Markanda-Bata divide and its mis-fit wide valley around Paonta Sahib. Movement along the NNWSSE trending Yamuna Tear Fault was possibly responsible for the diversion of Yamuna towards south.

(a) SRTM DEM (Feb. 2000) with draped Landsat ETM image (Oct. 2000) showing 3D view of Siwalik foothill around Adi Badri area. (b) Elevation contour map (5m interval) is generated from SRTM DEM (enclosed box only) between Adi Badri and Rampur Herian, west of Somb River. Dashed line shows possible linkage of the two places. (c) IRS P6 LISS-IV Image (5.8 m) of May, 2004 showing vegetation anomaly (yellow dashed line) from Adi Badri to Rampur Herian, indicating possible link between Somb River and Saraswati Nadi.

Action plan map to revive the Saraswati Nadi by three possible River Linking schemes (a) Saraswati-Somb for 1.5-2.0 km distance, (b) Saraswati-Markanda for 3-4 km distance and (c) Saraswati-Western Yamuna Canal for ~18 km distance.

VS Area, Section A. Block I, House II: Room 23, showing brick floor with dyeing troughs [Original 1931 caption] House II. - Rooms 1 to 26, covering a rectangular area of 86 ft. 10 in. by 64 ft. 5 in. to the north of the building just described, appear originally to have belonged to one and the same house, which had two entrances opening into the main street on the east and another into Lane I Mohenjo-daro

Steatite seal showing boat, Mohenjodaro.Sindhu River near Mohenjodaro. Boat and cart still plying here. 24. Moulded tablet, Mohenjo-daro.

Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script. Material: terra cotta Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602 Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384 Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39

22. Toy carts, Nausharo.

Terra cotta toy carts from the Harappan period site of Nausharo in Baluchistan. Holes along the length of the cart serve to hold wooden side bars and at the center of the cart two of the wooden side bars can be extended below the frame to hold the axle. A long stick inserted into the holes at the end of the cart would have been used to support a yoke. The two wheels were found lying next to the cart frame. Period III, Harappan, 2300-2200 B. C. Similar carts are still used in rural areas of Pakistan and India (#2). Material: terra cotta Dimensions: Larger cart - 17 cm length, 8 cm width, 1.2 cm thickness; Wheel - 7 cm dia., 1.2 cm thickness Nausharo, NS/88/IV [Accession Number with year] Department of Archaeology, Karachi, EBK 6916 Jarrige 1990: XVa

Riverine, maritime civilization

Indus-Sarasvati Rivers

Valdiya, K. S., 1996, Resonance,1, pp.19-28

Tin ingots in the Museum of Ancient Art of the Municipality of Haifa, Israel (left #8251, right #8252). The ingots each bear two inscribed Cypro-Minoan markings. (Note: I have argued that the inscriptions were Meluhha hieroglyphs (Indus writing) denoting ranku 'tin' dhatu 'ore'. See: The Bronze Age Writing System of Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two Rosetta Stones By S. Kalyanaraman in: Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies Volume 1: Number 11 (2010), pp. 47-74.)

ranku 'liquid measure'; ranku 'antelope' Rebus: ranku 'tin' (Santali) dhatu 'cross' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali).

Hieroglyph: ran:ku = liquid measure (Santali) Rebus: ran:ku = tin (Santali) Hieroglyph: ran:ku a species of deer; ran:kuka (Skt.)(CDIAL 10559). Hieroglyph: du = cross (Telugu) Rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhn to send out, pour out, cast (metal) (CDIAL 6771). Inscribed tin ingot with a moulded head, from Haifa (Artzy, 1983: 53). (Michal Artzy, 1983,

Arethusa of the Tin Ingot, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, BASOR 250, pp. 51-55) An additional hieroglyph on this third tin ingot is : human face. Hieroglyph: mhe face (Santali) Rebus: mh ingot (Santali). mh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mh metal ingot (Santali) mh = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mh mht = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mht ko mh akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali).

Indus writing legacy -- Punch-marked glyphs

[Tree symbol (often on a platform) on punch-marked coins; a symbol recurring on many tablets with Sarasvati hieroglyhphs]. (After Pl. 30 C in: Savita Sharma, 1990, Early Indian Symbols, Numismatic Evidence, Delhi, Agam Kala Prakashan; cf. Shah, U.P., 1975, Aspects of Jain Art and Architecture, p. 77).

[Pl.8, Local Tribal coin symbols: Ujjayini, Tripuri, Ayodhya, Almore, Pa_n~ca_la, Arjuna_yana (1-3), Ra_janya (3,6,8), Uddehika, Audumbara, Kun.inda, Kuluta, Vr.s.n.i, Yaudheya, Ks.atrapa, Sa_tava_hana]

Taurine symbol [Pl. 35, on punch-marked, local, uninscribed cat coins and local coins]. The symbol is so intense in almost all cultural periods and in a large number of sites that the taurine symbol can be compared with the most frequently occurring sign of the SSVC inscribed objects: the rimmed jar with a narrow-neck (kan.d.kanka copper furnace).

[After Pl. 10 to 13 in: Savita Sharma, 1990, Early Indian Symbols: Numismatic evidence, Delhi, Agam Kala Prakashan]

[Pl. 2, N: Sahet-Mahet punch-marked coins symbols]

[Pl. 3, M,N: Singavaran punch-marked coin symbols]

Pl. 5, A to C, Amaravati punch-marked coin symbols]

Pl. 5, D, Punch-marked copper coins, Madhipur]

[Pl. 5, E, Uninscribed cast coins]

[Pl. 5, F, G, Eran punch-marked local coin symbols]

[Pl.5, J, Ahichhatra, punch-marked local coin symbols] [Pl.5, K, Kada, punch-marked local coin symbols] [Pl. 5, L, Kanauj, punch-marked local coin symbols] [Pl. 5, M, Mathura, punch-marked local coin symbols] [Pl. 5, N, O, P, Taxila, punch-marked local coin symbols] [Pl. 6, A, Shamiawala (Lucknow Museum) Uttara Pa_n~ca_la Ahicchatra (Type I) punch-marked coin

symbols]

[Pl.4,J to P, Amaravati punch-marked coin symbols]

[Pl. 5, h, I, Kausa_mbi_ punch-marked local coin symbols]

Map of Metal Resources and Distribution Networks

(After Fig. 5.20f, Kenoyer, 1998)

Over 45 sites where objects with epigraphs have been discovered

Bharatiyo Areas for further research: it is no coincidence that the term bharatiyo means caster of

metals (G.) Further linguistic studies to reconstruct the Proto-Bharatiya parole (spoken idiom,

vernacular) should relate to the work of sren.i (18 guilds are mentioned in Ja_taka-s) and links with megalithic cultures.

Further archaeological explorations in Sarasvati river basin and metallurgical analysis is likely to reveal the early presence of iron-work and experimentation with alloys in Bharat.

Sociological studies related to Bhratam Janam (R.gveda) and Pn~cla (five artisans = Pan~cakamml.ar) will establish the pan-bharatiya presence of the visvakarma and vra_tya tradition (together with yajn~a and yoga), also exemplified by saiva a_gama, all dating back to not later than 5000 years Before Present.

Knowledge systems of Bharat exemplified by Vedic, itihsa and pura texts will provide the framework for inter-relating archaeology, tradition and cultural continuum in puyabhmi Bharat. This calls for a multi-disciplinary approach to the study of Bharatiya culture, based on Bharatiya ethos and kla gaana using planetaria software to authenticate the astronomical references in these texts. Such an approach will result in national resurgence consistent with the tradition which postulates study of itihsa to achieve dharma, artha, kma and moka.

Bhart, baran -- an alloy

bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharata = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (G.lex.) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhart-y = a barzier, worker in metal; bhat., bhrra = oven, furnace (Skt.) bharata = a factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin (M.)

Implications for language studies

Language X and borrowings from proto-Munda can be identified in over 25 ancient languages of India. (Indian Lexicon exists with 8000 semantic clusters for these languages). http://sites.google.com/site/kalyan97

The formation and evolution of Language X and differentiation

into Prakrits, Pali and other languages of India need to be studied through isoglosses of the linguistic area.

The decoding of Sarasvati hieroglyphs establishes the essential cultural continuum of the civilization which was nurtured, principally, on the banks of Vedic River Sarasvati. The continuum is evidenced in language and also in many cultural markers.

Bronze murti: cire perdue technique used today in Swamimalai

to make bronze utsavabera.

Eraka Subrahmanya is the presiding divinity in Swamimalai.

Eraka! Copper.

Devices on punch-marked coins comparable to Sarasvati

hieroglyphs

Plate X [c] Lingam in situ in Trench Ai (MS Vats, 1940, Excavations at Harappa, Vol. II, Calcutta)

Lingam, grey sandstone in situ, Harappa, Trench Ai, Mound F, Pl. X (c) (After Vats). "In an

earthenware jar, No. 12414, recovered from Mound F, Trench IV, Square I... in this jar, six lingams

were found along with some tiny pieces of shell, a unicorn seal, an oblong grey sandstone block

with polished surface, five stone pestles, a stone palette, and a block of chalcedony..." (Vats, EH, p.

370).

dvAdasha jyotirliNga stotram: kAverikAnarmadayoH pavitre samAgame sajjanatAraNAya | sadaiva mAndhAtRipure vasantamoNkAramIshaM shivamekamIDe || Trans. I pay my obeisance to the One Who is the savior of the good people and the great One Who always resides at the Holy merging point of Kaveri and Narmada, i.e., Omkar Shiva.

6500 BCE. Date of the womans burial with ornaments including a wide bangle of shankha. Mehergarh. Burial ornaments made of shell and stone disc beads, and

turbinella pyrum (sacred conch, san:kha) bangle, Tomb MR3T.21, Mehrgarh, Period 1A, ca. 6500 BCE. The nearest source for this shell is Makran coast near Karachi, 500

km. South. [After Fig. 2.10 in Kenoyer, 1998].

Seal, Bet Dwaraka 20 x 18 mm of conch shell

Wide bangle made from a single conch shell and carved with a chevron motif, Harappa; marine shell, Turbinella pyrum (After Fig. 7.44, Kenoyer, 1998) National Museum, Karachi. 54.3554. HM 13828.

Seven shell bangles from burial of an elderly woman, Harappa; worn on the left arm; three on the upper arm and four on the forearm; 6.3 X 5.7 cm to 8x9 cm marine shell, Turbinella pyrum (After Fig. 7.43, Kenoyer, 1998) Harappa museum. H87-635 to 637; 676 to 679.

Modern lady from Kutch, wearing shell-bangles.

Nausharo: female figurines. Wearing sindhur at the

parting of the hair. Hair painted black, ornaments golden

and sindhur red. Period 1B, 2800 2600 BCE. 11.6 x

30.9 cm.[After Fig. 2.19, Kenoyer, 1998].

Toilet gadgets: Ur and Harappa After

Woolley 1934, Vats 1941

Terracotta toys show yogic asanas: 1-4,

from Harappa; 5-6, from Mohenjo-daro.

Ligatured sculpture: three-faced: tiger, bovine, elephant, Nausharo NS

92.02.70.04 6.76 cm (h); three-headed: elephant, buffalo, bottom jaw of a

feline. NS 91.02.32.01.LXXXII. Dept. of Archaeology, Karachi. EBK 7712

W. Theobald, 1890 (JASB): Glyphs

on punch-marked coins

C.L. Fabri, JRAS, 1935, pp. 307-318

KK Thapliyal in Studies in Ancient Indian Seals found that many Indian

seals from the 3rd century BCE to 7th century CE, portray animals, with

an inscription above the animal (just like in the case of the Harappan

seals).

Punch-marked coin Sun hieroglyph; M0428b

[Or, sun depicted with rays? glyph: arka sun; rebus substantive: akka, arka copper] Meaning: akka, aka (Tadbhava of arka) metal (Ka.); akka metal (Te.) arka = copper (Skt.) cf. arh, argha a collection of twenty pearls (having the weight of a Dharan.a) VarBr.S.; worth , value , price , Mn. Ya_jn~.; arghya = valuable (Skt.) akka-ca_lai metal works (Cilap. 16,126, Urai); mint; akkaca_laiyar goldsmiths, jewellers (Ta.lex.) 5952a.Workshop of a goldsmith: aka-sa_la, aga-sa_la, aka-sa_liga, aka-sa_le a gold or silversmith; aka-sa_like the business of a gold or silver smith; akka-sa_le, aka-sa_le the workshop of a goldsmith; a goldsmith; akka-sa_liti a woman of the goldsmith caste (Ka.); akka-c-ca_lai a shop where metals are worked (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) CDIAL 624 ark 1 m. flash, ray, sun RV. [arc] Pa. Pk. akka m. sun, Mth. k; Si. aka lightning, inscr. vidki lightning flash.

arukkam , n. < arka. ( .) 1. Copper; . aka , n. < arka. Sun; . ( . .

35).

Silver bent-bar

Imperial series

Asmaka janapada

* ram , n. < ra. 1. Spoke of a wheel. See . (. 253). 2. Brass; . (. .)

kamakom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarma (Has.), kamakom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.)

H243b

ahi, ai = the petioles and mid-ribs of a compound leaf after the leaflets have been plucked off, stalks of certain plants, as Indian corn, after the grain has been taken off (Santali)

dhtu mineral (Vedic); a mineral, metal (Santali)

kampaam coinage, coin (Ta.); kammaam, kammiam coinage, mint (Ma.); kammatia coiner (Ka.)(DEDR 1236) kammaa = coinage, mint (Ka.M.) kampaa-k-kam mint; kampaa-k-kran- coiner; kampaa- muai die, coining stamp (Ta.lex.)

M428b arka sun; agasle goldsmithy (Ka.) kmahum = a bow; kma, kmaum = a chip of bamboo (G.)

h188, h196, h291, h630, h631

A solid copper bolt (24 1/2" in length and a circumference of 14" at the centre and 12" at the ends), was found in the Rampurva Asoka Pillar near Nepal border.

The copperbolt

with epigraph

(line 1) was

used to bolt

in the bull

capital on the

pillar.

M. (p. 009) [ agnikua ] n (S) A hole in the ground, or an enclosed space on the surface, or a metal square-mouthed vessel, for receiving and preserving consecrated fire.

Hieroglyph 1 (from left): glyph: tree, rebus: smelting furnace kuhi kua, kui, kuha a tree (Kaus'.); kud.a tree (Pkt.); ku tree; kaek tree, oak (Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). kuha,

kua (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kuhra, kuha, kuaka = a tree (Skt.lex.) kut., kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khut. = id. (Or.) kut.a, kut.ha = a tree (Ka.lex.) gun.d.ra = a stump; khuut = a stump of a tree left in the ground (Santali.lex.) kuamu = a tree (Te.lex.)

kui, smelting furnace (Mundari.lex.).kuhi, kui (Or.; Sad. kohi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kut.ire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of e_kut.i has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kut.hi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2 6 dia. At the base and 1 6 at the top. The hole in the centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6 to 7 in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari.lex.)

Hieroglyph 3 glyph: spear rebus: furnace la = spear (Skt.)

cuai = potters kiln, furnace (Ta.); cu_l.ai furnace, kiln, funeral pile (Ta.); cul.l.a potters furnace; cu_l.a brick kiln (Ma.); culli_ fireplace (Skt.); culli_, ulli_ id. (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4879; DEDR 2709). sulgao, salgao to light a fire; sen:gel, sokol fire (Santali.lex.) hollu, holu = fireplace (Kuwi); sod.u fireplace, stones set up as a fireplace (Mand.); ule furnace (Tu.)(DEDR 2857).

Hieroglyph 4 glyph: peak mounted by a rimless pot rebus: furnace ka = peak (Telugu) baa = rimless pot (Kannada) kam = workshop (Tamil); baa = furnace (Santali) bhrra = furnace (Skt.) Hieroglyph 5 glyph: tree (as shown on hieroglyph 1) with a rim of a jar and a quail ligatured on the branches of

tree

kui = tree; rebus: kui = smelting furnace. ka kanka = rim of jar (Santali); ka = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) baa = quail (Santali) baa = furnace (Santali) bhrra = furnace (Skt.) Hieroglyph 2 and hieroglph 6: koha_ga_ra, a pair of storehouses Thus the line 1 is a hieroglyphic representation of facilities provided to artisan guilds, itinerant metalsmiths at the tri-junction of three highways.

Date? Pre-Mauryan, that is first millennium BCE

Sohgaura copper plate (Pre-Mauryan)

http://www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/bihar/ironage/IRONAGEINDIA2.htm

Villagers reported (as a tradition passed down from several generations), that the agarias (a particular tribe known for their iron smelting skills) from Robertsganj side, used to come in this area

to procure iron by smelting the hematite (Rakesh Tewari about the excavations in Malhar which

yielded an iron smelter dated to ca. 18th century BCE).

Rakesh Tiwari, 2003, Origins of iron working in India: new evidence from the Central

Ganga plain and Eastern Vindhyas, pp.536-545 ca. BCE 1800 Lohar dewa, Malhar, Raja

Nal ka Tala Circular clay furnace, comprising iron slag and tuyures and other waste

materials stuck with its body, exposed at Lohsanwa mound, Period II, Malhar, Dist.

Chandaulihttp://www.antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/tewari/tewari.pdf

Indian linguistic area

Pre-Indo-Aryan substratum languages (After F. Southworth, 2005,

Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, New York, RoutledgeCurzon,

p. 65)

Mleccha-speaking areas of Asokas empire

Austro-asiatic speakers:

Pinnow map

http://www.ling.hawaii.ed

u/austroasiatic/

Correlates with bronze-

age sites (extension of

Ganga basin iron-age

sites) [After Fig. 8.1 in:

Charles Higham, 1996,

The Bronze Age of

Southeast Asia,

Cambridge University

Press].

Implications for language studies

Language X and borrowings from proto-Munda can be identified in over 25 ancient languages of India. (Indian Lexicon exists with 8000 semantic clusters for these languages). http://sites.google.com/site/kalyan97

The formation and evolution of Language X and differentiation into Prakrits, Pali and other languages of India need to be studied through isoglosses of the linguistic area.

The decoding of Sarasvati hieroglyphs establishes the essential cultural continuum of the civilization which was nurtured, principally, on the banks of Vedic River Sarasvati. The continuum is evidenced in language and also in many cultural markers.

Indus writing mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher)--1 - Adoration of patta ferryman, paaai guild, kole.l smithy, temple

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

Indus writing mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher)2 -- Semantics & orthography of svastika hieroglyph

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

Indus writing mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher)3 -- Meluhha animal hieroglyphs read rebus: ores, metals, alloys

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

Indus writing mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher)4. kol alloy of 5 metals pacaloha in Meluhha hieroglyphs

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

Indus writing mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher)5. Metalwork hieroglyphs

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kacu = bronze (Telugu)

ra 'spokes' Rebus: ra brass. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) Glyph: erakanave of wheel Rebus: eraka copper; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada)

du cross(Telugu) Rebus: dhatu mineral (Santali).

kuila bent; Rebus: kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Sanskrit) (CDIAL 3230)

ka jar + kanka rim of jar Rebus: ka fire-altar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo khareo = a currycomb (Gujarati) [ kharr ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard turner (Gujarati) kna arrow (Sanskrit) Rebus:khna tools, pots and pans, metal-ware. Rebus 2: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali) mogge sprout, bud Rebus: mu h ingot (Santali)

me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, about 500 lbs. [ kh ] f ( S) frame or structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, stated to be roughly equivalent to 500 lbs. water-carrier hieroglyph kui; Rebus: kuhi smelter

furnace. PLUS rim of jar: kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar

supercargo

bicha scorpion (Assamese) Rebus: bica stone ore (Santali)

g mountain-ridge (H.)(CDIAL 5476). Rebus: dhangar blacksmith (Maithili)

mu height, rising ground, hillock (Kannada) Rebus: mht, me iron (Munda.Ho.)

kamaha crab Rebus: kammaa mint, coiner.ato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhtu mineral ore PLUS [ kh ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: ka tools, pots and pans and metal-ware Thus, mint metalware, ore.

hanga = a crook used for pulling down the branches of trees, for goats, sheep and camels (P.) Rebus:hangar blacksmith.

Strands of yarn/rope hieroglyph: Hieroglyph: strands of yarn Rebus reading: dhtu strand of rope Rebus: dhatu mineral ore (Santali)

kolmo paddy plant Rebus: kolami smithy, forge Vikalpa: mogge sprout, bud Rebus: muh ingot (Santali) dolu plant of shoot height Rebus: dul cast metal

aar 'harrow'; rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal

mu height, rising ground, hillock (Kannada) Rebus: me iron (Ho.) kolom three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge Thus, me kolami iron smithy-forge

loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: [lkhaa ] n ( S) Iron. or To oppress grievously. [ lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [ lkha ] a () Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi) koi flag (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: ko workshop (Kuwi) Rebus 2: kh m. pit, kh f. small pit (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947). barao = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat mixed alloys (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) baroi twelve bhrata a factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin (Marathi) Ligature: two peaks: mu height, rising ground, hillock (Kannada) Rebus: me iron (Ho.) dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal PLUS |||| Numeral 4: gaa 'four' Rebus: kaa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali dula two, pair Rebus: dul cast metal PLUS dh a slope; inclination of a plane (G.); hiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (G.) hlak = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati) PLUS kolom three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge. Thus cast metal ingot smithy.

Parentheses joined into an ellipse to create a circumfix ligature

() Parentheses when joined become an ellipse Each parenthesis orthographically denotes a bent line. dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal PLUSkana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kacu = bronze (Telugu) PLUS infixed kolmo paddy plant Rebus: kolami smithy, forge. Thus, cast bronze smithy, forge. Or, mogge sprout, bud Rebus: mu h ingot (Santali) Thus, cast bronze ingot.

muka ladle (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mu h ingot (Santali) baa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: ) baa = a kind of iron (G.) ) bhaa furnace (Gujarati) Thus, iron ingot. kolom three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge kna arrow (Sanskrit) Rebus:khna tools, pots and pans, metal-ware. Rebus 2: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali) Thus, the three sign sequence reads: iron ingot, furnace smithy, fire-altar metalware.

ayo fish(Munda); ayas iron (Sanskrit) Rebus: ayas metal (Vedic) PLUS aaren lid Rebus: aduru unsmelted native metal. ayo fish Rebus: ayas iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) PLUS infixed hieroglyph of slanted stroke: dh a slope; inclination of a plane (Gujarati); hiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (Gujarati) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (Gujarati) hlak = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati) Thus, the ligatured hieroglyph reads: ayo hlako native metal ingot. ayo fish Rebus: aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) notch (infixed ligature) Rebus: ka pots and pans, metalware, Thus, the composite hieroglyph reads rebus: metalware of alloyed metal. ayo fish Rebus: aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) PLUS ligatured fins: khambha m. fin (Lahnda); khambh wing (Punjabi) Allograph: Garh. khambu pillar .(CDIAL 13640) Rebus: kammaa coiner, mint. Thus fish hieroglyph gets ligatured with fins to denote alloyed metal (of) mint to read: aya kammaa.coiner, mint alloy. ayo fish Rebus: ayas iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) aaren lid Rebus: aduru native unsmelted metal ayo fish Rebus: aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Vedic) PLUS ga four Rebus: ka fire-altar

gaa 'four' Rebus: kaa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali) baa rimless, broad-mouthed pot Rebus: bhaa furnace (Gujarati.); baa a kind of iron (Gujarati

kanka (Santali) karika scribe(Sanskrit) Rebus: kar, supercargo for a boat shipment. INFIXED [ kh ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: ka tools, pots and pans and metal-ware

vajrasanghAta in Varahamihira

Seals(texts) m0839(2476),, m0931 (3091) 5261

M0839 (2476)

[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus: sangataras stone-cutter, mason Bronze alloy workshop kacu sal starting with bronze which is a tin + copper alloy or tin bronze (as distinguished from arsenical bronze, i.e. naturally occurring copper + arsenic). aar 'harrow'; rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal bhaa warrior

(Sanskrit) Rebus: baa a kind of iron (Gujarati). Rebus: bhaa furnace (Santali)

me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) [ kh ] f ( S) frame or

structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, stated to be roughly equivalent to 500 lbs.

kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo

M0931 (3091)

[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus: sangataras stone-cutter, mason ra 'spokes' Rebus: ra brass. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) Glyph: erakanave of wheel Rebus: eraka copper; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) erako moltencast copper PLUS notch+slanted stroke reads rebus: hlako ka ingot, tools, pots and pans and metal-ware.dh a slope; inclination of a plane (G.); hiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (G.) hlak = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati) PLUS [ kh ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: ka tools, pots and pans and metal-ware Thus, together, the pair reads: ra erako kh brass, moltencast copper metalware. dula pair Rebus: dul cast (metal) PLUSkana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kacu = bronze (Telugu) PLUS infixed kolmo paddy plant Rebus: kolami smithy, forge. Thus, cast bronze smithy, forge. Or, mogge sprout, bud Rebus: muh ingot (Santali)Thus, cast bronze ingot. Read as: kacu dul muh bronze cast ingot ayo hlako alloy metal ingot kna arrow (Sanskrit) Rebus:khna tools, pots and pans, metal-ware. Rebus 2: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali)

5261

du cross(Telugu) Rebus: dhatu mineral (Santali). dh a slope; inclination of a plane (G.); hiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (G.) hlak = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati) PLUS [ kh ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: ka tools, pots and pans and metal-ware aya kammaa.coiner, mint alloy [ kh ] f ( S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank. 2 The grain and provisions (as of an army); the commissariatsupplies. Ex. -- - . kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo

Terracotta seal and faience tablets

Three dancers, m1428C

Iron forge

Potsherd from Bhirrana showing dance step

kolom three(Mu.); kolami forge (Te.)

me body, dance (Santali); meed iron (Mu.); me iron (Ho.)

M1406: sunflower, body; drummer; two acrobats; chain link M0312 Five acrobats vault over buffalo Banawali (after UMESAO 2000:88, cat. no. 335).

kamsa = to jump (Santali) Rebus: kacu bronze (Telugu)

Banawali seal: olu 'to tumble over' Rebus: h m. stone Glyphs: 1. arrow, 2. jag/notch: 1. kaa arrow (Skt.) H. ker m. a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. ka, k stalk, arrow (CDIAL 3023). ayaska a quantity of iron, excellent iron (P.ga) 2. [ kh ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khtools, pots and pans, metal-ware. An acrobat woman (kola woman; rebus: kol smithy): ka a chain; a hook; a link (G.); kaum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaiyo [Hem. Des. kaaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; kaiyaa, kaiyea a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (G.) hol drum (Gujarati.Marathi)(CDIAL 5608) Rebus 1: large stone; Rebus 2: brass pot; Rebus 3: dul to cast in a mould. The imagery of vaulting over is repeated. This hieroglyphic representation of 'vaulting or rolling over' is an allograph: Allographs: ollu. [Tel.] v. n. To fall, to roll over. , . [ olucu ] or olusu. [Tel.] v. n. To tumble head over heels as dancing girls do (Telugu) Mth. Bhoj. Aw. lakh. Marw. G. M. hol m. *hlayati makes fall(CDIAL 5608). Glyph: hol a drum beaten on one end by a stick and on the other by the hand (Santali); hol drum (Nahali); dhol (Kurku); hol (Hi.) dhol a drum (G.)(CDIAL 5608) [lu ] [Tel.] n. A drum. Rebus 1: dul to cast in a mould; dul mht, dul mee, dul; koe mee forged iron (Santali) Wpah. Rebus 2: h m. stone, kg. h m. big stone or boulder, hu small id. Him.I 87.(CDIAL 5536).Rebus 3: K. ula m. rolling stone (CDIAL 6582)Rebus 4: Bshk. l brass pot ; K. ol m. bucket , S. olu m., P. ol m., WPah.bhal. ol n., Ku. N. B. Mth. ol, Aw. lakh. lu, H. dol, ol m., G. ol f., M. ol m. WPah.poet. r m. small pot , kg. l m. bucket , J. 'l m. H. or < *dlla -- ).(CDIAL 6583) Allograph: Pk. la -- m. eye (CDIAL 6582).

Bronze, bell-metal. Drummer announces a new alloy casting: Pewter + tin

kamsa jump (Santali) Rebus: kacu bronze (Telugu) ksya made of bell -- metal Ktyr., n. bell -- metal Yj., cup of bell -- metal MBh., aka -- n. bell -- metal . 2. *ksiya -- . [kas -- 1]1. Pa. kasa -- m. (?) bronze , Pk. kasa -- , ksa -- n. bell -- metal, drinking vessel, cymbal ; L. (Jukes) k j adj. of metal , aw. ks jar ( E with -- s -- , not j); N. k so bronze, pewter, white metal , kas -- ku metal alloy ; A. k h bell -- metal , B. k s, Or. ks, Bi. k s; Bhoj. k s bell -- metal , k s base metal ; H. ks, k s m. bell -- metal , G. k su n., M. k s n.; Ko. k n. bronze ; Si. kasa bell -- metal .2. L. k ih m. bell -- metal , P. k ss, k s f., H. k s f. A. k h also gong (CDIAL 2987) ksyakra m. worker in bell -- metal or brass Yj. com., kasakra -- m. BrahmavP. [ksya -- , kra -- 1]N. kasr maker of brass pots ; A. khr worker in bell -- metal ; B. k sri pewterer, brazier, coppersmith , Or. ksr; H. kasr m. maker of brass pots ; G. ksr, kas m. coppersmith ; M. k sr, ks m. worker in white metal , ksr m. contemptuous term for the same .(CDIAL 2988, 2989)

Ku. N. rgo buffalo bull (CDIAL 10559) Rebus: raga3 n. tin lex. [Cf. nga -- 2, vaga -- 1]Pk. raga -- n. tin ; P. r g f., r g m. pewter, tin ( H.); Ku. r tin, solder , gng. r k; N. r, ro tin, solder , A. B. r; Or. rga tin , rg solder, spelter , Bi. Mth. r g, OAw. rga; H. r g f., r g m. tin, pewter ; Si. ranga tin .(CDIAL 10562)

M1918a; seal found in Afghanistan

rngo water buffalo bull (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: ranku tin raga3 n. tin lex. [Cf. nga -- 2, vaga -- 1]Pk. raga -- n. tin ; P. r g f., r g m. pewter, tin ( H.) kol spearing kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)msa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali) me~he~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron; kolhe m. iron manufactured by the Kolhes(Santali) kolsa = to kick the foot forward (Santali) kola = killing (Telugu) Rebus: kol working in iron kolhe smelters kol panchaloha, alloy of five metals (Tamil)

m14

M0492 A,B,C Person throwing a spear at a bison, placing one foot on the head; serpent at left. M1430 A,C Person throwing aspear at a buffalo and placing one foot on itshead; three persons standing near a tree at the centre. Text of inscription 2819 Material: terra cotta Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width Harappa, Lot 4651-01 Harappa Museum, H95-2486 Meadow and Kenoyer 1997

Seated person in penance + other Meluhha hieroglyphs read rebus kamaha penance crab Rebus: kammaa mint, coiner. kolsa to kick (Santali) Rebus: kol alloy of 5 metals pacaloha (Hieroglyphs: kolsa, to kick; kol to kill) nga snake Rebus: nga lead (Sanskrit) anakku tin (Akkadian) karvu crocodile (Telugu) Rebus: khara blacksmith (Kashmiri) balad m. ox , gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (N. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi) rngo water buffalo bull (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: ranku tin raga n. tin (Sanskrit)

Two animals look back krammara look back (Telugu) Rebus: kamar metalsmith (Santali) kul tiger (Santali); klu id. (Telugu) klupuli = Bengal tiger (Telugu) [ klh ] [klh] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kole.l 'temple, smithy' (Kota.) kol = pacalha, a metallic alloy containing five metals (Tamil): copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Sanskrit); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhtu; Nnrtharatnkara. 82; Mangarjas Nighau. 498)(Kannada) agararam Rebus: tagara tin Thus, tinsmith: tagara kamar. agararam Rebus: tagara tin ranku antelope Rebus: ranku tin heraka spy Rebus: eraka moltencast copper kui tree Rebus: kuhi smelter

A seal impression from Ur provides an example of ligatured Meluhha hieroglyphs: Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); dia. 2.6, ht. 0.9 cm.; Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), pp. 11-12, pl. II, no. 12; Porada 1971: pl.9, fig.5; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. meha polar star (Marathi). Rebus: me (Ho.); mhet iron (Munda.Ho.) dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal. Thus, the two star sign hieroglyphs flanking the composition denote iron castings. Ligatured sign hieroglyph: rim-of-jar PLUS water-carrier kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo [ karadhra ] m S (A holder of the ear.) A helmsman or steersman. Thus, together, the ligatured hieroglyph reads: supercargo for a boat.

Ur cylinder seal impression (cut down into Ur III mausolea from Larsalevel; U.

16220), Iraq. BM 122947

Rebus Meluhha readings: Zebu + Meluhha hieroglyphs on Ur cylinder seal hangatall, long-shanked; maran: hangi aimai kanae = she is a big tall woman (Santali) h go lean , m. skeleton (Ku.) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: hangar blacksmith (Maithili) bicha scorpion (Santali) Rebus: bica, bica-diri stone ore (Munda etyma) kuire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore (Santali) ranga ronga, ranga conga = thorny, spikey, armed with thorns; edel dare ranga conga dareka = this cotton tree grows with spikes on it (Santali) [Note the thorns on the round object in front of the bull onthe Ur cylinder seal impression U 16220] Rebus alloy of tin, lead and antimony: ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (ajana) (Santali). tagaraka tabernae montana fragrant flower (Sanskrit) tagara tin (Tamil) nga serpent Rebus: nga lead (Sanskrit) anakku tin (Akkadian) ayo fish Rebus: aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Sanskrit)

poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, A synonym is aar angra Rebus: aduru hangar native-metal- or black-smith (Kannada.Santali). dangra bull (Punjabi) Rebus: hangar blacksmith (Maithili) adar dangra zebu bos indicus (Santali) Rebus: (Kannada) aduru gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddhnti Subrahmaya astris new interpretation of the Amarakoa, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p.330). adar = fine sand (Tamil) aduru native metal (Kannada); ayil iron (Tamil) ayir, ayiram any ore (Malayalam); ajirda karba very hard iron (Tulu)(DEDR 192).

poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, Alternative:khu, zebu Rebus read guild, kuha a type of copper

Mleccha is a variety of tmra, (copper) The copper with white, black and red shades, very hard and remaining black even after repeated washing is considered the mleccha tmraka. Mua, tka and knta are the three main varieties of loha; mdu, kuha and kara are the three sub-varieties of mua loha. Mdu mua loha: That which melts quickly, does not contain fissures and has a smooth surface is considered as mdu mua loha. It is the best of all the three varieties of mua. Kuha mua loha: That which expands with great difficulty on hammering is known as kuha mua loha. It is considered medium. Vgbhaa (13th century), Rasaratnasamuccaya (tr. INSA) (42-46, 69-74)

ca. 2900 BCE. Khafajah chlorite vessel hieroglyphs including the zebu hieroglyph

arye lion Rebus ra brass. kola woman Rebus: kolhe smelter

poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, Alternative:

khu, zebu Rebus read rebus guild, A synonym is aar angra Rebus: aduru hangar native-metal-smith, black-smith working on native metal (Kannada.Santali).

A zebu on a plaque from the Elamite Diyala Valley (Lamberg-Karlovsky and Potts 2001: 225).

poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, Alternative:

adar dangra zebu bos indicus Rebus: native-metal-smith; khu zebu bos indicus Rebus: guild or community kuha a type of copper

loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Assamese, Bengali); loa iron (Gypsy) Glyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (Bengali) on-patu = nine (Tamil)

A zebu bull tied to a post; a bird above. Large painted storage jar discovered in burned rooms at Nausharo, ca. 2600 to 2500 BCE. Cf. Fig. 2.18, J.M. Kenoyer, 1998, Cat. No. 8.

poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, khu zebu Rebus: guild or community kuha a type of copper

baa quail; bhaa furnace (Gujarati); baa a kind of iron (Gujarati)

aga = lathe (Gujarati) san:gaa, lathe, portable furnace; rebus: battle; jangaiyo military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury (Gujarati) Rebus: sangho (Gujarati) cutting stone, gilding (Gujarati); sangatar = stone cutter (Telugu) ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe

m1224A,B m1168

eraka upraised arm Rebus: eraka moltencast copper

me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.)

zebu horns: poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, khu, zebu Rebus read rebus guild, community kuha a type of copper

A synonym is aar angra Rebus: aduru hangar native-metal-smith, black-smith working on native metal (Kannada.Santali).

poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, khu zebu Rebus: (native metal) guild

aaren, aren lid, cover (Santali) Rebus: aduru native metal (Kannada)

kola tiger Rebus: kolhe smelter kol working in iron

Kalibangan 032 m1118A

m277A

[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus: sangataras. lit. to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason. Count of four: |||| Numeral 4: gaa 'four' Rebus: kaa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali) PLUS aya kammaa.coiner, mint alloy

kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo

M1179, 1180

mil markhor (Trwl)meho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me iron (Mu.Ho.) dhatu scarf; (Western Pahari) Rebus: dhatu mineral ore (Santali) Variant hieroglyph Sign: kuila bent Rebus: bronze Duplicated bent glyph: dula pair Rebus; dul cast metal. Thus the hieroglyph denotes caste bronze. kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo

M1135: tusk of boar, body of bull, feet of elephant, ears of donkey

bahia = a castrated boar, a hog (Santali) bahi a caste who work both in iron and wood (Santali) baea merchant Vikalpa: k rhinoceros (Tamil) Rebus: kh tools, pots and pans, metalware (Marathi) khara donkey Rebus: khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) [ kh ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) (Marathi) koiyum rings on neck (Gujarati) kondh heifer. ku horn (Kannada. Tulu. Tamil) [kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); kd to turn in a lathe (Bengali). knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; s g m. frame of a building , f. lathe (CDIAL 12859) Rebus: sangataras. lit. to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason. Rhinoceros/boar: bahia = a castrated boar, a hog (Santali) bahi a caste who work both in iron and wood (Santali) baea merchant ibha elephant Rebus: ib iron ibbo merchant (Gujarati)

Glazed steatite . Cylinder seal. 3.4cm high; imported from Indus valley. Rhinoceros, elephant, crocodile (lizard? ).Tell Asmar (Eshnunna), Iraq. IM 14674

Ibha elephant Rebus: ibbo merchant, ib iron Rhinoceros; bahia = a castrated boar, a hog (Santali) bahi a caste who work both in iron and wood (Santali) baea merchant Vikalpa: k-mirukam , n. [M. kmgam.]

Rebus: k metalware, tools, pots and pans.kru crocodile Rebus: kru artisan.

sangai = joined animals (Marathi) Rebus: sgh m. lathe (Gujarati); s g m. frame of a building , f. lathe (CDIAL 12859) sangataras. lit. to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason.

arae lizard Rebus: aira anvil.(A Tepe Yahya epigraphs clearly indicate a lizard hieroglyph). Ibha elephant Rebus: ibbo merchant, ib iron Rhinoceros; bahia = a castrated boar, a hog (Santali) bahi a caste who work both in iron and wood (Santali) baea merchant me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) [ kh ] f ( S) frame or structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, stated to be roughly equivalent to 500 lbs. Ta. karam monkey. Ir. ka (small)monkey; kag monkey. Ko. ko small monkey. To. kw monkey. Ka. kaga monkey, ape. Ko. ko monkey. Tu. koaji, koaja, koag baboon. (DEDR 2196). kuhru = a monkey (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuhru armourer or weapons maker(metal-worker), also an inscriber or writer. balad m. ox , gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (N. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi) pattar trough Rebus: pattar guild. Dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal

h176A,B

Side A:balad m. ox , gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (N. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi) ra 'spokes' Rebus: ra brass. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) Glyph: erakanave of wheel Rebus: eraka copper; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) erako moltencast copper DUPLICATED dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal Thus, cast copper and brass. me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, about 500 lbs. [ kh ] f ( S) frame or structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, stated to be roughly equivalent to 500 lbs. baa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) : bhaa furnace, kiln khv- cot; no. 3785, khai- bier (lex.)(CDIAL 3781) Pa. kaeya cot (< Halbi); Kui kae id.; Kur. kha bedstead, bed; Malt. kae, ki id. (DEDR 1145) Rebus: [ kh ] f ( S) frame or structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) ; kai, n. < Mhr. khail. [T. Tu. khai, M. kai.] Candy, a weight, stated to be roughly equivalent to 500 lbs. kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo Side B: kol tiger Rebus: kolhe smelters krammara turn back Rebus: kamar blacksmith kha A stock or stump (Marathi); leafless tree (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); Allograph: young bull. heraka spy Rebus: erako moltencast copper kamaha penance Rebus: kammaa mint, coiner. dhatu scarf; Rebus: dhatu mineral ore Kur. ka a stool. Malt. kano stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali) ka tools, pots and pans and metal-ware (Marathi) Hare + trough+tiger looks back: kulai hare Rebus: kolhe smelter pattar trough Rebus: pattar guild kol kamar smelter-artisan Thus, together, the pictorial composition reads: smelter-artisan guild

m1927a 1927b

poLa zebu Rebus poLa magnetite, khu zebu (denoted by the ligatured horns of zebu) Rebus: (native metal) guild ibha elephant Rebus: ib iron; ibbo merchant (Gujarati. Desi) Kur. xol tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135). Rebus: kolhe smelter Message: iron smelter merchant guild. Other ligaturing elements are: body of a ram and hindlegs of tiger read rebus: agararam Rebus; tagara tin kol tiger Rebus; kolhe smelter muh human face Rebus: muh ingot Thus, the message conveyed by the composite animal hieroglyph is: ingot (from) iron smelter, tin smelter merchant guild.

M1792 Cylinder seal. Provenience: Khafaje Kh. VII 256 Jemdet Nasr (ca. 3000 - 2800 BCE) Frankfort, Henri: Stratified Cylinder Seals from the Diyala Region. Oriental Institute Publications 72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, no. 34.

[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) Circumscript: dula two Rebus: dul cast metal PLUS kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo karaa duck (Sanskrit) karaa a very large aquatic bird (Sindhi) Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard turner (Gujarati) Vikalpa: baa quail Rebus: bhaa furnace. baa a kind of iron (Gujarati) aya kammaa.coiner, mint alloy dula pair Rebus: dul cast (metal) kolmo rice plant Rebus: kolami smithy/forge kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo karaa duck (Sanskrit) karaa a very large aquatic bird (Sindhi) Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) karaa panther Rebus: kara hard alloy. kha A stock or stump (Marathi); leafless tree (Marathi). Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); kd to turn in a lathe (Bengali). ka flowing water Rebus: k metalware, tools, pots and pans. kul tiger (Santali); klu id. (Telugu) klupuli = Bengal tiger (Telugu) [ klh ] [klh] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kole.l 'temple, smithy' (Kota.) kol = pacalha, a metallic alloy containing five metals (Tamil): copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Sanskrit); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhtu; Nnrtharatnkara. 82; Mangarjas Nighau. 498)(Kannada) kol, kolhe, the koles, iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals (Santali) s g m. frame of a building , f. lathe (CDIAL 12859) Rebus: sangataras. lit. to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason. bhaa warrior (Sanskrit) Rebus: baa a kind of iron (Gujarati). Rebus: bhaa furnace (Santali) H. sain, sen f. ladder Rebus: Pa. si -- f. guild, division of army ; Pk. si -- f. row, collection ; ri (metr. often rayai -- ) f. line, row, troop RV. rik f. house ~ ladder Rebus:rei in meaning guild (Sanskrit) Pa. si -- f. guild, division of army (Pali)(CDIAL 10718) seniya soldier.

Anthropomorph with `fish' glyph incised on the chest. Curved arms like the horns of a fighting ram ligatured to the outstretched legs of a warrior. Sheorajpur, Kanpur Dist., UP, India. State Museum, Lucknow (O.37). 47.7 x 39 x 2.1 cm. C. 4 kg. Early 2nd millennium BCE. Kalibangan 34A mil markhor (Trwl) meho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me iron (Mu.Ho.) ayo fish Rebus: aya iron ayas metal Two pure tin ingots found at Haifa with Meluhha hieroglyphs

With curved horns, the anthropomorph is a ligature of a mountain goat or markhor (makara) and a fish incised between the horns. agara antelope; takar, n. [ T. tagaru, K. tagar.] 1. Sheep; . (.) 2. Ram; . (.) (, 486). Rebus: agara tin. ayo fish(Munda); ayas iron (Sanskrit) Rebus: ayas metal ranku = tin (Santali) ranku = liquid measure (Santali) ranku a species of deer; ran:kuka (Sanskrit)(CDIAL 10559). du = cross Telugu; dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhn to send out, pour out, cast (metal) (CDIAL

6771).

Fish sign incised on copper anthropomorph Sheorajpur, upper Ganges valley, ca. 2nd millennium BCE, 4 kg; 47.7 X 39 X 2.1 cm. State Museum, Lucknow (O.37) Typical find of Gangetic Copper Hoards. mil markhor (Tor.wali) meho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meh helper of merchant (Gujarati) me iron (Ho.) meed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda) ayo fish Rebus: ayo, ayas metal. Thus, together read rebus: ayo meh iron stone ore, metal merchant. meh goat (Br.) Rebus: meho one who helps a merchant vi.138 vaiksahyah (dei. Hemachandra). Allograph: mego = with horns twisted back; meha, m., mihi f.= twisted, crumpled, as a horn (Santali)

h1997A,B

Side A: Text box enclosing 24 incisions or a pair of 12 incisions: dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal baroi twelve bhrata a factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin (Marathi) dulo hole Rebus: dul cast metal. Thus bharat alloy castings. aaren cover of pot or lid Rebus: aduru native, unsmelted metal LIGATURED to ayo fish Rebus: ayas metal (Vedi) Thus, aya aaren (homonym: aduru)alloy native metal barao = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat mixed alloys (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo khareo = a currycomb (Gujarati) [ kharr ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard turner (Gujarati) Side B: balad m. ox , gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (N. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi) pattar trough Rebus: pattar guild. Thus, copper-zinc-tin alloy (worker) guild. Duplicated: dula pair Rebus; dul cast metal Thus bharat alloy castings. kha A stock or stump (Marathi); leafless tree (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); kd to turn in a lathe (Bengali).

Array of 6X6 retorts (each of 750 cc or 1200 cc capacity) inverted over a perforated grate of ceramic bricks. ZnO heated with carbon reduces to Zinc vapour in condensation chambers with furnace chamber at the top. Zn + carbon turns into Zinc metal at 950 degrees C. This transmutation is defined by the orthography of svastika hieroglyph.

Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called philosophers wool or "white snow". Bluish-white sphalerite (zinc sulfide) with 60% zinc, is malleable between 100 and 150 Degrees C. Above 210 degrees, the metal becomes brittle again. This characteristic justifies the choice of svastika orthography of alternating turns of arms. Boiling point of zinc is 907 degrees. Zinc alloys with a number of metals copper, aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium and sodium. The element is found in association with copper and lead in ores.

Zinc ores were used for brass prior to discovery of zinc as a separate element.

c. 430 BCE: Zawar mines

The earliest 14C dates (uncalibrated) for the Zawar mines are PRL 932, 430+100 BCE and BM 2381, 380+ 50 BCE. Old workings at Rajpura-Dariba (375 BCE) and Rampura-Agucha (370 BCE) confirm the mining of lead-zinc ores in the southern Rajasthan during the fifth-fourth centuries BCE onwards.

http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_pr/t_pr_khara_zinc_frameset.htm

Zinc retort distillation furnace, Zawar, Rajasthan

http://www.indogold.com.au/images.htm

Ligature of distillation retorts on svastika glyph on four arm-endings indicate transmutation of vapor into metal

[Pl. 28, A, Ramnagar, Lotapur, Mamdar, Singavaran: Punch-marked coins]

[Pl. 28, B to E: svastik symbol on punch-marked/cast copper coins]

[Pl.28, F: Ujjayini, copper coins with svastik symbol]

[Pl. 28, G to J, Taxila, Ayodhya, Arjunayana, Sibis, Kuinda, Kuluta, yaudheya,

tavhana coins: Svastik symbol]

Svastika on Sarnath ayagapatta ca. 100 BCE. Beige sandstone.

Kamarjoda, Single Becha, Jiragora sites show 1)bowl-shaped 2)dome-shaped 3)shaft 4) slag-pit furnaces

Zinc metallurgy in Ancient India

Thus the credit goes to India for developing the complex metallurgy and producing alloy of metals. This speaks legions of the metallurgical skill which the metal workrs and artisans of ancient India possessed way back in the early centuries before Christ. Such a good understanding of metallurgical processes as involved in metallurgy of zinc may also be a pointer to the overall expertise which the Indian artisans possessed of the fine behaviour of specific minerals in antiquity. It was almost at this point of time that the famous Damascus steel was being exported to other parts of the world from India. The extraction of zinc may be taken as the culmination of this art (or science). (Rina Shrivastava, opcit., IJHS, 34(1), 1999, pp.44-45)See: http://www.cbseacademic.in/web_material/Circulars/2012/68_KTPI/Module_8.pdf

IJHS, 34(1), 1999: Rina Shrivastva, Smelting furnaces in ancient India

The earliest kiln for copper smelting has been traced at Lothal. The kilns used for melting copper ingots in earthen bowls was a simple circular and brick structure (0.8m dia and 0.6m deep).

Cf. Kenoyer: Ravi Phase (3300 to 2700 BCE) Button seal; svastika motif?

This is a tribute to Mahadevan, Parpola and scholars of Indian civilization studies. This is M. [ a ] n (S) Debt. Three departments of man's debt are reckoned, viz. , , , q. v. This is thus a homage to who have given us a civilization under dharma or aam , n. < -. [K. aa, M. aam.] 1. Moral or religious duty, virtue, performance of good works according to the stras, duties to be practiced. < - au- : notes with another; . (. 385, .) Raison detre of my life: repay a homage to who have given me my social identity and goals of life, pururtha.

Most of the ca. 500+ glyphs and glyptic elements have been identified with precision (without ambiguity) thanks to the brilliant work done by Mahadevan, Parpola and other scholars who have contributed to unraveling the orthography and structure of the writing system

Each glyph is a potential resource for relating the glyph to glosses of Indian languages to identify mleccha glosses in the linguistic area

Isoglosses will help reconstruct proto-mleccha and proto-vedic. Glyptic semantic clusters decode the writing system using the simple rebus

method -- occams razor (rebus: A representation of words in the form of pictures or symbols, often presented as a puzzle. From Latin rebus, ablative pl. of res, thing. bartleby.com) and relating them to one semantic category: early workings in mines, early workings with minerals and metals an industrial revolution of those ancient times.

Marshall 1931: pl. CX, 311 MM 50.258 2X2 cm. Svastika on the reverse.

Copper plate m1457

m1225 cube seal with perforation through breadth

svastika pewter (Kannada); jasta = zinc (Hindi) yasada (Jaina Pkt.)

mehao = to entwine itself, wind round, wrap around, roll up (Santali.lex.) meiya = a rock (Te.) meed, me~ed iron; enga meed soft iron; sani meed hard

iron; ispt meed steel; dul meed cast iron; i meed rusty iron, also the iron of which weights are cast; bica mer.ed iron extracted from stone ore; bali meed iron extracted from sand ore; meed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.)

hompo = knot on a string (Santali) hompo = ingot (Santali)

h182 tablet -- mo~e~ five (Santali); rebus: ma = warehouse, workshop (Kon.lex.) Alt. (vikalpa) me iron (Ho.)

pancha-lnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron Alloy bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin). Is this count of 5 svastika a count of 5 zinc + 5 copper to constitute a brass alloy?

-- an:gara, d.an:gura public notice by a crier who beats a tom-tom (Ka.); rebus: hangar blacksmith

Vikalpa: dol drum; dollu drummer Rebus: dul cast metal kul tiger (Santali); klu id. (Telugu) klupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.) [ klh ] [klh] A

jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kole.l 'temple, smithy' (Kota.) kol = pacalha, a metallic alloy containing five metals (Tamil): copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Sanskrit); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhtu; Nnrtharatnkara. 82; Mangarjas Nighau. 498)(Kannada) kol, kolhe, the koles, iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals (Santali) dhol drum dhollu drummer Rebus: dul cast metal 2+3 svastika: dula two Rebus: dul cast metal PLUS kolom three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge Rebu: sattva, jasta zinc Or, five parts of zinc added to copper to create alloy brass.

dula pair Rebus: dul cast (metal) PLUSkana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kacu = bronze (Telugu) Thus, cast bronze

kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo Alternative: The Meluhha gloss for 'five' is: taal Homonym is: haha brass(i.e. alloy of copper +

zinc). taal Five, a slang term; . (J.)

M0482, Text 1620 sathiy (H.), sthiyo (G.); satthia, sotthia (Pkt.) Svastik sign Rebus: zasth or zasuth m adj. c.g. made of zinc or pewter. jasth zinc, spelter; pewter. Jastuvu adj. (f. jastv), made of zinc or pewter (Kashmiri) satavu, satuvu, sattu = pewter, zinc (Ka.) dosta = zinc (Santali) jasada, yasada, yasadyaka, yasatva = zinc (Jaina Pali)

Svastika appears with tree:kui rebus: kuhi smelter Side B: ayo fish Rebus: aya iron ayas metal PLUS karvu crocodile (Telugu) khara blacksmith (Kashmiri) ayakara metalsmith (Pali) Side A: svastika hieroglyph: Rebus: jasta, satva, zinc (Hindi.Kannada) zasath or zasuth m. (sg. dat. zastas ), zinc, spelter, pewter (cf. Hind jast)(Kashmiri) kui tree Rebus: kuhi smelter kanka rim of jar Rebus: karka account (scribe) kar supercargo dula pair Rebus: dul cast (metal) PLUSkana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kacu = bronze (Telugu) PLUS infixed kolmo paddy plant Rebus: kolami smithy, forge. Thus, cast bronze smithy, forge. Or, mogge sprout,

bud Rebus: mu h ingot (Santali)Thus, cast bronze ingot. Read as: kacu dul mu h bronze cast ingot khareo = a currycomb (Gujarati) [ kharr ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard turner (Gujarati)

Sattva glyph; satavu pewter, zinc

sathiy (H.), sthiyo (G.); satthia, sotthia (Pkt.) Svastik sign

Kashmiri. Grierson lex. zasath or zasuth m. (sg. dat. zastas ), zinc, spelter, pewter (cf. Hind jast). jasti jasti adj. c.g. made of zinc or pewter . Jastuvu made of zinc or pewter.

satavu, satuvu, sattu = pewter, zinc (Ka.) dosta = zinc (Santali) jasada, yasada, yasadyaka, yasatva = zinc (Jaina Pali) ruhi-tutiya (Urdu) tuttha (Arthas'a_stra) totamu, tutenag (Te.) oriechalkos (Gk.)

M488 Side A: krammara look back Rebus: kamar blacksmith kola tiger Rebus: kolhe smelter kol working in iron heraka spy Rebus: erako moltencast copper kui tree Rebus: kuhi smelter kha A stock or stump (Marathi); leafless tree (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); kd to turn in a lathe (Bengali). Svastika Rebus: sattva, jasta zinc ibha elephant Rebus: ib iron ibbo merchant (Gujarati)

M488 Side B: [kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus: sangataras stone-cutter, mason loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: [lkhaa ] n ( S) Iron. or To oppress grievously. [ lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [ lkha ] a () Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi) bhaa warrior (Sanskrit) Rebus: baa a kind of iron (Gujarati). Rebus: bhaa furnace (Santali) Thus, together, the ligatured hieroglyph reads rebus: loa bhaa iron furnace lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [ lkha ] a () Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi) aar 'harrow' rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) [ kh ] f ( S) frame or structure of the body (Marathi) Rebus: [ kha ] measure of weight (Marathi) khareo = a currycomb (Gujarati) [ kharr ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard turner (Gujarati) The pair of hieroglyph signs are compositions: 1. bicha scorpion (Assamese) Rebus: bica stone ore (Santali) The pairing sign is a composition of: sloping stroke PLUS two short strokes of a splinter:dh a slope; inclination of a plane (Gujarati); hiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (Gujarati) Rebus: hlako = a large metal ingot (Gujarati) hlak = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati)PLUS sal splinter Rebus: sal workshop. Thus the composition reads: hlako sal ingot workshop. kha field, division (Skt.) Rebus: khna tools, pots and pans, metal-ware. Rebus 2: ka 'fire-altar' (Santali) dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal Thus, duplicated division hieroglyph sign reads: cast metal metal-ware.

M488 Side C: ku horn Rebus: workshop me body Rebus: me iron (Ho.) [ maapa ] canopy Rebus: [ ma ] f ( H) A green market, the place in a city whither vegetables and fruits are brought to be disposed of by wholesale. lo, no nine (Assamese) Rebus: lo iron, copper loa ficus religiosa Rebus: lo iron (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: [lkhaa ] n ( S) Iron. or To oppress grievously. [ lkhaakma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. [ lkha ] a () Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi) Composite animal: Markhor horns: mil markhor (Trwl) meho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me iron (Mu.Ho.) scarf: dhatu scarf Rebus: dhatu mineral ore Ligature: Kur. xol tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135). Rebus: kolhe smelter Thus, copper smelter. Worshipper: bha G. bhuv m. worshipper in a temple rather < bhrta --(CDIAL 9554) Yj.com., Rebus: bha kiln, furnace ku horn Rebus: workshop kd 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) Scarf: dhatu scarf Rebus: dhatu mineral ore As a phonetic-semantic reinforcement, the worshipper holds a pot: rimless, broad-mouthed pot which is baa read rebus: bhaa furnace. kao stool, seat Rebus: ka metalware kaa fire-altar erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) er-agu = obeisance (Ka.), ir_ai (Ta.) [Note image of an offering adorant]eraka, erka = copper (Ka.) erako moltencast copper (Gujarati) [mai] or mani. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery, , . Rebus: mai market bhaa worshipper bhaa furnace baa iron (Gujarati) .

Khandagiri caves (2nd cent. BCE) Cave 3 (Jaina Ananta gumpha). Fire-altar?, rivatsa, svastika

(hieroglyphs)

(King Kharavela, a Jaina who ruled Kalinga has an inscription dated 161 BCE) contemporaneous with

Bharhut and Sanchi and early Bodhgaya

Manoharpura.

ygapaa 50 to 299 CE. Red sandstone. Lucknow State Museum.

(Scan no. 0053006)

Manoharpura.

ygapaa Tirthankara. Red sandstone. Lucknow State Museum. (Scan no. 0053007)

Manoharpura. Lower quadrant of ygapaa. Twin fish. 1st to 3rd cent. Red sandstone.

Lucknow State Museum. (Scan no.0053009 )

Manoharpura. Left quadrant of ygapaa.Red sandstone.

Lucknow State Museum. (Scan no. 0053010)

Manoharpura. Right quadrant of

ygapaa.Red sandstone. Lucknow State Museum. (Scan no. 0053011)

Manoharpura. Svastika. Top of

ygapaa. Red Sandstone. Lucknow State Museum. (Scan no.0053012 )

Manoharpura. Twin fish and rivatsa. Top section of ygapaa. Red sandstone. National

Museum, New Delhi. (Scan no. 0053016)

Manoharpura. Bottom section of ygapaa. Inscription. Brazier?

National Museum, New Delhi. Red sandstone. (Scan no. 0053017)

Manoharpura. Pillar with

cakra capital. Winged

tigers. Left section of

ygapaa. Red Sandstone.

National Museum, New

Delhi (Scan no. 0053018)

Manoharpura. Pillar with

elephant capital. Winged

tigers. Right section of

ygapaa. Red Sandstone.

National Museum, New

Delhi (Scan no. 0053019)

175. This sign also gets associated with svastika glyph.The ligature on Sign 175 may be compared with a retort used in a zinc distillation furnace, Zawar, Rajasthan

SVASTIKA_, ENDLESS-KNOT

Why svastika appears with endlessknot glyph [mehao twisted (Mu.); me iron (Mu.)]: sattva, jasta = zinc

Cylinder seal impression. Sumer (ca. 2500 BCE). After Amiet 1980a: pl. 108, no. 1435

Early Dynastic seal. Lagash. After Amiet 1980a: pl. 83, no. 1099 Rojdi axe

mehao = v.a.m. entwine itself; wind round, wrap round roll up; mar.hna_ cover, encase (H) (Santali.lex.Bodding) [Note: the endless-knot motif may be a rebus representation of this semant. entwine itself]. meh = curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread (M.); meli, melika = a turn, a twist, a loop, entanglement; meliyu, melivad.u, meligonu = to get twisted or entwined (Te.lex.) merhao = twist (Mun.d.ari)

me~e.he~t = iron (Santali)

Svastika, endless-knot m1356 m443Atm443Bt Chanhudaro49A Chanhudaro49B Chanhudaro50A Chanhudaro50B m1457Actm1457Bct 2904 Copper tablet

Brass alloy: hard alloy of zinc and copper

karaa a very large aquatic bird (Sindhi) karaa duck (Sanskrit)

Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)

A remarkable legacy of the Sarasvati Sindhu inscriptions: two symbols are reminiscent of the inscriptions: the svastika and the tree on railing. Yaudheya coin. Goddess a on reverse. an.mukha with lance on obverse. Lucknow State Museum (Journal of the Numismatics Society of India, Vol. V, Pt.I, June 1943). ika *pertaining to 60 , n. the number 60 VarBrS. [a -- ] S. sahyo having 60 ; M. sh f. an aggregate of 60 .(CDIAL 12805) a- sixth a phonetic determinant of svasti zinc. kui tree Rebus: kuhi smelter

Sunflower, duck hieroglyphs (Manoharpura svastika + sunflower). Cyprus svastika + ducks) Rebus: hard alloy

karaa a very large aquatic bird (Sindhi) karaa duck (Sanskrit)

Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)

karaa -- m. safflower, -- f. a tree like the karaja (Prakrit); M. kar, a f. safflower, carthamus tinctorius and its seed . (CDIAL 2788). Rebus: [kara] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khard ' turner, a person who fashions or shapes objects on a lathe' (Gujarati)

vidy samuddea lit. objective of schooling or eduation included mlecchita vikalpa to be learned by youth

mlecchita vikalpa (lit. Meluhha cipher) was identified as one of the 64 arts (including two allied communication arts called akra muika kathanam and deabh jnam lit. fist-finger gesture narrations and knowledge of spoken language) to be learned by the youth.

Source: Vtsyyanas Kmastra in a section titled: vidy samuddea lit. objective of schooling or eduation.

The cipher is composed of hieroglyph multiplex hypertexts of metalwork.

15 cm. 15 kg. Shahi-Tump leopard weight. Lead filling in copper shell. Seashells for hieroglyphs. Lost-wax casting.

karaa panther Rebus: karaa hard alloy. mil markhor (Trwl) meho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me iron (Mu.Ho.) Vikalpa: mlekh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali)

Earliest lost-wax castings? 2.2 cm dia. Wheels w/spokes. Mehergarh Bourgarit D., Mille B. 2007. Les premiers objets mtalliques ont-ils t fabriqus par des mtallurgistes ? Lactualit Chimique . Octobre-Novembre 2007 - n 312-313:54-60.

ar 'spokes' Rebus: ra brass. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) Glyph: erakanave of wheel Rebus: eraka copper; cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) eraka moltencast copper Duplicated: dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal Thus cast copper, brass casting.

Recumbent ram. Silver. Lost-wax casting. Mounted on pins and dowelled into the center of cylinder seal. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Uruk. c. 3200 BCE pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Telugu) Rebus: pasra = a smithy, a place where a blacksmith works; to do a blacksmiths work; kamar pasrat.hene sen akantalea = our man has gone to the smithy; pasrao lagao (or ehop) akata = he (the blacksmith) has started his work (Santali);

Steatite pendant. m1656A Metalware. Turner. Joinery joinery; M. sga double-canoe

USE OF HIEROGLYPHS

Cylinder seal impression, ca. 21832159 B.CE of Ibni-sharrum, a scribe of Shar-kali-sharri bos gaurus,

overflowing pot

Gold statuette, Elam king, carrying a bull

Cylinder seal impression. 3rd m. BCE Su-ilisu, Meluhha interpreter, i.e., translator of the Meluhhan language (EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI), carrying an

antelope

Indus Script pectoral (heifer, overflowing pot), Seal

(Water-carrier)

ko = place where artisans work (G.lex.) koiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; ko = neck (G.lex.) ku = horns (Ta.) [kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kdr turner (Bengali); knda engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems (Marathi) G. sgh m. lathe ; joinery; M. sga double-canoe Rebus: sangataras stone-cutter, mason

dol = likeness, picture, form (Santali) [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, duplicated signs] dulo

hole Rebus: dul cast metal : me~he~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron

(Santali) m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part with nine knobs?), under a stylized tree with nine leaves.

Zebu and leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of an ancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30.

lo iron (Assamese, Bengali); loa iron (Gypsy) Glyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) lo, no nine phonetic reinforcement of: loa ficus Rebus: lo copper nava: In counting by tetrads (octo=8 is a dual!) a new series nava begins with No. 9

Dotted circle with sangaa lathe, furnacedulo hole Rebus: dul cast metal

Pict-123 Standard device which is normally in front of a one-horned bull. The device is flanked by columns of dotted circles.

m0008, m0021, h228B

Carved Ivory Standard in the middle har501 Harappa 1990 and 1993. Standard device, model reconstructed after Mahadevan

Kot-diji shard from a burial vessel. Kalibangan seal. Ficus religiosa: loa Rebus: loh, lo copper g mountain-ridge (H.)(CDIAL 5476). Rebus: dhangar blacksmith (Maithili) damgar merchant (Akkadian)

Potsherd. Triple pipal leaf. Bir Kot Ghwandai, Swat, c. 1700 BCE Ficus religiosa: loa Rebus: loh, lo copper kolom three Rebus: kolami smithy/forge

Potsherd with inscription c. 3300 BCE tagaraka tabernae montana, fragrant tulip tagara tin

1.Finely burnished gold fillet (headband)

with holes at both ends to hold a cord.

Each end is decorated with a

punctuated design of standard device.

42 x 1.4 cm. Mohenjodaro Museum,

MM 1366; Marshall 1931: 220.527. Pl.

CXVIII, 14 (for punctuated design)

2. Detail of gold fillet with punctuated

design of standard device at both ends

of the gold fillet. (After Fig. 7.32,

Kenoyer, 1998)

Gold fillet. Lathe-drill (gimlet)/portable furnace h195B, h98a. Priest with fillet on forehead.

[After Mahadevan. Standard device. Indra dhvaja?].

[Pl. 55, Standard symbol on punch-marked coins and on local coins; this is paralleled by the standard device in front of the one-horned bull shown on many inscribed objects with Sarasvati hieroglyphs].

aamangalaka hra Necklaces with a number of pendants aamangalaka hra depicted on a pillar of a gateway (toran.a) at the stupa of Sanchi, Central India, 1st century BCE. [After VS Agrawala, 1969, The deeds of Harsha (being a cultural study of Bas Haracarita, ed. By PK Agrawala, Varanasi: fig. 62] The hra or necklace shows a pair of fish signs together with a number of motifs indicating weapons (cakra, parau, an:kua), including a device that parallels the standard device normally shown in many inscribed objects of SSVC in front of the one-horned bull. (cf. Marshall, J. and Foucher, The Monuments of Sanchi, 3 vols., Callcutta, 1936,

repr. 1982, pl. 27). The first necklace has eleven and the second one has thirteen pendants (cf. V.S. Agrawala, 1977, Bhraya Kal , Varanasi, p. 169); he notes the eleven pendants as: sun, ukra, padmasara, an:kua, vaijayanti, pan:kaja, mna-mithuna, rvatsa, parau, darpaa and kamala. "The axe (parau) and an:kua pendants are common at sites of north India and some of their finest specimens from Kausambi are in the collection of Dr. MC Dikshit of Nagpur." (Dhavalikar, M.K., 1965, Sanchi: A cultural Study, Poona, p. 44; loc.cit. Dr.Mohini Verma, 1989, Dress and Ornaments in Ancient India: The Maurya and S'un:ga Periods, Varanasi, Indological Book House, p. 125). Note that one of the pendants looks like the 'device' normally found in front of the one-horned bull, the san:gaa, portable brazier and lathe (also meaning, battle).

ayo fish Rebus: aya iron ayas metal dula pair Rebus: dul cast metal

sga = lathe component (drill); saghai_, s'aghai = a pot for holding fire (Gujarati.) Rebus: joinery; M. sga double-canoe djong id. (Javanese) sangara (Periplus) sangataras. lit. to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason. sangho (G.) cutti