I.I. The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire

A. The Early Byzantine EmpireA. The Early Byzantine Empire1. Capital: Constantinople (after Roman emperor Constantine)

2. Geography: lies on the Strait of Bosporus- strategic trade location

B. “Two Romes”B. “Two Romes”

1. Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after fall of Rome in 5th c. CE…keep Roman ideas alive

2. Byzantines in power from 500’s-1200’s

3. More Greek than Latin

C. ConstantinopleC. Constantinople

1. Capital & center of empire

2. Regulated all trade

3. Linked Asia & Europe

The Byzantine empire & its neighbors (527-554 C.E.)The Byzantine empire & its neighbors (527-554 C.E.)

D. The D. The ThemeTheme System System1. Administrative

organization strengthened free peasants…

2. Each province (theme) under control of a general

3. Generals recruited armies from free peasants

4. very complex bureaucracy

E. CaesaropapismE. Caesaropapism

1. Power centralized in Emperor

2. Absolute authority

3. Royal court etiquette (royal purple, prostration)

JUSTINIAN & THEODORAJUSTINIAN & THEODORA

F. Justinian (527-565 CE)F. Justinian (527-565 CE)

1. The “sleepless emperor”

2. Wife TheodoraTheodora as advisor

3. Ambitious construction

– Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia church

4. Justinian’s Code Justinian’s Code (Corpus of Civil Law) influenced by Rome & influenced rest of Europe

G. After JustinianG. After Justinian

1. Islamic empires attack

2. Constantinople attacked over & over

3. Built strong navy & used “Greek fire”

THE GREAT SPLIT- EAST/WEST

H. Christianity SplitsH. Christianity Splits

1. Several issues divided Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox & created a schismschism:

-supremacy of Pope in Rome (Patriarch in Byzantium)-differing rituals-religious iconsicons in E. Orthodox Church

I. Decline of the Byzantine EmpireI. Decline of the Byzantine Empire

1. INVASIONS – Slavs to the north and the Seljuk Turks from Asia Minor

2. Led to CrusadesCrusades: religious holy wars over Jerusalem

3. 1453 falls to Ottoman Turks, renamed IstanbulIstanbul

6th c. Arabia:

A Threat to

the Great

Empires

6th c. Arabia:

A Threat to

the Great

Empires

?? ??

BYZANTINE EMPIRE BY 1400

Thesis Writing Exercise:

What factors contributed to the split between the Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Church?

II.II. Early Middle Ages: 476–1000Early Middle Ages: 476–1000

A. Frankish Kings:A. Frankish Kings:

1. Gaul ruled by a group called the FranksFranks:

- converted to Christianity

2. Charles “the Hammer” Martel Charles “the Hammer” Martel (r. 714-741):

- defeated Muslim Expansion into Europe - Battle of Tours Battle of Tours (732)

B.B. Charlemagne (r. 768-814):Charlemagne (r. 768-814):1. expanded Frankish kingdom into Germany, Spain, & Italy

2. crowned “Emperor of the Romans” in 800 by Pope Leo III

3. “Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance”:

– Established schools (in churches/monasteries) – Provided seeds of intellectualism for later Renaissance– Preserved Classical-Christian culture

4. Created relationship of kings with the Church

CharlemagneCharlemagne

aka

Karolus MagnusKarolus Magnus

aka

Charles “the Great”Charles “the Great”

A New Capital: Aachen

Classical columns and arches from Aachen:

C. After CharlemagneC. After Charlemagne1. Empire split up between 3 grandchildren:

– Emperor Lothar– King Louis “the German”– King Charles “the Bald”

1. manorial society develops (agricultural)

2. nobles & bishops form land holding elite

3. estates were farmed by slaves or rent-paying villagers (serfs)

4. small agrarian communities with private armies…

D. Medieval Economy & Society:D. Medieval Economy & Society:

People lived in small rural communities:People lived in small rural communities:

E. 800’s – 900’s:E. 800’s – 900’s:

1. Muslims, Vikings, & Magyars invade

2. Effect of resulting fragmentation?

-- increased power to local land holders (lords)…-- resulted in political system of FEUDALISMFEUDALISM

Invasions of the Vikings, Magyars (Huns) & Invasions of the Vikings, Magyars (Huns) & Muslims continued periodically until 1000 C.E.Muslims continued periodically until 1000 C.E.

1. The landowner: “lordlord”

2. The recipient of the land: “vassalvassal”

F. The Feudal System:F. The Feudal System:

3. vassalage: knightsknights swearing an oath to their lord

land itself was called the “fieffief”:

Serfs had no geographic mobility…Serfs had no geographic mobility…they were legally bound to the manorthey were legally bound to the manor

G. Development of Knights:G. Development of Knights:1. Frankish army: foot soldiers in chain mail w/ swords

& horsemen

2. Used long lances on horseback

Medieval Weapons:

H. The Nobility of the Middle Ages:H. The Nobility of the Middle Ages:

1. Nobles dominated European society

- main concern was warfare- nobles were kings, dukes, counts, barons, and bishops

2. chivalrychivalry: ideal behavior of the nobility to defend

Life on the Medieval manor:

What they are doing?

Who on the manor would not be doing this?

What economic information can be inferred from this illustration?

How are these people different from the previous two paintings?

What they are doing?

Why is this building so important to these serfs?

Who owns and lives in the castle?

What are his functions on the manor?