OCIAL CIENCE RE EARCH COU CIL

VOLUME 40 • NUMBER 2 • JUNE 1986 605 THIRD AVENUE . NEW YORK, N.Y. 10158

Personal Testimony: Narratives of the Self in the Social Sciences and the Humanities

THE Co NCIL PLAN TO APPOINT, jointly with the American Council of Learned ocietie, a Committee on Per onal Te timony. The Council ha had a long-tanding intere t in per onal te timony, in tho e elf­

reflective fir t per on narrative which declare a their purported ubject matter the narrator' per­onal experience and on which 0 much re earch i

ba ed. 1

everal recent development warrant the Council' return to thi topic of inquiry. Advance made in numerou area have broadened the range of ap­proache and information that can be brought to bear in the elicitation and interpretation of fir t per on accounts. Furthermore, in the u e of uch accounts, di ciplinary demarcation have declined a it ha be­come clear that each di cipline can benefit from a common confrontation of hared dilemma. Finally, the term of the debate over narrative of the elf have hifted a a re ult of the epi temological and methodological di cu ion that have occupied a cen­tral place in the contemporary ocial cience.

Over the pa t two decade ,the ocial cience have

• incent rapanzano i profe sor of anthropology and com­parative literature at the Graduate Center and at Queen College, City Univer ity of New York. Ya mine Ergas, a ociologi t, i a staff a ociate at the ouncil. Judith Modell i vi iting a i tant profes or of anthropology at Carnegie-Mellon niver ity.

I The Council' publi ation in thi area include: Gordon W. lIport, Tht t of Ptr: ollal DOCllmtllls ill P 'chological cimet. Bul­

letin 49. ew York: 'ocial cience Re arch Council, 1942; Her­b rt Blumer, Critiqut of Rt tarch in tht ocial cimet : An Appraisal ofThomru and Znanitcki' "Tht Polish Ptasant ill Europt and America."

econd edition with a new introduction by th author. ew Brun wick, New Jer ey: Tran action Book, 1979 (Fir t publi hed in 1939 b the 'ocial ' ien e Re earch Council); and Loui GOlt chalk, Clyde Kluckhohn, and Robert ngell, Tilt USt of Ptr­onal Docummls in History, Allthropology alld ociology. Bulletin 53.

ew York: ocial ience Re earch ouncil, 1945.

by Vincent Crapanzano, Yasmine Ergas, and Judith Modell*

que tioned their underlying premi e in important way. Inten e theoretical di cu ion have accom­panied increa ing technical ophi tication. Mathe­matical and tati tical methodologie have permitted increa ingly fine-grained data analy i . Large- cale data ba e have provided information on a variety of phenomena in diver e context. At the arne time, re earch in lingui tic , literary analy i , philo ophical inquiry, p ychological under tanding, and ocial theory have all contributed to the refinement of in­terpretive trategie. Although the e advance have trengthened pecific direction and chool of

thought within the ocial cience, they ha e rarely generated cumulative in ight capable of bridging intradi ciplinary divi ion. In fact, divi ion linked to di ergent epi temological orientation may have been reinforced even a interdi ciplinary di tinction ap­pear to ha e weakened.

Thi legacy of di agreement notwith tanding, que tion have ari en which tran cend the e theoreti-

CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE

25 Personal Te timony: arrative of the elf in the Social Science and Humanities-Vinctnt Crapanumo, Yasmint Ergas, and Judith ModtU

31 Explanation of Fertility Decline in Latin merica­Jo tPh E. PoUlT

35 Research in Rural China: Five-Year Program 36 C Prepare Guide to Federal Funding for ial

37 38 taff Appointment 40 Council Hold Exploratory ~eeting to Di us ' ial

ience Re earch on 10 41 Fellow hip and Grants for International Re earch

Awarded in 19 6 42 Council Fellow hip and Grant ffered in 19 6

25

cal divi ion . And "per onal te timony" ha emerged a an arena within which convergent under tanding may be fo tered, bringing ariou tradition clo er while clarifying their difference and com pie men­taritie . Whether the u e large number of que tion­naire or collect detailed ethnographic de cription , ocial cienti t eeking to learn how the world work ,

or once did 0, grapple with difficultie inherent in under tanding and decoding meaning. The tudy of per onal te timony draw attention to the con truc­tion of meaning in autobiographical narration even a it focu e upon the information provided. The in­formation which emerge when people recount their experience differ from the kind elicited when indi­vidual an wer precodified que tion . Life hi torie , memoir , diarie , and the like characteri tically adopt freer form than do tightly tructured que tionnaire . The narrator may mold the tale to a much greater extent in the former ca e than in the latter. The tandardization of re pon e achieved through rigidly tructured inquiry facilitate the application of tati -

tical technique by ensuring comparability and con-equently al 0 favor the development of gener­

alization , replication , and prediction . Comparabil­ity, generalization, and prediction appear more diffi­cult in reference to the open narrative emerging from per onal te timony. But in the flow of autobio­graphical accounts, the connection that cement the many dimen ions of experience emerge more clearly. By allowing the narrator freer rein, then, uch nar­rative potentially yield in ight into unfore een or mi apprehended facets of individual and collective experience while providing the grounding for re­fined analy e at numerou levels-the tructural, interactional, and rhetorical, for example.

A a concern of ocial cience, "acce ing" experi­ence ha led to a earch for new ource and for new analytical method . Data-collecting in titution are a king increa ing number of people to record be­havior and experience in diarie . And not­with tanding its long-term he itation about adopting a diary-ba ed methodology, for over a decade the U. . Government ha u ed controlled diary collection a one ource upon which to build the Con umer Price Index. Diarie -like letter, memoir , and oral hi torie -<an perform a "recording function." But they can al 0 be tudied for the ubjective perception they convey. uch perception are of equal im­portance to re earcher engaged in analy e of both the pa t and the pre ent and erve to define per onal te timony a a meeting ground for "po itivi t" and "critical" ocial cienti ts.

Moreover, cientific ocial inquiry increa ingly ad-

26

dre e methodological problem created by particu­lar kind of variable . The way in which a que tion­naire i ordered and worded, and the ituation in which it i ad mini tered, affect the an wer given to que tion eliciting 0 ten ibly objective re pon e .1

Appropriate control mechani m can correct the re-ulting di tortion . But uch di tortion may al 0 be

u ed to advantage in re earch: to gain in ight into the workings of language and the functioning of memor , into the contextuality of accounts, and into the wa . in which variou ituation tructure information. In deriving uch in ight, urvey re earcher , and those adopting imilar approache , can benefit from ex­change with ocial cienti ts working in the interpre­tive tradition, a well a with humani ts for whom the analy i of the functioning of language, memor', ymboli m, contextuality, and the relation hip of in­

terpretation to ob ervation, like the framework or­ganizing belief and knowledge, have traditionally been of central importance.

Per onal te timony rai e a major que tion: What i it that we learn when people peak about them elve ? Thi que tion become of immediate concern to the general public when debate, like tho e recently parked by trial related to child abu e and to chil­

dren' exuality, revolve around the value inherent in the declaration of witne e and deal with i ue of wide pread concern. Beyond the fluctuation of pub­lic intere t, thi que tion i of central importance to humani ts and ocial cienti ts of differing per ua-ion. The problematic relation hip that bind per­

ception, memory, and the interpretation of ocial event and proce e i central to novelists like Milan Kundera and to ocial scientists like AlbertJ. Rei ,Jr. While Milan Kundera wrote, in TM Book of Laughttr and Forgtlting:

Mirek i a much a rewriter of hi tory as the Communist Party, all political partie, all nation, all men. People are alway houting they want to create a better future. It' not true. The

future i an apathetic void of no interest to anyone. The pa I i full of life, eager to irritate u , provoke and in ult u , tempt u to de troy or repaint it. The only reason people want to be ma ters of the future i to change the pa t. They are fighting for acce to the laboratorie where photograph are retouched and biographie and hi torie rewritten.3

Albert J. Rei ,Jr. tre ed that:

... theorie about human behavior uch a how we cognize, tore, and recall information or of how organization lect,

2 Howard human and tanley Pre r, Qut Iio and AnJUJm in Attittuh uroty : Exptriments on QUi lion Form. Wording, and COlI­tnt. New York: cademic Pre , 1981.

3 Milan Kundera. Tiu Book of Laughttr and Forgttting. 'ew York: Penguin Book, 19 I , page 22.

VOLUME 40, MBEl2

tore, and proce information are more critical kind of theory for the development of our discipline than are theori about how nation develop their economi or of how people vote. It i far more critical in thi ense to develop theorie about per onal and ocial deception that will underlie method of inquiry than to develop th orie that rely upon those method for their te t. 4

The new Joint Committee on Per onal Te timony will provide a forum in which repre entative of par­allel concern uch a the e, who rarely find occasion for direct dialogue, can engage in y tematic, focu ed, and on-going di cu ion. In 0 doing, the committee will generate interpretive and analytic trategie for coming to an under tanding of per onal te timony; it will elaborate methodologie for eliciting, recording, and pre enting uch te timony; and it will explore the way in which the u e of per onal te timonie con­tribute to the ocial cience and the humanitie at large.

The definition of personal testimony

The committee' objective emanate from the meeting of a working group that met three time during 1984-85 and who e participants included:

Daniel Bertaux, ational Center for cientific Re earch (C R), Pari

I abelle Bertaux-Wiame, Univer ity of Pari Bertram Cohler, Univer ity of Chicago Vincent Crapanzano, Graduate Center and Queen Col-

el~e, City Univer ity of ew York Benjamin De Mott, Amher t College Ya mine Erga, ocial cience Re earch Council Chri tina Gilli , American Council of Learned ocietie Ronald Grele, Columbia Univer ity Tamara Hareven, Clark Univer ity Judith Modell, Carnegie-Mellon Univer ity

idney Morgenbe er, Columbia Univer ity Peter B. Read, ocial cience Re earch Council Richard chlatter, American Council of Learned ocietie Howard chuman, Univer ity of Michigan Roger Tourangeau, ational Opinion Re earch Center

(Chicago)

"Per onal te timony" wa cho en a the focu of the ' working group' di cu ion becau e the phra e i con­ceptually more comprehensive than life hi torie ,oral hi torie ,diarie ,or autobiographie . (It wa of cour e recognized that "te timony" and, for that matter, "per onal," were by no mean without cultural impli­cation; both concept mirror We tern religiou , juridical, and p ychological tradition .) After di cu -

ion, the group arrived at a preliminary definition of

4 Albert J . Rei , Jr., "Exploring the Central Paradox in Method of 'ocial ' ience Inquiry." Unpublished paper pre­ented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Asso­

ciation, Augu t 30, 19 1.

J E 1986

per onal te timony a a elf-reflective, fir t per on narrative which declares as its purported ubject matter the narrator' per onal experience_" arra­tive" i not re tricted here to a coherent and complete tory a it would be, ay, in an autobiography, a

memoir, or any "completed" account. Rather, narra­tive i al 0 meant to encompa fragmentary accounts which do not fit into predefined clo ed-an wer ets or tandard literary and conver ational genre . "Per­onal experience" i not een a nece arily "hi tori­

cal" in nature, and" elf" i under tood a being re­created in the proce of narration. The working group empha ized that there are sub tantial cro -cultural variations in notion of elf, experience, hi -tory, and narrative. In the working group' under-tanding, then, per onal te timony comprehend a

broad range of elf-accounts, including the pontane­ou , the formally and informally elicited, the con­fe ional, the didactic, and the therapeutic, and thu encompa e many literary and quasi-literary narra­tive including autobiographie, memoir, diarie, and letter.

Personal testimony as process and product: an outline of the issues

In the e many form, per onal te timonie provide narrative autobiographical accounts upon which both ocial cienti ts and humani ts rely. Yet they al 0 po e

numerou interpretive and methodological problem . For example, con ider an autobiographical narrative provided by a former activi t in the tudents' a­tional Coordinating Committee a he recounted hi life to hi torian engaged in the Columbia Univer ity Oral Hi tory Re earch Project. Thi document prompts many que tion which exemplify the i ue rai ed by per onal te timony, and to which there are in fact no conventionally accepted an wer .

hould thi one interview be compared with another five, another 100, or none? What difference did it make to the tory the activi t told that he wa black, while hi interviewer were white? What difference that he wa interviewed two time , tape recorder in evidence, rather than a ked to write his own tale? And how hould the raw tran cript be treated? hould its grammar be corrected, it redundancie eliminated, or its "re tricted code"-which ignore the informa­tional need of the audience not immediately pre ent-tran lated into an elaborated form?

The e que tion are perhap be t under tood a indicating po ibilitie, rather than a defining binary alternative according to who e logic one an wer i correct and the other mi taken. Studie of urvey

27

hm that racial differen between interviewer and re pondent can have an impact upon re earch re-ul .5 Yet the implication of thi finding rna differ,

depending on whether the purpo of the interview i to provide information ~ r generalization concern­ing a large population, to in pire literary writing, or to furni h the ba i for the portrayal of a given en­counter. The que tion ocial cienti t and humani t confront a the dra\ on per onal te timonie to in­form their work are, therefore, open ended. But a cholar identify the variou alternative according

to which re earch can be tructured, and explore their implication, the analy i of pecific theoretical and methodological i ue related to per onal te -timony can clarif the available option .

Con ider, for in tance, the harply contra ting theorie that govern the u e of per onal te timon in p choanal tic and legal practice. To orne extent, theorie uit etting: p choanal tic theorie revolve around the fragilitie of the elf, and eek path to i (re)con titution, while legal theorie pre ume the elf' abilit to bear witne and delineate trategie to

tap it e identiary potential. Currently available theorie of per onal te timony do not, however, im­ply reflect a contextually determined divi ion of lab r. Their ba ic orientation al 0 conflict. In a trial ituation, cro -examiner probe witne e for detail,

often etling up confrontational ituation in which more than one er ion of the "facts" i pre ented. Te timon i then tructured a a dialogue in , hich narration i mea ured again t parameter of valid it which require it to be clear, coherent, complete, verifi­able, and elf-confident. P ychoanal , on the other hand, tre intraper onal, rather than interper onal, confrontation. Beneath the urface clarity, coherence, elf-confidence, and completene of a te timony,

the eek ambiguitie , ambival nce, fragmentation, and uncertaint . For in lacunae and lap e the find clue to the p chological drama re-enacted through tran ference. Wherea courtroom te timony re-ults-or ought to re ult-in a reliable account of

pa t events, p ychoanalytic te timon re ults-or aim to re ult-in a recon tituted elf.

ocial cienti t and humani t working with per-onal te timony are confronted, moreover, with the

problem of the per ua ivene and ignificance of a particular te timony. Are the ae thetic and literar components which characterize a per onal te timon text related to i reliabilit? What auxiliar ' knowl-

I Howard human, Charlotte teeh, and Lawrence Bobo, Ra­cial Attitruh in Ammca. Cambridge, Ma sachu ellS: Harvard Uni­ver ity Pre ,19 5, page 65.

28

edge i required if one rhetoricall per ua ive te -timony i to permit generalization about a broad clas of phenomena? Mu t le timony be con idered "typical"-of a particular cla of te tifier, for example-to be ignificant? How do the rule of in­terpretation var when te timonie are collected from a random ample, repre entative in the aggregate, or from a ingle individual? Couldn't one argue that even the mo t ingular te timonie help to illu trate the range of experience which mu t be taken into account for a general explanation of a particular moment? The Italian high middle age cannot be under tood by looking olely at the heretic miller, Menocchio, who e vici itude Carlo Ginzburg ha re­counted.6 But an interpretation of the period that did not allow for wandering heretic uch a Menocchio would be eriou Iy flawed.

The committee propo e to addre the e and imilar i ue b examining per onal te timony a a

multidimen ional proce and product in which the provi ion of particular information i tied to the au­tobiographical con truction of meaning. Of the ev­eral dimen ion along which per onal te timony i ocially and culturally con tructed-and mu t be

read-the following appear to be central: (1) it in­terlo utory dynamic; (2) its language; and (3) it la­tent political agenda.

Interlocutory dynamic

The interlocutor dynamic involved in per onal te timon may be regard d in term of a communica­tion model. 7 The te tifier addre e an audience which ha both ocial and ymbolic value for him. Hi me age become op rative through contact and through context. both of which are in part con­ventionally given and in part created b the ongoing te timony. The me age i formulated in a culturall given code which indicate the way or the way the mage hould b read (a factual de cription or a fiction, a parable. or a allegory). If not initially un­der tood by the "addre ee" or audience, an accom­modation or compromi e may en ue: the te tifier may alter the code, the audience may learn the code. or both. A "contract to communicate" implicitly bind them: for communication to occur, the code mu t, at lea t in part, be hared.

• rio Ginzburg,ll Fonnaggio t i Vmni ["The Chee and the Worm "]. Turin: Einaudi, 1976.

7 For elaboration, e Roman Jakob on, "Clo ing tatement: Lingui ti and Poeti ," in Thoma A. beok, tylt iT' Languagt. Cambridge, Massachu ett : MI Pre ,1960, page 350-377.

VOL ME 40, MBER 2

Per onal te timony can al 0 be under tood a a performance. Te timony inevitably produce an ef­fect upon both te tifier and audience. Thi rhetorical dimen ion exi ts whether or not the audience i im­mediately pre ent (there i rhetoric in a diary a well a in a peech). The te tifier create ver ion of a elf, in a narrative that i con trained by its context. From a confe ional autobiography to a que tionnaire re-pon e, the "narrator" re pond to the condition of

telling-that i , to the culture which provide lan­guage, metaphor, and tructure for the te timony­and to the audience with its own demand for com­prehen ibility and narrative per ua ivene .

Per onal te timony i a di cour e through which the elf icon tituted. At one level-the referential or the

informative-per onal te timony ay omething about the elf of the ayer. At another level-the pragmatic-per onal te timony erve to con titute the elf dialectically.s The audience perform a ym­bolic a well a a ocial role in thi interactive proce . The te tifier "create " an audience a he "create " him elf. 9 Thi creation may provoke the audience' acquie cence or its re i tance. The audience' re-pon e in turn affects the te tifier' ver ion of a elf.

In a parallel fa hion, the audience "create" the te -tifier in order to "create" him elf.

The experience of per onal te timony for te tifier and for audience mu t be een in both its informative and its pragmatic dimen ion if we are to appreciate its full ocial and p ychological import. Indeed, both the informative and the pragmatic dimen ion of the te timony are peculiarly intertwined within the "per­formance" of per onal te timony, and thi intertwin­ing complicate the interpretation of uch te timony at all stage of the proce .

8 U e i made here of a di tinction between two function of language that ha gained wide acceptance in lingui tic and philo-ophical circle. The referential or informative function of lan­

guage refer to denotation, which may be independent of the context of utterance and which i encoded in the tructure of language. The pragmatic function relate an utterance to its con­text of utterance in both pa ively reflective and actively creative way . Pragmati ,defined by Levin on a "the tudy of tho e relation between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the tructure of language," includes in its purview peech acts, diarie ,the u e of honorific ,and pre uppo ition. ' ee ' tephen C. Levin n. Pragmatic. Cambridge. England: Cam­

bridge Univer ity Pre ,19 3; and M. i1ver tein. "Shifter. Lin­gui tic Categorie , and Cultural De cription," in K. H. 8 0 and H. A. elby, editor, .'Wtaning in Anthropology. Ibuquerque: Uni­ver ity of ew Mexico Pre ,1976, page 11-55.

t ee Vincent Crapanzano, Tuhami: Portrait of a .\10roccall. nJ­

ver ity of Chicago Pre , 1980.

J E 1986

Language

The language in which te timony i expre ed upplie clue to its po ible reading. But lingui tic

and narrative tructure al 0 provide information that mu t be analyzed on its own term . A narrative' internal, formal component reflect the literary con­ventions to which it conform and the idio yncratic innovation it introduce . A narrator' adaptation of available device relate to hi or her creativity and ability to me h culturally grounded convention with per onal experimentation into an individual tyle. 0

matter how te timony i directed and formulated, its interpretation play a role at every tage of its pro­duction, from the initial deci ion of an individual to initiate or participate in an expre ive performance to its final pre entation. Each interpretation i inextrica­bly connected to previou one. At the arne time, in­terpretation i influenced by a multiplicity of factor : from the working of individual and collective mem­ory to the cognitive capacity for tory telling, from the p ychological and ituational dynamic to the cultural and ocial determinants of a tatement, from an indi­vidual' willingne ,or reluctance, to te tify to the purpo e for which a tatement i given and received.

Latent political agenda

Te tifier and audience are caught up in the dynamic of hifting relation of power. A te tifier can withhold information, evade di cu ion, or lant interpretation. An anthropologi t Ii tening to an in­formant, like an editor of a et of memoir or a biog­rapher who u e diarie, can do 0 a well. Recall i alway elective; in an interactive context, it i ubject to con ciou manipulation. Here rhetorical and ocial power interdigitate in complex pattern. For a nar­rator' u e of per ua ion and ability to act kill fully on the tage which the interlocutory ituation con tructs may well invert the hierarchical relation inherent in, a ,the differential tatu commonl attributed to an

anthropologi t and an informant. From the per pective of the cholar, the differential

di tribution of power rai e ethical que tion . ero -cultural re earch "intrude ," and ea il "take advan­tage" of other . All elf-accounts open the te tifier to the exploitation of hi interpreter, annotator, or reader. But a oral hi torian have been eager to point out, re earch ba ed upon per onal te timony may have po itive ramification a well. Per onal te timony can pre erve memory; it can re tore "voice" to the " ilenced"; it can reconcile individual to moment from the pa t. The ethical que tion per onal te -

29

timony rai are compounded by its exemplary function, for per onal te timon can illuminate the proces e ,hereby a en e of elf i created (generat­ing an empowered mode of being) or undermined (eroding a per on' capacity for purpo i e exi tence).

The committee and its program

The Joint Committee on Per onal Testimony will be concerned with both intellectual and field devel­opment. The committee' member hip will be mul­tidi ciplinary, for recour e to per onal te timony i common to a variety of cholar: political ienti t who question a ample of tho e eligible to vote; hi to­rian who interview civil rights militants; literary cri­tic who annotate noveli ts' memoir; ocial p ycholo­gi ts who recon truct the lap e and rigiditie of col­lective memorie a German and Jewi h urvivor come to term with the azi pa t; legal cholar who analyze record concerning litigation; ociologi ts who urve ew York City inhabitants; and an­thropologi ts who "tran late" the world view of Moroccan villager. Each di cipline offer a pecific vantage point from which to view per onal te timony. And each now eem willing to enter into dialogue with other tradition . The committee member hip, moreo er, will include cholar from other countrie a well a from the nited tate.

In work hop and eminar, the committee will ad­dre pe ific theme, examining, for in tance, the theorie and proce e implicated in the con truction of per onal te timonie ; the contribution of p cho­logical, autobiographical, and life-hi tory per pective to the tudy of per onal te timonie ; and the interac­tion that relate --or may relate--collective memory and indi idual account of the elf. For the ake of di cu ion, let u illu trate a hyp thetical activit fo­cu ed on thi la t theme. Were the committee to f u upon particular national experience of World War II, it could then examine material from three different chronological period; during the war, im­mediatel after the war, and everal decade later. For each time period, numerou per onal te timonie are now available: diarie , letter , memoir , legal record ,

30

clinical record ,autobiographie ,and oral hi torie . It might be po ible to compare te timonie provided by the ame per on but at different times: thi would urely illuminate ome of the working of memory

and of mnemonic electivity. Although a wealth of material relating to the war already exi ts, if the committee felt the need to do 0, it might engage in new re earch, u ing oral hi torie or urvey of pe­cific population to view the tran formation of recall over time. The committee might al 0 promote up­plementary re earch which, coupled with the analy i of exi ting oral hi torie or autobiographie , would enable one to compare the way in which events are reported when varying kind of material , narrative tyle , and time frame are adopted. In its variou

activitie , the committee would draw upon the prac­tice ucce fully adopted by the working group of ubmitting the arne material to interpretation

through different len e . Examining per onal te timonie, the committee

might inquire into the way in which ocially in-titutionalized memory become a part of individual

experience. It could look, for example, at the" ocial memory" embodied in popular culture ( ong , film , graphic imagery); in ritualized practice, like com­memoration of victorie , martyr , and heroe ; in the organization of certain phy ical pace and their dedication to a mnemonic function ( quare, monu­ment); or in education (textbook hi tory, for in-tance). Doe "ocial memory" figure in per onal te -

timonie ? I it mentioned explicitly, or do it per­meate them in more ubtle way : by providing im­age , metaphor , narrative ,and ets of practice that more or Ie uncon ciou Iy color the narrator' tale? And do pecific per onal te timonie inform collective recall? Addre ing que tion uch a the e, the com­mittee will focu on the proce e whereb people both recount their experience and con truct mean­ing in their own live a they engage in autobio­graphical narration. Taking per onal te timony a an area within which diver e di ciplinary, epi temologi­cal, and methodological concern can productivel be drawn together, the committee will addre a que tion of fundamental importance: What do we learn when people peak or write about them elve ? D

VOL ME 40, MBER 2

Explanations of Fertility Decline in Latin America

I CE 1979, the Joint Committee on Latin American tudie -with upport from the Andrew W. Mellon

Foundation-ha ought to upport new reasearch initiative in demography. The committee ha pon-ored a project on the family and hou ehold a uni

of demographic analy i , which explored new theoretical and methodological work on demographic change, and a conference on a pects of kin hip in Latin America, which po ed que tion about the cul­tural norm and economic factor which influence reproductive choice . In 1985, the committee pon-ored a ne~ project on fertility decline in Latin

America, which led to the international eminar re­ported on in thi article.

Major decline in the crude birth rate and other demographic indicator of fertility have taken place ince the 1970 throughout Latin America. Brazil,

Chile, Colombia, Co ta Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Peru provide orne of the bet­ter documented example. While there have been important difference between countrie in the peed of the fertility decline and the level of current fertilit , in virtually all countrie the decade of the 1970 proved to be one of remarkably rapid change. What i more, thi change eem to have occurred in countrie that vary greatly with re pect to level of development, political y tern, ethnic compo ition, and population policy.

What brought about the e dramatic change in re­producti e behavior? Explanation of Latin American fertility de line put forth from within the region have been, for the mo t part, focu ed on particular country experience . The e efforts repre ent a ig­nificant departure from previou thinking in the re­gion about the determinants of reproductive behavior and their cope extend beyond the re tricted range of que tion that can be an wered on the ba i of cen u or urvey data. It wa to focu attention on uch analy e that the Council' Joint Committee on

Latin American tudie pon ored a eminar on May

• he author, a demographer, i affiliated with the Center for Population 'tudie at Harvard Univer ity. He erved a the oor­dinator of the eminar upon whi h thi article i ba ed. h Council, the Center, and the Harvard Committee on Latin Ameri an and Iberian ' tudi were co pon r ' of the eminar,

J E 1986

A report on an International seminar IJy Jo eph E. PolleT·

2-4, 1985 in Cambridge, Ma achu etts. The eminar examined the experience of Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico to a e current ocioeconomlc mterpreta­tion of fertility decline in three diver e contexts and to broaden the debate to include cholar who have not peciaJized in the tudy of demographic variable . The participants in the eminar are Ii ted in the box on page 32.

Brazil

Fertility decline in Brazil was recognized by demog­rapher ome time after the fact. It wa only with the re ults of a erie of hou ehold urvey conducted in the late 1970 and the 1980 cen u that demogra­pher could be ure that a large decline had taken place tarting in the mid-1960 . International reports uch a the World Bank' monograph on PopuLation

Change and Economic DeveLopment [Wa hington, D.C., 1984] are prone to repre ent Brazil erroneou Iy a a country where fertility change i lagging becau e of the unequal di tribution of income, a lack of ocial ervice , and the ab ence of a government- pon ored

national family planning program. The paper pre-ented at the eminar, on the other hand, attempted

to how how it wa that the Brazilian model of devel­opment had given ri e to condition propitiou for a fertility decline. Three broad and complementary in­fluence were di tingui hed. Paulo Paiva, focu ing on hou hold economic in rural Brazil, advanced the hy­pothe i that the in titutional change that had taken place in agriculture removed familie from a itua­tion in which they were in ulated from market fluctua­tion in the co ts of food and hou ing and in which table high fertility made economic en e. To illu -

trate hi ca e, he referred to the ituation of laborer on coffee farm in the tate of ao Paulo and on ugar plantation in the Northea t. Up until the late 1950 and early 1960 , mo t laborer were contracted a harecropper , on term that included provi ion for

hou ing, land on which to grow food, and the op­portunity for women and children to make an eco­nomic contribution to the hou ehold. When the e arrangements became unprofitable becau e of the opportunity to mechanize certain ta k and the exten ion to agriculture of labor legi lation mandat-

31

Participants in the "Explanations of Fertility Decline in Latin American Project

Jo eph E. Potter, Center for Population tudie, Har-vard Univer ity, project organizer

Lui a Alvarez, Mim try of Publi Health (Havana) William Alon 0, Harvard Univer ity Jorge Babin, Center for the tud of tate and ociety

(CEDE ), Bueno Aire P dro Luiz Barro il a, Foundation of Admini tra­

tive Development (FU, DAP), iio Paulo, and Brazilian Center of Anal i and Planning (CEB­RAP), iio Paulo

Jaime Benavente, Uni er ity of Michigan Raul Benitez Zenteno, In titute of ocial tudie, a­

tional Autonomou Univer ity of Mexico Elza . Berquo, Brazilian enter of Analy i and

Planning (CEBRAP), iio Paulo, and Univer ity of Campina

lara underland Correa, Harvard Univer ity ergio Diaz-Briquets, Duque ne Univer ity

Martin Di kin, Ma achu etts In titute of Technology u an Eck tein, Bo ton Univer ity

Vilmar Evangeli ta Faria, Univer ity of Campina Alfon 0 Farno , Univer it of Havanna

amuel Fridman, Cornell Univer ity Jo . Gomez de Leon, EI Colegio de Mexico Daniel Hernandez, Me ican Academ for Re earch

in M dical 0 mograph (Mexico City) Robert A. LeVine, Harvard Univer it arah LeVine, Harvard Univer ity

David Maybur -Lewi , Harvard Univer ity Thoma W. Merri k, The Population Reference

Bureau (Wa hington, D. .) tavio Mojarro Davila, Me ican cademy for Re­earch in Medi al Demography (Mexico City)

A el I. Mundigo, World Health rganization Leopoldo 1 uiiez F rnandez, Me ican Academy for

Re earch in Medical 0 mograph (Mexico CIt) Paulo Paiva, enter of Development and Regional

Planning of the Federal Univer ity of Mina Gerai ( EDEPLAR), Belo Horizonte

Alberto Palloni, Univer ity of Wi on in Am Ri hman, Harvard niver it Eduardo Lui G. Rio - eto, enter of Development

and Regional Planning of th Federal Univer ityof Mina Gerai (CEDEPLAR), Belo Horizonte, and Univer ity of alifornia, Berkele

Carlo Welti, In titute of ocial tudie, ational Autonomou Univer it of Mexico

ing ial curity coverage and other righ , they were replaced by a ver different y tern of contract­ing farm labor. Com pen alion wa entirely monetar. 0 longer did the laborer and hi family Ii e on the farm and have the opportunit to grow their own food. And much of the contracting wa done on a temporary ba i through intermediarie . Paiva argued that not onl did thi hift increa e the co ts of providing for a large famil and decrea e the

32

economic benefits that parents could expect to derive from their children, but it al 0 introduced a large amount of uncertainty into the economic of the hou ehold. Coupled with the fact that food and hou ing now had to b paid for in ca h wa the pro -pect that the price of both would fluctuate harply. Parents were thru t into a ituation in which the co ts of rai ing children were both variable and competitive with other expenditure .

While Paiva' the i focu ed on the objective change in markets and their bearing on the eco­nomic calculu of hou ehold , the paper by ViI mar Faria and Pedro Luiz Barro wa concerned with the ocial dimen ion of the tran formation taking place

in Brazil, and the influence of the e a pects on repro­ductive behavior. They argued that Brazil, even though it till pre ented elevated indice of poverty, wa by 19 0 very much a rna ociety thoroughly penetrated by con umeri m. fter noting the change between 1950 and 1980 in female labor force participation rate and in the con umption of durable good by Brazilian hou ehold ,the proceeded to analyze both the reach and influence of the rna media. The eco­nomic b om of the 1960 and 1970 wa fueled by a tran formation in th pattern of con umer ex­penditure, a tran formation that wa inten ively promoted by the media. In addition to timulating demand for item uch a refrigerator and televi-ion , the media tran mitt d new notion concerning

medicine, exuality, women' role, and famil ize. In the third paper on Brazil, Elza Berqu6 took up

p pulation polic and the pread of contraceptive ervice. he reviewed both the changing tance of the

military government (1964-1985) on demographic i ue -which became progre ively Ie pronatali t in its pronouncements but never committed i elf to providing family planning er ice -and the evolving efforts to promote and deliver famil planning er­vice b externall -funded private a ociation. After looking at trend in contraceptive u e in the tate of

ao Paulo up until 19 0, h pre ented re ult from a tud conducted in four municipalitie of the tate.

The proportion of married women currently prac­ti ing contraception varied from 53 per cent to 80 per ent in the four municipalitie , with oral contracep­

ti e and terilization accounting for about 90 per cent of all u e. The unu ual predominance of the e two method i attributed to the ready a ailabilityof birth control pill at an pharmacy and to the action of the private famil planning a ociation in pro­moting terilization. More women reported them-elve a having undergone t rilization for health­

related rea on rather than in order to avoid having

VOL 1E 40, 1BER 2

more children, and 74 per cent aid the operation had been recommended b a doctor.

While the paper did not offer much ba i for de­termining the relative importance of the different factor affecting reproductive behavior-indeed in the di cu ion it wa ugge ted that perhap the weighting might vary con iderably acro place and ocial group -they did identify the factor that could

explain the decline in fertility. Proletarianization and the incorporation of women in the labor force af­fected the economics of childbearing; the related but neverthele remarkable development of the rna media during the e year exerted an important ideological influence; and, finally, in pite of the ab-ence of a national family planning program, at lea t orne contraceptive method were readily available

and medical per onnel were there to pre cribe them.

Cuba

Of the three countrie , Cuba now ha much the lowe t level of fertility. Women in thi ociety are now having, on the average, fewer than two children, and the level of fertility approximate that found in the United tate and in many European countrie . Two papers on Cuba were pre ented. ergio Diaz-Briquets updated an influential article he had publi hed ev­eral year ago reflecting the view of Cuban who had immigrated to the United tate. The paper by Lui a Alvarez and Alfon 0 Farno , on the other hand, rep­re ented the point of view of two leading Cuban de­mographer , and incorporated the mo t recent data on the very low level of Cuban fertilit . There wa agreement between the two paper concerning the fact of the ca e. Cuban fertility had declined to a moderately low level before the revolution, had ri en harply in the immediate aftermath, and then after

falling lowly in the late 1960 , plummeted to below replacement level in the 1970 and early 1980. The ewing aro e from a marriage boom following the revolution and from harp fluctuation in the u e of contraception and the prevalence of abortion. The change to ociali t relation of production and the rapid pread of education were thought to have dra -tically reduced the economic contribution that could be expected from children, while the tate pen ion y tern dimini hed the importance of the family a a ource of upport in old age. At the arne time, greatly

increa ed employment opportunitie for women con­flicted with their role a both hou ewive and moth­er . In thi regard, the official ideology concerning both family life and the equality of opportunity be­tween the exe wa al 0 con idered to be important.

J E 1986

Where the two paper differed wa in regard to the tate of mind of Cuban couple. Diaz-Brique em­

pha ized the influence on fertility of what he per­ceived as fru trated a pi ration for con umer good and hou ing. The a pi ration were the product of the long tanding materiali t influence of being 0 clo e to the United tate and of the promi e made in the early tage of the revolution coupled with the initial ucce at income redi tribution. The fru tration re­ulted from the price of con umer good in relation

to wage and from the general carcit of hou ing. Alvarez and Farno , in contra t, empha ized the

ucce e of the revolution in improving the popula­tion' acce to medical care and education and in improving the living condition and in changing the life tyle of the rural population. In their view, there wa little incentive for couple to want large familie , but it wa not becau e they were di enchanted with the re ults of the revolution.

An intere ting ob ervation made b u an Eck tein wa that during the 1970 the Cuban government had implemented a number of mea ure to induce women to enter the labor force. The com pari on of data from the 1981 and 1970 cen u e demon trating that par­ticipation rate had more than doubled during the decade (from about 25 per cent to more than 50 per cent in the central age group) howed ju t how uc­ce ful the policie had been. Eck tein went on to peculate that there would be back peddling on the e

policie becau e of their co t , increa ing unemploy­ment, and the likelihood that very low level of fertility would eventually lead to a large number of aged dependents.

Mexico

Mexico wa the only one of the countrie con id­ered at the eminar to have had an explicit govern­ment policy to promote family planning and reduce the rate of population growth. The impact of thi policy wa con idered in everal different contex . The fir t and mo t general of the three paper on Mexico dealt with the relation hip between repro­ductive behavior and the cri i of the Mexican model of development from the late 1960 onward. Raul Benitez Zenteno and Carlo Welti argued that in pite of continuing economic growth up until 19 1,

throughout mo t of the 1970 there had been little improvement (and perhap orne deterioration) in the living tandard of the bulk of the population. It wa a period of ri ing expectation. Promi e of " hared development" and, later, of benefits from the di covery of petroleum had been extended, but mo t

33

hou ehold achieved higher level of con umption only b way of having more member engage in wage labor. Poor household benefited the least in that they pro ed unable to retain their off pring. The mo t dramatic queeze on hou ehold budge occurred in the 1982-1984 period, when real wage actually de­clined by 30 per cent. While Benitez and Welti cred­ited the impact on hou ehold of difficult economic condition with changing coupl 'attitude about the number of children they could afford, they attributed the go ernment' effort to legitimate and di tribute contraception with making it p ible for Mexican couple in all ocial group actually to have fewer children.

Octavio Mojarro, Leopoldo uiiez, Jo eph Potter, and Daniel Hernandez focu ed pecifically on rural Mexico and the fertility change taking place there ince 1969. Making u e of a erie of four fertility urvey , they documented the decline in the level of

marital fertility from the very high level found at the tart of the period, as well a the increa e in con­

traceptive practice directly re pon ible for the change. They u ed the urvey to how fairly dra­matic hifts in the compo ition of the population ac­cording to ocial group (the proportion ofhou ehold who e head wa engaged in nonagricultural wage labor increa ed dramatically) and educational attain­ment, and a large increa e in the u e of the modern medical y tem (public and private). everal type of change were hypothe ized to have led to fertility decline. The fir t change wa the hrinking propor­tion of hou ehold who e head i engaged in ub i -tence agriculture-the economic value of children in dome tic production would be Ie if the family were dependent on wage labor or on mechanized farming. More important, in their view, may have been the increa ed diffu ion of a piration for higher level of con umption and education. Both the chool and the medical in titution were credited with changing the way people thought about family ize, while the latter played a direct role in tran mitting knowledge about contraceptive method , not only making them acce -ible but actively combating the rumor and taboo urrounding their u e.

The la t paper to be di cus ed at the eminar wa a preliminary report on an anthropological study of the influence of education on reproductive behavior in Mexico. It wa undertaken by Robert and ara LeVine, Amy Richman, and Clara underland Correa in two low-income neighborhood of Cuernavaca, Morelo. hi re earch had been ba ed on the prem­i e that education led women to have a heightened en e of control over their live and an increa ed

34

awarene of their option . Educated women would not only have high a piration for their children; the would al 0 de elop relation with them uch that the children would make greater demand for care and attention. In their re earch on girl in econdary chool, to their urpri e the inve tigator did not find

that the chool tended to make girl more a ertive; they did find that younger, more educated women tended to communicate more readily with their hu -band and were more likel to re i t demand for additional children. From the interview ,it eemed that women in the e communitie were extremely con ciou of the co ts of rai ing children and recog­nized that, much to their regret, they could not afford to have a family a large a the one in which they them elve had been rai ed.

Explanations of fertility decline

Throughout the eminar, but e pecially in the e-ion held after the initial pre entation and di cu ion

of the paper , there were attempts to ynthe ize the re ults and to draw com pari on with earlier Latin American thinking about the determinants of fertility and with the explanation of fertility decline that have been offered for other parts of the world. It eemed clear that even though there were important dif­ference among the interpretation , fertility decline eemed to be re pon ive to the following broad type

of determining factor in all three countrie : A change in the economic oj chiLdren. Thi wa oc­

ca ioned by the breakdown of in titutional ar­rangements and the di appearance of agricultural context in which children con tituted an important economic re ource to their parents. Included would be the tran formation of coffee farm and ugar plantation in Brazil, the dimini hing importance of ub i tence farming on mall plo in Mexico, and the

elimination of poverty and the provi ion of ocial ervice in rural Cuba.

A transfonnation in women' roLt . The re ult of trong ideological influence pread through the ma media in Brazil and Mexico and by the tate organ in Cuba ha been a major change in ideal and a piration encompa ing the epa ration of exuality and repro­duction, and new idea concerning elf-fulfillment.

hi change, together with an increa e in the oppor­tunity to enter the paid labor force, placed multiple and conflicting demand on women, but increa ed their willingne to take the initiative in controlling their reproduction. The notion that it wa women more than men who led the change in reproductive ideal i pre ent in the accounts of all three ca e .

VOL ~E 40, U ~BER 2

The creation of a consumer ociety. The tran formation of pattern of con umer expenditure together with greatly heightened a piration for durable good i een a increa ing the ubjective "opportunity co ttl

of rai ing a large family. The marketing tactic of indu trial firm , and the portrayal of the life tyle of the upper and middle cla e on televi ion, are een a the dominant influence in Brazil, while proximity to the United tate and the initial promi e of the revolution are empha ized in Diaz-Briquets' inter­pretation of the Cuban experience.

The pread of contraceptive technology. An increa e in acce to modern contraceptive method i een a being important in all three countrie. Only in Mexico, however, wa thi change part of an official population policy with explicit demographic objec­tive . The diffu ion of contraception and progre ive medicalization appear to be related in all three ca e . Doctor rather than prie ts are given the author­ity to provide coun el on uch matter. And the population wa increa ingly expo ed to doctor be­cau e of the increa ing coverage of ocial ecurity program in Brazil and Mexico. In Mexico, rural health clinic were e tabli hed by public agencie . In Cuba, a national health y tern wa e tabli hed. Con­tributing to the pread of a "rational medical" attitude toward childbearing wa the increa e in the number of deliverie by Cae arean ection in Brazil, and, perhap , the increa ed u e of induced abortion and an empha i on preventing high ri k pregnancie 10

Cuba. en or fifteen year ago, mo t Latin American 0-

cial cienti ts were not predicting fertilit decline of the magnitude of tho e witne ed ince 1970. Faced with the neo-Malthu ian explanation of under­development emanating from the United tate, and the propo al that birth control wa the olution for the e onomic and ocial problem of the region, man cholar argued that imply introducing technology

would have little impact unle there were important change in the ocial and economic context in which reproduction took place. In retro pect, it eem that the role of technolog wa greater than expected, and that idea about reproduction changed in re pon e to a much wider ariety of timuli, and at a fa ter pace than had been anticipated.

Ha Latin American thinking about fertility decline now converged with what might be called the inter­national main tream? On the one hand, it could be argued that there i nothing exceptional about the four type of determinants ju t di tilled from the pa­per presented at the eminar-the can be quickl recogniz d a the gri t of mo t po t hoc theorizing

J E 19 6

Research in Rural China: A Five-Year-Program

Invitation for Proposals

The Committee on cholarly Communication with the People' Republic of China- pon ored by the Council, the American Council of Learned ocietie, and the ational Academy of ciences-announce a new opportunity for American cholar to study the proce of change and development in the Chine e country ide. Pro po al are invited for re earch proj­ects involving periodic vi it during the period 1987 to 1992 to field re earch ite in handong Province. The C CPRC will con ider propo al of variou de-ign including: (I) a ingle re earcher propo ing a

di crete topic; (2) a re earch director either working with, or willing to incorporate, other individual proj­ects a appropriate into the field ite; or (3) a mul­tidi ciplinary team of three to five cholar who wi h to pur ue an integrated re earch project.

In reviewing propo al , the C CPRC will give pref­erence to applicants who have had prior field re­earch experience in China or in other countrie with imilar re earch condition . For group projects, pref­

erence will be given to multidi ciplinary propo al which include both a trong training component and a commitment of at lea t one member of the group to learn the local dialect.

October 1, 1986 DeadLine for appLications December 1986 Announument of awardu

For further information and application form and a detailed de cription of the re earch ite, write the C CPRC, ational Academy of cience, 2101 Con­titution Avenue, Wa hington, D.C. 20418, or call

(202) 334-271 .

about fertility change in other parts of the world. till, one of the ju tification for organizing the eminar wa the notion that the explanation being offered b Latin American were different. In com pari on with explanation recentl offered for comparable fertilit decline in A ian countrie uch a Thailand, Korea, or ingapore, perhap the di tingui hing feature of the analy e pre ented at the eminar i the effort to locate the different factor within the logic of the prevailing tyle of development. Thi concern lead naturall to an intere t in the influence of in titution and their agent, rather than to an exclu ive focu on the attitude and behavior of individual. Women and couple are till een a re ponding to the influence

35

and incentive pre ent in their environment, but the focu i on that en ironm nt and how it aro e a much a on the re pon e to it.

One of the objective of the eminar wa to enga th intere t of cholar who had not previou Iy been involved in the di cu ion of population i ue. On uch participant, David Ma bury-Lewi , quickly dub­

b d thi effort a politica de abertura (politic of lib­eralization). It wa pur ued both b inviting a "non­demographer" to act a one of the two di cu ant of the pap r pre ented on each countr ,and b holding a aturda e ion at which the re ults of the eminar

were pre ented to and di 'cu ed by people in the Bo ton academic communit with an intere t in Latin

merica. Raul Benitez andJo eph Potter are planning to edit

a pani h language volume containing revi d ver-ion of the manu cript pre ented at the eminar.

Other re ult of thi re earch planning activity in­clude a number of application to the Joint Commit­tee on Latin American tudie for advanced re earch grants and a collaborative project to be undertaken in the 19 6-19 7 academic year b ViI mar Faria, u an Eck tein, and Jo eph E. Potter. D

COSSA Prepares Guide to Federal Funding for Social Scientists

THE MYRI OOFFI ES, (.E, IE., • OOEPARTME TS of the federal government are major upporter of re-earch in the ocial and b havioral cience. But until

now, no comprehen ive guide to federal grant, con­tra t , and fellow hip in the e field ha been a ail­able. he Guide to Federal Fundingfor ocial dentists, p n r d b the Con ortium of ocial cience A 0-

ciation ( A) and edited b u an D. Quarle of the 0 taff, de crib 0 er 3 federal pro-

ram of intere t to re earcher in the ocial and behavioral Clence and related area of th humanitie.

h Guide, which include funding prioritie , ap­pli ati n guideline, and example of funded re-

ar h, i unique in more wa than it cop. The pro ram de ription, ba ed largel on per onal intervi w with agenc director and taff, have b en carefull tailored f r th reate t p ible relevance

n ern of ocial and b ha ioral ienti t . ial uch a David Jenne ,th

e e uti e director of 0 A; Feli e J. Levine of the • ati nal ience Foundation; and Janet M. uca of the National In titute of Health, provide important ont xtual information ab ut th organization of 0-

cial cience funding and in ide iew of federal fundin practice. Finall ,the Guide furni he a Ii t of other information our e and an exten i e index.

he Guide wa produ ed with th a i tance of lh

36

following advi ory committee: tephen . Bru h, Univer it of Maryland; amuel ammon, American Hi torical A ociation; France Degen Horowitz,

niver it of Kan a ; David Jenne ,Con ortium of ial cience A ociation; Thoma E. Mann, Ameri­

can Political ien e A iation; Roberta Bal tad Mill r, ational ience Foundation; Lawrence Rhoade, ational In titute of Mental Health; How­ard chuman, urve R earch enter, niver it of Michigan; and David L. ill, ocial cience Re earch

unci!. The 512-page volume will be publi hed b th Ru­

ell age Foundation in July 19 6; it i di tributed by Ba i Book. Th co t i 19.95 for individual; 24.95 for librarie and in titution. Member of o A affiliate rna purcha e the Guide at a pial

di count price of 14.95. (Be ure to indicate what affiliate ou are a memb r of.) rder hould bent to th addre b low; plea e include pa ment or pur­cha e order. Po ta e will b paid on prepaid order.

ew York re idents plea e add ale tax. Allow 3-4 \ eek for deli ery.

on ortium of ocial cience A ociation Department -5 0 12 0 17th tre t, .W., uite 520 Wa hington, D. . 2 36

VOL 1E 40, MBER 2

Recent Council Publications Child Development and Education in Japan, edited by Harold teven on, Hiro hiAzuma,and Kenji Hakuta. Ba ed on a conference pon ored by the Center for Advanced tudy in the Behavioral cience; the japan ociety for the Promotion of cience; and the joint Committee on japane e tudie of the Ameri­can Council of Learned ocietie and the ocial ci­ence Re earch Council. Oxford, England: W. H. Freeman and Company. x + 315 page. Cloth, 24.95; paper, 14.95.

The inten e intere t in compari on between Ea t­ern and We tern approache to bu ine practice, religion, and dail life ha recently been extended to include an intere t in the rearing and education of children. Part of thi intere t i a re ult of reports of children' academic achievement, where japane e and Chine e children have been found to outperform American children in international compari on of achievement in area uch a mathematic and ci­ence. Intere t come, too, from the de ire to under-tand the per onal component of the a tounding

economic, cientific, and technological ad ance that have b en made in parts of A ia during the pa t three decade.

Perhap by knowing more about the rearing and education of children in a countr uch a japan, We terner can obtain new in ights and per pective on the rearing and education of their own children. How adults re pond to children involve practice, belief, and exp ctation deeply embedded within a culture, and there i no ready tran fer of uch re-pon e from one culture to another. everthele,

one of the be t avenue to under tanding the trength and problem within uch a complex do­

main a the rearing and education of children i through knowing how member of another culture have coped with the e problem. For thi purpo e, Japan i e pecially important. Among contemporary indu trial ocietie, it i the one that differ mo t completely from the other ocietie in its hi tory and culture. Open to interaction with other countrie for little more than a centur after everal centurie of i olation, much of the traditional culture of Japan remain . The approache to child rearing and educa­tion that have continued and the change that have been initiated in japan hould be e pecially informa­tive to member of other indu trial ocietie and ocietie currently undergoing indu trialization.

Plan for thi volume began at the Center for Ad-

J E 19 6

va need tudy in the Behavioral cience, where the editor were in 19 2-19 3. Through man di­cu ion of children in japane e and American ocietie , the content of thi volume began to take hape. It rapidl became evident that there i a great

di parity between what japane e behavioral cienti t and educator know about We tern writing and re-earch literature and what We terner know about

i ue being di cu ed in japan. Wherea man japane e cienti ts have a go d reading knowledge of Engli h, few We terner are ufficiently fluent in japane e to read japane e journal and book. Further, there i active tran lation of important We t­ern writing into japane e, but few japane e book dealing with children and familie have been tran lated into Engli h. It wa hoped that a volume uch a thi would help overcome the e di paritie . The editor and contributor have attempted to

avoid technicaljargon and tati tical di cu ion 0 the book can be read, not onl by profe ional in related field , but al 0 by per on who are intere ted in japane e ociet or who eek new in ight about child development and education. The olume pre ent a comprehen ive coverage of cultural and hi torical background, a well a contemp rary re earch and thinking. he c ntributor are from everal di ci­pline , including anthropolog , education, p ychol­og ,and ociology, who are involved in re earch in japane e child de elopment, education, and famil life. The japane e contributor are peciali t in the field and the American author have conducted re-earch in japan.

he fir t ection of the volume provide informa­tion aboutjapane e children and their role in ociety and in japane e culture; about how children are reared; and about the japane e famil , education, and language. In the econd ection, ummarie of a number of empirical tudie are di cu ed. In everal ca e , the development of japane e children i con­tra ted with that of American children. The contra ts between japane e and American children appear, not becau e of electivity, but becau e the major cro -cultural tudie involving japane e children fre­quently include compari on with American children.

everal chapter dealing primaril with conceptual i ue complete the olume.

The contributor to the volume are:

Hiro hi zuma Harumi Befu Loi Bloom

niver ity of Tokyo ' tanford niver ity

Columbia niver ity

37

Donna L. Brad haw Jo ph Campo ' ing-jen Chen George DeVo

W. Patrick Dick on Kenji Hakuta Giyoo Hatano Robert He u an Holloway

Kayoko Ingaki Tadahiko Ingaki Jerome Kagan Keiko Ka hiwagi Tadahi a Kato

eiro Kitamura Hideo Kojima 'u umu Kuno hin-ying Lee

Robert . LeVine Catherine Lewi

Teresa McDevitt Kazuo fiyaki Kiyomi Morioka higefumi agano

Gary Price Harold ' tevenson Jame ' tigler M. uarez-Orozco

Keiko Takaha hi Merry I. White Yo haiki Yamamura

U niver ity of Denver Univer ity of Denver Hokkaido University Univer ity of California,

Berkele Univer it of Wi con in Yale Univer ity Dokkyo Univer ity ' tanford Univer ity ' tanford University Chiba Univer it Univer it of Tokyo Harvard Univer ity Tokyo Women' Univer ity Tohoku Fuku hi Univer it Tohoku Fuku hi Univer ity

agoya Univer ity Harvard Univer ity Univer ity of Michigan Harvard Univer ity Univer ity of California, an

Franci 0

tanford niver ity Hokkaido Univer ity eijo Univer ity ational In titute for Educational Re arch (Tokyo)

Univer ity of Wiseon in Univer ity of Michigan Univer ity of Michigan Univer ity of California,

Berkeley , ka Unive ity Harvard Univer ity T ukuba Univer ity

Survey of Income and Program Participation, pe­cial i ue of JournaL of Economic and ociaL Mtasurtment (Volume 13, umber 3 and 4, 1985), edited by Mar­tin H. David. Paper from a conference pon ored by the Committee on the urvey of Income and Program Participation. Publi hed by El e ier cience Publi h­ing Compan , Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, ew York, ew York 10017. 1 4 page. Paper, 37.00.

he paper in thi volume, which offer a con truc­tive critique of the de ign and content of a major new ocioeconomic urvey, were pre ented at a conference

held at the Brooking In titution in Wa hington, D.C. o ember 11-13, 19 4. The urveyofIncomeand

Pro ram Participation ( IPP) i a ample urvey of about 16,000 U. S. hou ehold . The field taff of the United tate Bureau of the Cen u conducts inter­view every four month. Except in limited circum-tance , each per on in the hou ehold aged 15 or

older i interviewed, even if that per on ha moved

38

Staff Appointment

tefan Tanaka, a hi torian, will join the taff in jul , to erve primarily a taff for the joint commit­tee on japan and Korea. He will replace Theodore C. Be tor, who re igned to accept a po ition in the Department of Anthropology, Columbia Univer it .

Mr. Tanaka i currently teaching cour e in japane e hi tory and ci ilization at the Univer it of Iowa. He graduated from Linfield College in 1974 and received a M. A. in hi tory from the Univer ity of Wa hington in 1977. He obtained a Ph. D. earlier thi year from the Univer ity of Chicago. Hi the i wa on the political and intellectual meaning of the word and concepts u ed by japane e cholar to refer to China and the Chine e; hi majop re earch intere t are in modern japane e intellectual hi tory.

out of the hou ehold during the term of the urve '. Per on remain in the ur ey for more than two year , during which period they are interviewed eight time. The fir t "wave" of interview began in October 19 3; the final interview for thi 1983 "panel" will be con­ducted in Augu t 1986.

Que tion a ked of re pondents deal with income, labor force activity, hou ehold compo ition, and par­ticipation in federal income tran fer and ervice de­livery program uch a Medicare, ub idized hou -ing, and food tamp. Man item of information are collected on a month 1 ba i , with re pondents a ked to recall income and other data for the recent period following the prior interview. The urvey al 0 pe­riodically collects information on a ets and liabilitie , hou ehold and work expen e , di ability, taxe , pen-ion coverage, child care, and marital and work hi -

tor. The 19 paper begin with an introduction to the

IPP by the editor, Martin H. David, and include analy e of its cientific p tential as a tool for tudying (1) demographic dynami : living arrangement for familie and hou ehold , marriage, eparation, di­vorce, family relation hip over time, a longitudinal definition of hou ehold , and the Panel tudy of In­come Dynamics' experience with longitudinal hou e­hold definition ; (2) major ocial i ue involving race, women, and children; and (3) human capital: labor market analy i , fringe benefits and noncash income, health care, and education. In addition to ugge tion made b author of the aforementioned paper for improvements to the urve ' longitudinal de ign and content, other author offer ugge tion focu ed on

VOL ME 40, MBER 2

orne po ibilitie for improving the de ign of the IPP by changing the rule for interviewing per on

who moved from the hou ehold, linking IPP with admini trative and tati tical record , and collecting richer data on the di tribution of wealth, income, and liabilitie . The volume conclude with ummarie of recommendation made by participant in the • 0 ember conference and in a follow-up conference al 0 held in Wa hington, June 28-29, 1985.

Re earcher intere ted in exploring whether thi new urvey ha any potential for contribution to their own re earch agenda will find the e paper helpful in identifying both the trength and weakne e of the urvey for a wide range of re earch

Sheldon E. Haber, George Wa hington Bureau of the Cen u

niver ity and

" Per pective on Linking IPP to dmini trative and 'tati ti­cal Record"

Jame D. mith, Univer ity of Michigan " Little ' IPP: Old Wine in . ew Bottles-Let' Reca k It"

David Byron fcMillen and Roger Herriot, U .. Bureau of the Cen u

"Toward a Longitudinal Definition of Household" Greg J. Duncan and Martha '. Hill, Univer it of Michigan

"Conception of Longitudinal Hou ehold : Fertile or Futile?" Martin H. David, niver ity of Wi con in, Richard C. Rockwell,

'ocial ' ience Re earch Council, lice Robbin, niver it of Wi con in, and Franklin W. Monfort, Univer ity of Wi con-III

" 'ummar of the ' IPP Conference and Recommendation of the Conferee"

problem . They will be alerted to analytical difficul- Martin H. David, niver ity of Wi con in, lice Robbin, niver-tie to be anticipated ( uch a tho e ari ing from lim- ity of Wi con in, and Richard C. Rockwell, 'ocial ' ience ited ample ize for certain ubgroup of the popula- Re earch Council tion and inadequate detail in certain re pon e "Summary and Recommendation: 'econd S 'R S mpo ium categorie ). And they will be able to determine if they? on the ' ientific and Re earch Potential of IPP"

concur in the ugge tion made for change to the ~ / J IPP, orne of which are till under di cu ion witlVSchool-Age Pregnancy and Parenthood: Biosocial

the taff of the Bureau of the Cen u . Dimensions, edited by Jane B. Lanca ter and Beatrix The contributor and their paper are: A. Hamburg. Paper from a conference pon ored by

Martin H. David, Univer ity of Wi on in "Introduction: The De ign and Development of ' IPP"

Harold W. Watts, Columbia Univer ity "The Scientific Potential of IPP for Analy e of Living Ar­

rangements for Familie and Hou ehold " Thoma J . E pen hade and Douglas A. Wolf, The Urban In titute

(Wa hington, D.C.) "SIPP Data on Marriage, eparation, Divorce, and Remarriage:

Problem, Opportunitie , and Recommendation" Greg J. Duncan, Univer ity of Michigan

" Framework for Tracking Family Relation hip Over Time" Reynold Farley, Univer ity of Michigan

"Under tanding Racial Difference and Trend: How ' IPP Can A it"

Carolyn ' haw Bell, Welle ley College " IPP and the Female Condition"

Mar Jo Bane and Jame Wei h, New York tate Department of ocial 'ervi e

"IPP' Potential Contribution to Policy Re earch on Chil-dren"

Gary '. Fi Id and George J . Jakub on, Cornell "Labor Market Analy i U ing SIPP"

Timothy f. meeding, Univer ity of Utah

niver ity

"The ' ientific Potential of ' IPP: Its Content and Method Regarding Fringe Benefit, onca h Income, and the of Government 'ervice "

Gail R. Wilen ky, Project HOPE (Wa hington, D.C.) " ' IPP and Health Care I ue"

Mi hael R. Olneck, Univer ity of Wi on in "Critique of Que tion Pertaining to Education in ' IPP"

\{artin H. David, Univer ity of Wi con in

alue

"The Di tribution of Income in the United tate: Implication for the De ign of the ' IPP Panel"

Graham Kalton and Jame Lepkow ki, Univer ity of Michigan "Following Rules in IPP"

J . 'E 19 6

the Committee on Bio ocial Per pective on Parent Behavior and Off pring Development. Hawthorne,

ew York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1986. xvii + 386 page. Cloth, 39.95.

Increa ing number of very young American ado­Ie cents (15 year and younger) are becoming preg­nant, carrying their children to term, and keeping them after birth, Although re earch and pro­grammatic attention to the problem have increa ed dramatically in recent year , the focu ha been on the re ults-health outcome for mother and children, and long-term economic con equence for the "family"-rather than on the cau e . De pite con id­erable re earch and policy attention, few olution are available. The volume and the conference on which it i ba ed were intended to bring a fre h per pective.

chooL-Agt Prtgnancy and Partnthood offer , for the fir t time on thi topic, a bio ocial analy is-which provide a cro -temporal, cro - pecie , and cro -cultural per pective. Thirty-two cienti ts from the di cipline of anthropology, developmental p ychol­ogy, hi tory, human evolution, pediatric, primatol­ogy, p ychiatry, public health, ocial work, and ociol­ogy have contributed 19 chapter di cus ing their own re earch and the knowledge of their re pective di cipline . By exploring the range of reaction for the human pecie and the complex interaction of biology and behavior, we can recognize that many (but not all) of the e phenomena are novel. Biological and cultural

39

factor ha e interacted to tabli h the wide t epara­tion between biological maturation and ocial mat­uration known in human hi tor . Radical change in human life tyle have produced a large pool of re­productively mature adole cents at ri k for pregnancy in a contemporary climate of exual permi ivene . At the arne time, however, ocial and economic up­ports of adole cent parenthood are dimini hing, and the importance of training and education before the a umption of adult role i increa ing.

Written in a tyle that i acce ible to ocial, beha -ioral, and medical cienti ts a well a to the intere ted la per on, chool-Agt Prtgnancy and Parmthood i an example of the po ibilitie opened to the ocial ci­ence by u ing a bio ocial per pective. It i the fir t publication to be pon ored by the Committee on Bio ocial Per pective on Parent Behavior and Off-pring Development. The contributor to the volume are:

Jeanne Itmann Vi toria K. Burbank Catherine ' . hilman Li a rockett Mercede de Cuba

Arthur B. EI ter

Univer it of Chicago Harvard Univer ity Univer ity of Wi con in Penn ylvania tate Univer ity Univer ity of Florida Medical

Center Univer ity of Utah Medical

Center

Ph iii B. Eveleth Tiffan Field

Frank F. Fur tenberg, Jr. tanle M. Garn

Ri hard J . GelJe Beatrix A. Hamburg

David . Hamburg

Roberta Herceg-Baron Lorraine V. Klerman Melvin J. Konner Jane B. Lanca ter Mi hael Lamb helly D. Pe ick

Anne C. Peter n Audrey . Petzold Mitchell . Ratner Edward O. Reiter Judy hea Marjorie ho tak 'herilyn toller

Chari M. uper

fari A. Vinov ki David Webb John W. M. Whiting

u an Widmayer

Carol M. Worthman

, ational In titute of Health Univer ity of Florida Medical

hool niver ity of Penns I ania

Univer it of Michig-cln Univer ity of Rhode I land Mt. inai hool of iedicine

( ew York) Carnegie Corporation of • ew

York Univer it of Penn ylvania Yale Univer it

Univer it of . w Me ico Univer ity of tah Univer ity of fichigan Penn ylvania tate Univer it Univer ity of Michigan Harvard Univer it Bay ' tate Medical Center Univer ity of Penn ylvania Emory Univer it U niver ity of Florida 1edical

Center Harvard hool of Public

Health Univer ity of Michigan

niver it of Penn ylvania Harvard Univer it University of Florida M dical

Center Harvard Medical hool

Council Holds Exploratory Meeting to Discuss Social Science Re earch on AIDS

n May 13, 19 6, the ouncil convened a meeting to review the tatu of ocial cience re arch on AID and to id ntif que tion of general relevance for the ocial cien e which the AID epidemi ha rai ed. It wa a erted b a number of parti ipan that it i unlik Iy that either a vaccine again t or a cure for AID will be developed in the next five to ten year; that there i ever rea on to e pect the epidemic to continue to increa e e ponentiall for a numb r of year; and that re arch on behavioral and organizational change eem the m t hop ful direction for the imm diate future.

The meeting wa chaired b Franci X. uUon, acting pre ident of the ouncil. Participan included Harlon Dalton, Yale Law chool; Jack Giger, ity Univer ityof ew York Medical hool; David Jenne ,Con ortium of

ial ience A ociation (Wa hington, D.C.); Ronald Ke ler, Univer it of Michigan; Dorothy . elkin, Cornell Univer it ; June 0 borne, hool of Public Health, Univer it of Michigan; Richard nneu, . ew York Univer ity; Eleanor inger, PubLic Opinion QuaTl~rl ; Michael toto, Harvard Univer it ; Ro mary a lor, Tuft Univer ity; and David Willi , MiLLbank Fund QuaTlaiy. Ya mine Erga and David L. ill er ed a taff.

40 VOL ME 40, M8ER 2

Fellowships and Grants for International Research Awarded in 1986

CONTENTS

41 INTERNATION L DOCTOR L RE EARCH FELLOW HIP Africa, China, Ea t~m Europ~, Japan, Kor~a, Latin Amnica and 1M Caribbtan, th~ N~ar and Middl~ East,

outh Asia, outh~ast Asia, th~ wul Union, Wt t~m Europt

46 GRANT FOR OVA CEO I TERNATIONAL RESEARCH Africa, China, East~m Europ~, Japan, Kor~a, Latin AI1I~rica and 1M Caribb~an, th~ N~ar and Middl~ East, outh Asia, outh~ast Asia, th~ oui~t Union, Indochina tudit.

THESE PACE Ii t the name , affiliation , and topic of the individual who were awarded fellow hip or grants by Council committee in the mo t recent annual competi­tion for international re earch in the ocial cience and humanitie . The e award were made by committee jointly pon ored by the Council and the American Council of

Learned ocietie (AC ). The e award program are upported by grants from the

Ford Foundation, the ational Endowment for the Human­itie ,and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Addi­tional funding for the China, oviet Union, and Latin America and Caribbean program i provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; for the Japan advanced re earch program b the Japan- United tate Friend hip Commi -ion; and for the We tern Europe predoctoral program by

the French-American Foundation. The Indochina tudie Program i upported b grant from the Ford Founda­tion, the Henry Luce Foundation, and the National En­dowment for the Humanitie . Partial funding for the Ea t European and oviet program i obtained from the De­partm nt of tate under the oviet and Ea t European Re earch and Training Act of 19 3 (Title VIII).

Unle It I pecifically noted that a program i admini­tered by the ACLS, the program Ii ted are ad mini tered b the ouncil.

In the admini tration of it fellow hip and grant pro­gram, the Council doe not di criminate on the ba i of age, color, creed, di abilit ,marital tatu, national origin, or ex.

The program change omewhat every year, and in­tere ted cholar hould write to the Council for a copy of the current brochure. ee al 0 page 42-43, below.

IN ER ATIONAL D TORAL RE EARCH FELLOW HIP

FRI A

he following di rtation fellow hip were awarded by the Joint Committee on African tudies-Allen F. I aac-

Jl'NE 19 6

man (chair), Thomas J. Bier teker, Catherine Coquery­Vidrovitch, Christopher O. Davi -Roberts, Jane I. Guyer, Ivan Karp, Fa il G. Kiro , V. Y. Mudimbe, Paul Riesman, Harold Scheub, and Mi hael J. Watts-at its meeting on April 4- 7, 19 6. The committee wa a i ted in the elec­tion proce by the creening Committee-Mar Jo Ar­noldi, Thoma M. Callaghy, John P. Hutchi on, Randall M. Packard, and Kathleen A. taudt. Martha A. Gephart and

u an A. Warga erved a taff for thi program.

BARBARA A. BIANCO, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, ew York Univer ity, for re earch in Kenya on the

practice of medicine in a mi ion ho pital ROBI D. . KELLEY, Ph.D. candidate in hi tor, Univer ity

of California, Lo Angele , for re earch in England and outh Africa on African and the Communi t Party in outh Africa and the American outh, 1928-1941

ROBERT . KRAMER, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Northwe t­ern Univer ity, for re earch in the udan on the making of a holy city: Omdurman, 1885-1 9

D VID LEE HOE. BRUN, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Uni-ver ity of California, Lo Angele, for re earch in Bel­gium, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda on food production in interlacu trine ea tern Africa: lingui tic and paleoecological per pective ,500 B.C. to A.D. 13 0

The following predi ertation fellow hip were al 0

awarded at the meeting on April 4- 7, 1986.

ALFRED J. FORTI , Ph.D. candidate in political cience, Univer ity of Hawaii, for travel to Ken a

GLY IS M. E. GAWN, Ph.D. candidate in agricultural eco­nomic, Univer ity of alifornia, Berkele , for travel to enegal

L Y A. J RO ' Z, Ph.D. candidate in geography, Univer it of alifornia, Berkeley, for travel to Madaga car.

K Til LEE. M. Ml'LLA. EY, Ph .D. candidate in comparative literature, Univer it of Chicago, for travel to the Ivor Coa t and enegal

DEBR A. PIT L ' IK, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer ity of hicago, for travel to Zambia

CHRI TOPHER R. VORY, Ph.D. candidate in economi ,Yale Univer ity, for travel to Nigeria

IIINA

he Grant election Committee oftheJoint ommittee on hine e tudie (ad mini lered by the American Council of Learned ocietie) u an aquin (chair), Thoma P. Bern tein, Myron L. ohen, Patricia B. Ebrey, Thoma G. Raw ki, Wei-ming Tu, Erne t P. Young, and Pauline R. Yu-voted at it meeting on March 7- , 19 6 to award fellow hip to the following individual . Ja on H. Parker and Helen Gold mith erved a taff for thi program.

I OLE CO. TABLE, Ph. D. candidate in anthropology, Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for re earch in Hong

41

42

Council Fellowships and Grants Offered in 1986*

Predoctoral and Doctoral Dissertation Programs

PROGRAM

Fellow hip for International Doctoral R earch

Fellow hip for International Doctoral Research Administered by the American Council of Learned Societie ••

Berlin Program for Advanced German and European Studies

Fellow hip for Predi sertation Research in Africa

Dis ertation Fellow hip for Doctoral Re arch in Japanese Studie

Graduate Training in Soviet Studie

Di sertation Fellow hip in Soviet Studie

Ru ian and non-Ru ian Soviet Language In titute Program

Program to Initiate New Teaching Po itions in Ru ian and Soviet Studies

DESCRIPTION

Africa, Korea, Latin America and the Caribbean, ear and Middle Ea t, outh A ia, outh­ea t A ia, and We tern Europe: upport for doctoral re earch

abroad in the ocial science and the humanitie

China and Ea tern Europe: up­port for doctoral re earch abroad in the ocial cience and the humanitie

upport for doctoral re earch in the ocial cience and hi tory

upport for predi ertation re­earch trip to frica for gradu­

ate tudents in the ocial ci­ence and the humanitie

upport advanced graduate tudents during the writing of

their di ertation in the nited tate

upport for 3rd and 4th ear graduate tud

upport for final year' work on di ertation

Institutional Support Programs

Provid in titution with fund to upport Ru ian and non­Ru~ ian Soviet language ummer in titute

PIO\'ide. imlitution with partial upport of a new teaching po i­

tion in Ru ian/Soviet tudie

-For detail and in truction on how to appl ,addl e th 605 Third A\enu , ~ w York, • ew York 101') ,

pecific program at the

1986 DEADUNES

', ovember 3

December I

pril30

February I (19 7)

' ept mber I

December I

December I

February I (19 7)

Decemb r I

ial i n e Re earch Council,

"For detail and in truction on how to apply, addre the Societi ,22 Ea t 45thtreet, • ew York, • ew York 10017,

pecifi program at th American Councilor Learned

VOL 1E 40, M8ER 2

J . E 1986

Council Fellowships and Grants Offered in 1986 (continued)*

PROGRAM

MacArthur Foundation FeUow­ships in International Security

Grants for International Re­search

Grant for International Re­search Admini tered by the American Council of Learned Societies··

Berlin Program for Advanced German and European Studie

Advanced Research FeUowships in Foreign Policy Studies

Grants for Indochina Studies

Advanced Research Grants for the Comparative Study of Mu -lim Societie

Advanced Grants in Soviet Studies

Advanced Research Programs

DESCRIPTION

Two-year training and re earch fellow hip for work in interna­tional peace and ecurity tudie

frica, Japan, Korea, Latin merica and the Caribbean, ear and Middle Ea t, outh

A ia, and Southea t A ia: up­port for advanced re earch in the social sciences and the hu­manitie

China and Ea tern Europe: up­port for advanced research in the social science and humanities

'upport for advanc d re earch in the ocial ciences and hi tory

One to two year of upport for re earch on foreign policy mak­ing proce se

uppor cholar hip on Cam-bodia, Lao , and Vietnam ba ed upon the knowledge and experi­ence of refugee from the e countrie re iding in orth America. Open to re earcher , writer, journali ts, arti ts, and other profe sional .

upport for advanced re earch

upport for three ummer and one erne ter of research

1986 DEADLINES

ugu t I

December I

Decemb r I

May I (19 7)

tober I

December I

December I

December I

·For detail and instruction on how to apply, add res the pecifi program at the Social ience Research Council, 605 Third venue, ew York, New York 1015 .

·.For detail and in truction on how to apply, addre the pecific program at the American Council for Learned Societie ,22 Ea t 45th treet, ew York, ew York 10017.

43

Kon~ on a Hakka Prote tant community in the ew Terntorie

TERRY F. KUE ~ N, Ph.D. candidate in Oriental language , Univer it of California, Berkeley, for re earch in France on literary glory and the Divine Lord ofTzu-t'ung

DOROTHY Y. Ko, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, tan ford Univer ity, for re earch in japan on the ocial hi tory ot urban women in Ming-Qing China

MELA IE MARIO , Ph.D. candidate in political cience, Univer ity of Michi~n, for re earch in Hong Kong and China on cadre reurement in po t-Mao China

ICHIRO 1AZAKI, Ph.D. candiaate in anthropology, Michigan tate Univer ity, for re earch in Taiwan on the local and international network of Taiwane e entrepre­neur

E TER E ROPE

The joint Committee on Ea tern Europe {ad mini tered by the American Council of Learned ocietie }-Ed A. Hewett (chair), Daniel Chirot, Ellen T. Comi 0, jan T. Gro , Keith A. Hitchin, Ken jowitt, Gail Kligman, Madeline G. Le ine, Gale toke, and I van zelenyi-voted at its meeting on April 25, 19 6 to award graduate training fellow hip to the following individual. ja on H. Parker and Helen Gold mith erved a taff for thi program.

L RA ANN CR GO, graduate tudent in hi tory, Yale Uni­ver ity, for re earch on interwar trade union in Poland

PAWEL jACEK KOTWICA, graduate tudent in government and international tudie, Univer ity of Notre Dame, for re earch on the impact of the Poli h Catholic Church on ociopolitical change in Poland ince 1955

CAROL LILLY, graduate tudent in hi tory, Yale Univer ity, for re earch on ideological trend in Yugo lavia and training in German and: erbo-Croatian

MARY J NE OA, graduate tudent in ociology, Univer ity of Chicago, for training in Poli h and research on church- tate relations in Poland and Hungary.

The following di ertation fellow hip were al 0 awarded at the meeting on April 25, 19 6.

DAVID L. BARTLETr, Ph.D. candidate in political cience, Univer ity of California, an Diego, for training in Hun­garian and re earch on the politic of banking reform in Hungar

JOH CLARK, Ph.D. candidate in political science, Univer­ity of California, Berkeley, for re earch on the political

limi to economic reform in Poland, 1968-1982 M RK GERMER, Ph.D. candidate in mu ic, ew York Uni­

ver ity, for re earch on the Au tro-Bohemian pa toral ma in the 18th century

PIOTR GORECKI, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch on ocial tratification and the origin of lord hip and tenure in early medieval Poland

BETH HOLMGREN, Ph.D. candidate in lavic language and literature, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch on the pre­entation and u e of a pecific type of fir t-per on per­ona in the work of the oviet writer, Andrej injav kij,

and the Poli h writer, Witold Gombrowicz RAH KENT, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Indiana Univer­ity, for re earch on lawyer in Zagreb, 1884-1894

M RTHA LAMPLA 0, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch on the character of agrarian change in a Hungarian community, 1918-19 3

44

ZONJA ZELE YI, Ph.D. candidate in ociology, Univer ity of Wi con in, for re earch on the ocial po ition of women in the United tate and Hungar from a cro -national per pective

JAP

Under the program pon ored by the joint Committee on japane e tudie, the ubcommittee on Grants for Re earch-Gary Allin on (chair), L. Keith Brown, Carol Gluck, William R. LaFleur, jeffrey P. Ma , Patricia G.

teinhoff, and jame W. White-recommended, at its meeting on February 17, 19 6, that award be made to the following individual. Blair A. Ruble, Theodore C. Be tor, and uzanne . ichol erved a taff for thi program.

EIKO IKEGAMI, Ph.D. candidate in ociology, Harvard Uni-ver ity, for research in japan on pri on and puni hment in Tokugawa japan

CH RLE . INO YE, Ph.D. candidate in Ea t A ian lan-guage and civilization, Harvard Univer ity, for re-earch in japan on Izumi Kyoka (1873-1939) and the

gtsalcu tradition A 'CY L. VAlDA, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­ver ity of Michigan, for re earch in japan on prehi toric human ub i tence and ettlement in the Kitakami river valley

KOREA

The joint Committee on Korean tudies--Hagen Koo (chair), jo eph . Chung, Michael C. Kalton, Laurel Ken­dall, Han-kyo Kim, Mar hall R. Pihl, and Edward W. Wagner-voted, at its meeting on March 2, 1986, to award fellow hip to the following individual . Blair A. Ruble, Theodore C. Be tor, and uzanne . ichol erved as taff for thi program.

JIM Yo G KIM, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Harvard Univer ity, and M.D. candidate, Harvard Medical School, for re earch in outh Korea on the dynamic of health and illne

E N MEE KIM, Ph.D. candidate in ociology, Brown Uni­ver ity, for re earch in outh Korea on the role of the tate, foreign capital, and local capital in Korea' indu­

trialization

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

The following fellow hip were awarded by the I nterna­tional Doctoral Re earch Fellow hip election Committee for Latin American and the Caribbean-Chri topher Mitchell (chair), Margaret E. Crahan, Shane]. Hunt, Fran­cine R. Ma iello, Carol A. mith,-at its meeting on March 7, 1986. The election Committee wa a i ted by the creening Committee-Samuel A. Morley, Benjamin Or­

love, Dori ommer, Barbara tailing, and Eric Van Young. joan Da in, Diana De G. Brown, and Mar A. Haber erved a taff for thi program.

MARC BERMA ,Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer­ity of Michigan, for re earch in the Moquegua Valle of

VOL 1E 40, N MBER 2

Peru on the collap e of imperial political y tern in provincial area

Lo IE R. DA KERLI , Ph.D. candidate in urban tudie and planning, International Food and Nutrition Pro­gram, Ma achu etts In titute of Technology, for re­earch in Jamaica on male labor migration and the nu­

tritional tatu of rural women and children ~il H EL D CEY, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Univer ity of

Chicago, for re earch in Mexico on rural prote t move­ments in the Huasteca and in Papantla, 1,50-1901

KARE. J 00, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Graduate Center, City Univer ity of ew York, for re earch in Belize on the formation of a Creole elite, 1854-1936

BIOR. MAYB Ry-LEWI , Ph.D. candidate in political ci­ence, Columbia Univer ity, for re earch in Brazil on the growth and tran formation of Brazilian rural worker' union , 1964- 1985

JASI N CKOLLS, Ph.D. candidate in lingui tic and an­thropology. U niver ity of Chicago. for re earch in Ecuador on the interrelation between grammatical a -pect and Quechua conception of mythic and linear time

LEIGH PAYNE, Ph.D. candidate in political cience, Yale University. for re earch in Brazil on Brazilian indu tri­ali ts in the tran ition to democracy

ASORES VELA co, Ph.D. candidate in economics. Columbia Univer- ity. for re earch in Chile on inflation and in­dexing. 1964-1982

K RL ZIMMERER, Ph.D. candidate in geography. Univer ity of California, Berkeley. for re earch in Peru on genetic re ource and agricultural change in the Paucartambo region

. 'EAR A 0 MIDDLE EAST

The following di ertation fellow hip were awarded by the Joint Committee on the ear and Middle Ea t-Peter von iver (chair). Leonard Binder. Abdellah Hammoudi. Michael C. Hud on, Suad Jo eph, Jean Leca, Afaf Lutfi al- ayyid Mar ot, E. Roger Owen, Alan R. Richard , and John Waterbury-at it meeting on February 28, 19 6. P. Nikiforo Diamandouro and Chri tina Dragonetti erved a taff for the program.

BE HARA B. Do MA I. Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Georgetown Univer ity. for re earch in the We t Bank on the ocioeconomic hi tory of ablu. from 1800 to 1 50

TEVE A. GLAZER, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory. Georgetown Univer ity, for re earch in I rael on the Zioni t policy of "Hebrew labor" in Pale tine from 1905 to 1936

DWIGHT F. REY OLD ', Ph.D. candidate in folklore and folklife, Univer ity of Pennsylvania. for re earch in Egypt conducted while under the apprentice hip of an Egyptian irat Bani Hilal epic poet.

so TH ASIA

The following di ertation fellow hip were awarded by the Joint Committee on South A ia-Bernard S. Cohn (chair), Pranab K. Bardhan, Jan C. Breman, Richard M. Eaton, Ronald J. Herring, Barbara . Miller, Harold Power ,and u an . Wadley-at its meeting on March 8-9, 19 6. David L. zanton and arah Fulton erved a taff for this program.

J NE 19 6

KI G D. BEACH, III, Ph.D. candidate in developmental p ychology, Graduate Center, City Univer ity of New York. for a cognitive- ymbolic tudy in Nepal of chil­dren' mathematical rea onin~ at work and at chool

U 'HA A YAL, Ph.D. candidate In hi tory, Columbia Uni­ver ity. for re earch in the United Kingdom on the Barelwi movement in Briti h India, 1900-1947

WILLIAM T RMA AX, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology. Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch in France and the United Kingdom on pilgrimage or proce ion of Hindu deitie in the Central Himalayan region of India

TA LEY FRA CI' TEVE " Ph.D. candidate in geography, Univer ity of California. Berkeley, for re earch in Nepal on herpa land u e. management, and tran formation in the Mount Evere t region

'0 THEAST A IA

The following di ertation fellow hip were awarded by the Joint Committee on outhea t A ia-John R. W. mail (chair), helly Errington, Gillian P. Hart, Mary R. Holln teiner. Charle F. Keye , David Marr, Chai-anan amudvanija. Peter C. mith, and Ruth T. McVey-at its

meeting on March 14-16, 1986. David L. zan ton and arah Fulton erved a taff for thi program.

EDWARD WEBB KEA E. Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch in Indone ia on knowledge, repre entation ,and ocial organization in umba

GRA T ALLA 0 0 • Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Cornell Univer ity, for re earch in Thailand on Thai Buddhi t conception of life hi torie

B OJ SA TO, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Cornell Univer ity, for re earch in Indone ia on indigenou Catholici m and the ethnohi tory of the Batak religion

THAVEEPOR VA AVAK L, Ph.D. candidate in government, Cornell Univer ity, for re earch in France. Vietnam, and the United tate on educational policy and practice in North and outh Vietnam. 1955-1965

ASTRI WRIGHT, Ph.D. candidate in art hi tory, Cornell Univer ity, for re earch in Indone ia on contemporary painting

OVIET 10

The following graduate training fellow hip were awarded by the Joint Committee on oviet tudies-Gail War hoE: ky Lapidu (chair), Jo eph Berliner, eweryn Bialer, Jeffrey P. Brook, Timothy J. Colton. Loren Graham, Edward L. Keenan, Robert Legvold, Herbert . Levine, Leon Lip on, and William Mill Todd. III-at its meeting on April 5-6, 1986. Blair A. Ruble, Kri tin Antel­man, and Regina myth erved a taff for thi program.

ROBERT T. ARGENBRIGHT. Ph.D. candidate in geography, Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for training in prepa­ration for a tudy of the railroad y tern during the Ru ian civil war, 1917-1921

ANDREW M. CARPE OAL , Ph.D. candidate in political ci­ence. Univer ity of California, Berkeley. for training in preparation for a tudy of the ource of American and oviet nuclear doctrine

45

MARK . JOII !>o. , Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Columbia Univer ity, for training in preparati n for a tudy of

oviet culture and cultural policle during World War II DE80R II A. K PLE, Ph.D. candidate in ociolog,

Princeton niver it , for training in preparation for a tud of the impact of changing trend in migration and

urbanization on the oviet family and ociety KATIILEEN A. KELLEIIER, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Brown

Univer it , for training in preparation for a tudyof . V. Cha anov and the organization-production choolof rural tudie in the 'oviet Union in the 1920

JO!>EPH . M OR'f1 K, Ph.D. candidate in lavi lan­gua~e and literature, Univer it of Chicago, for train­ing In preparation for a tudy of the tructure and hi -tor of the Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and eorgian lan­guage

R . ' 01 RYTERMA -T A ROI, Ph.D. candidate in conom-ic , U niver it of Mar land, for training in preparation for a tud of the efficienc and welfare implication of 'oviet trade with Ea tern Europ and the We t

The following di ertation fellow hip were al 0 awarded at the meting on April 5-6, 19 6.

A '.' M RIE BA!>O'f, Ph.D. candidate in lavic language and literature, niver ity of Wi con in, for a di rta­tion on the po try of Mak amilian Alek androvic Volo in

D VID J. BIR. 8 'f, Ph.D. candidate in lavic language and literature, Harvard Univer it ,for a di ertation on current topic in lavic a centology

JOII E. L Y, Ph.D. candidate in hi tor, Univer ity of Chicago, for a di ertation on the hi tory of the diver e religiou movement in Ru ia which became known a the Khri tOY hchina

MI II ELJ. GEL8, Ph.D. candidate in hi tor , niver ityof alifornia, Lo Angele, for a di rtation on political life

under ' talini m ba d on ca e tudi of the purge and of ociali t competition in Leningrad in the 1930

WE ' DY Z. GOl.DMAN, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Univer ity of Penn ylvania, for a di crtation on change in oviet famil law from 1917 to 1936

MI II U . KIIODARKOV.,KY, Ph.D. candidate in hi tor, ni­ver it of hi ago, for a di ertation on the hi tor of the Kalm k p ople and their relation with Ru ia in the period 1670-1771

V l.ERIE A. KI EL..,ON, Ph .D. candidate in hi tory, ' tanford Univer it , for a di ertation on the relation hip of the

rvitor la to the tat in 17th entur Ru ia EU.lo I R. LIEBER~f . , Ph.D. candidate in geo raph and

environmental engin ering, The John Hopkin Univer­sit , for a di ertation on multiobj tive programming a a de ision-making t 01 in the oviet Union

Mlell I:.l. ' J> GAT, Ph.D. candidate in e onomic , Harvard niver ity, for a di ertation on the cau e and con e­

quen e f hortag in the oviet econom

WESTER. E ROI'E

he following di rtation re earch fellow hip were awarded b the Joint mmittee on We tern Europe­Peter . Gourevitch (chair), Victoria de Grazia, Vi tor Perez-Diaz, harle F. ' abel, and Fritz W. charpf-at it meeting on March 14, 19 6. The were a i ted b the

reening ommittee-Mi hael J. Donnell , Robert M. Fi hman,John T. ' . Keeler, Mar McLeod, Peter Mandler, R b rt G. Mo lIer, ancy ' hep r-Hughe , and Eli a B.

46

Weaver. P . • ikiforo Diamandouro and Chri tina Dragonetti erved a taff for thi program.

M RJORIE A. BE l.E, Ph.D. candidate in hi tor, Univer it of California, Berkele ,for re arch in France on adver­ti ing and political con ciou ne in the Third Republic, 1 70-1940

WILLI \1 R. BR 8 KER, Ph.D. candidate in ociology, Co­lumbia Univer ity, for re earch in ermany, France, and

witzerland on migrant labor and the politic of citizen­hip

VI IE. E. DIETZ, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Princeton Univer ity, for re earch in the United Kingdom on Briti h economi poli y in the age of Pitt the Younger

A . ' I:. H 1(,0. ~ET, Ph.D. candidate in the hi tor of art, Yale Univer ity, for re arch in France on impre ioni m in Berthe Mori ot' painting

Gl.EN H. JORDA. , Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­ver ity of IIIinoi ,for re earch in the United Kingdom on ocial reproduction and ocial drama in a "racially­tructured" ocial formation, u ing Anthon Gidden'

theory of tructuration BE JAM!. J. K PLA , Ph.D. candidate in hi tor , Harvard

Univer ity, for re earch in the etherland and Belgium on apathy and oppo ilion in the Dutch Reformation, 1559-1630

RI liARD M. Lo KE, Ph.D. candidate in political cience, Ma achu ett In titute of Technology, for re earch in Ital on labor politic

A. G. PEDER E. , Ph.D. candidate in hi tor , Harvard Univer ity, for re earch in France and the United King­dom on ocial poli y and the recon truction of the fam­ily, 19 0-1945

C R L E. Q ILLE , Ph.D. candidate in hi tor , Princeton Univer ity, for re earch in the United Kingdom on Renai ance intellectual ' u e ot the writing ot Saint Augu tine

JOII D. ROTII, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch in We t ermany on popular piety and the emerg n e of a political culture in the Palatinate, 1770-1 40

A LEE AXE IA , Ph.D. candidate in politi al cience, Ma achu ells In titute of T chnology, for re earch in th United Kingdom on ideology, intere t, and organi­zation in technologically-orient d region of the United ' tate and the United Kingdom

SERAPIJI f EYERIAD s, Ph.D. candidate in p litical cience, lumbia niver it , for re ear h in Gr e on party

ompetition, politi al incorporation, and ial cleavage in p twar Gre ce

GRA T ' FOR ITER ATIO AL PO TD TORAL RE EARCH

YRIC

The following grants for advanced international re­earch were award d b the Joint ommittee on African ' tudies-Allen F. I aa man (chair), Thoma J. Bier teker, atherine oquer -Vidrovitch, Chri topher O. Davi­

Roberts, Jane I. Guyer, Ivan Karp, Fa il . Kiri , V. Y. Mudimbe, Paul Rie man, Harold cheub, and Michael J. Watts-at its me ting on April 4-7, 19 6. Martha A. G ph art and u an A. Warga erve a taff for thi pro­gram.

VOL ME 40, 18ER 2

Euz BETH H I A DRETTA, adjunct a i tant profe or of ocial anthropology, Georgetown Univer it , for re­arch in the United Kingdom on a critical revaluation of

Murle ocial tructure from the paper of B.A. Lewi JO'r'E L. Bow" ,a i tant profe or of hi tory, Univer ity

of Virginia, for re earch in Portugal, Guinea-Bi au, nelfcll, and the Gambia on changing pattern of re i t­

ance In Guinea-Bi au , I 0-1956 AROLY. A . DERO BRow, a i tant profe or of Af­ricana tudie, tate Univer ity of ew York at tony Brook, for re earch in igeria on cia tran formation in the igerian coal indu try, 1914-193

FRt:OERI K COOPER, profe or of hi tory, Univer it of ~1i higan, for re earch in enegal on the labor que tion in Fren h We t Africa, 1935-1955

\f RIA L. GRO Z- GATE, vi iting a i tant profe or of an­thropology, Michigan tate Univer ity, for re earch in France and Mali on tructure and proce in an urban economy: an anal i of the production and di tribution of kbba textile in Bamako, Mali

JOH WILLIAM JOH 0, a ociate profe or of folklore, Indiana niver ity, for re earch in omalia on the pro-odic tructure and ocial function of om ali oral p tr

IIRISTOPHER L. MILLER, a i tant profe or of French and of Afri an and Afro-American tudie, Yale Univer it , for re earch in Cameroon, France, the Ivory Coa t, and enegal on We tern interpretation of Francophonic

black African literature \1 RTI' J. M RRAY, a ociate J?rofe or of ociology, tate

niver ity of ew York, Binghamton, for re earch in outh Africa on political unre t in urban town hip

RI liARD L. ROBERT, a i tant profe or of hi tory, tan­ford Univer ity, for re earch in France, India, and the United Kingdom on hou ehold ocial relation in a changing political economy: a ocial hi tory of a We t African handicraft indu tr , 1 00-1968

ABOI I. AM TAR, vi iting a i tant profe or of geogra­ph , Univer ity of Iowa, for re earch in omalia and the United tate on the tate, merchant capital, and the tran formation of pa toral production in north we t om alia

Em RD I. TEl H RT, a i tant profe or of hi tory, e a Tech Univer ity, for re earch in Kenya on a ocial hi -tory of hunting in Kenya, I 50-1960

CHI. A

The ran election Committee of the Joint Committee on hine e tudie (admini tered by the American Council of Learned ocietie)-Su an aquin (chair), Thoma P. Bern tein, Myron L. Cohen, Patricia B. Ebrey, Thoma Raw ki, Wei-ming Tu, Erne t P. Young, and Pauline R. Yu-at its meeting on March 7- , 19 6 awarded grants to the following individual in the categorie Ii ted. Ja on H. Parker and Helen Gold mith erved a taff for thi pro­gram.

Rt tarch in Chint t tudit

DEBOR H D I -FRIEDM ,a ociate profe or of ociol-o~, Yale Univer it , tor re earch on occupational mo­bility and the evolving opportunity tructure of contem­porary China

HARLOTTE F RTH, profe or of hi tory, California tate Univer ity at Long Beach, for re earch on biology and

J E 19 6

gender in traditional China: medicine, reproduction, and women' e tate, 16 0- 19 0

ROBERT E. HEGEL, a ociate profe or of Chine e, Wa h­ington Univer ity, for re earch on the development of the Chine e novel

RICH RO KRA ,a ociate profe or of political cience, U niver ity of Oregon, for re earch on piano and politic in China

Ho G Y G LEE, a ociate profe or of political cience, Yale Univer ity, for re earch on the changing elite of the ociali t tate in China

E. PERRY LI K, JR., profe or of Chine e, Univer it of California, Lo Angele, for re earch on Chine e fiction in it ocial context after Mao

VI OR H. M IR, a ociate profe or of Oriental tudie, Univer ity of Penn ylvama, for re earch on language and literacy during the Tang period

TEPHE OWE ,profe or of Chine e and comparative lit­erature, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch on tex in Chine e literary thought

ELIZABETH J. PERRY, a ociate profe or of political cience, Jack on chool of International tudie, Uni er ity of Wa hington, for re earch on trike in hanghai, I 70-1970

WILLARDJ. PETER 0 ,profe or of hi tor, Princeton Uni­ver ity, for re earch on the expan ion of literati thought in the late Ming period

A THO. 'Y C. Y ,profe or of religion and literature, he Divinity hool, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch on fi tion making in Tht Drtam of tht Red Chamber

MtlLon Fellow hip for Rt tarch, Training, and Lallguagt tud

Cy THI J. BROKAW, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Van­derbilt Univer ity, for re earch on the ledger of merit and demerit in the Ming-Qing tran ition period

JOH W. CHAFFEE, a i tant J?rofe or of hi tor, tate Uni­ver it of ew York, Binghamton, for the tud of Japane e

ROBERT JOE C TTER. a i tant profe or of Chine e, Uni­ver ity of Wi con in, for re earch on Cao Zhi and the world of the Jian'an poets

EDWARD A. MCCORD, P tdoctoral fellow in Chine e hi -tory, Center for Chine e tudie, Univer ity of Califor­nia, Berkeley, for re earch on local militarization in Re­publican China

B RRY J. A GHTO.', a i tant profe or of economic , Univer ity of regon, for re earch on indu trial and financial development in China, 1964-19 5

TEPHE F. TEl ER, vi iting in tructor in religion, Middle­bur College, for re earch on the ten king of hell in medieval Chine e religion

TEO A. TELFORD, adjunct a i tant profe or of ociology, Univer it of Utah, for re earch on the lineag demog­raphy of Tongcheng Count, 1662-1 50

RI liARD E. VINOGR 0, a ociate profe or of art hi tor, Uni er ity of outhern California, for the tudy of Japane e

A I WALT ER, re earch a ociate in Chine e hi tory, enter for Chine e tudie, Univer ity of California,

Berkele , for re earch n Tan Yang-tzu, a late Ming aoi t

Mellon Program for ummtr Languagt Training at tht /nttr­Univtr it Program for Chint e Language tudit (Taipei)

R. DAVID ARKH, a ociate profe or of hi tor, Univer ity of Iowa

47

LORE BRA OT, a i tant profe or of economic, t. Olaf College

P TER J. 0 , a ociate profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of Denver

H RRY L. L MLEY. profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of Hawaii

THO U P. Lyo ., a i tant profe or of economic, Dartmouth College

' . E. ELSO, a i tant profe or of art hi tory, Indiana Univer ity

TEPHE. H. WE T, profe or of Chine e, Univer it of alifornia, Berkele

M~llon Program in Chin~ ~ lud~ China Conf~unc~ Trav~l Grants

The following award were made by an ad hoc election committee of the Joint Committee on Chine e tudie.

To attend an international conference to commemorate the 60th anniver ary of the founding of the fir t hi tori­cal archive of China, Beijing, October 7-10, 1985

BE TRICE . BARTLETT, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Yale Univer ity

ALBERT FE ERWERKER, profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of Michigan

PHILIP C. HAG, profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of California, Lo Angele

PHILIP A. K HN, profe or of hi tory, Harvard Univer ity JAME ' Z. LEE, a i tant profe or of hi tory, California In­

titute of Technology Kw G-CHI G LI , profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of

California, Davi

To attend an international conference on Chine e cul­ture, Fudan Univer ity, hanghai, January 6-10, 1986

FREOERI E. WAKE fA ,JR., profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of California, Berkeley

To attend an international conference on TM Dr~am of th~ R~d Chamba, Harbin, Heilongjiang, June 13-19, 1986

K RL . Y. KAO, a i tant profe or of Ea t A ian language and literature, Yale Univer ity

To attend a conference in commemoration of the 50th anni er ary of the death of Zhang Binglin, Hangzhou, June 15-19, 1986

Yo . (.-T Wo G, profe or of hi tory, Virginia Polytechnic In titute and tate Univer ity

To attend an international ympo ium on Qing hi tory, Dalien, Liaoning, July 25-29, 19 6

YUf- HIE. WA G, profe or of hi tor, Kent tate Univer­it

ESTER E ROPE

he Joint Committee on Ea t rn Europe (admini tered b the American Council of Learned 'ocietie )-Ed A. Hewett (chair), Daniel Chirot, Ellen T. Comi 0, Jan T.

48

Gro , Keith A. Hitchin, Ken Jowitt, Gail Kligman, Madeline G. Levine, Gale toke, and Ivan zelenyi-voted at i meeting on April 25, 1986 to award gran to the following individual . Ja on H. Parker and Helen Gold mith erved a taff for thi program.

OTT M. EOOlE, profe or of hi tory, Erindale College, Univer ity of Toronto, for re earch on the ocial di tri­bution of landed wealth in Ea tern Europe, 1870-1935

THOM . A. EEKM , profe or of lavic language and literature, Univer ity of California, Lo Angele, for re earch on the hort tory in outh lavic literature

GR E FIELDER, a i tant profe or of lavic language and literature, Univer ity of Virginia, for re earch on the relation hip of the verbal categorie of ten e, a pect, and mood in Bulgarian ubordinate con truction

K RE FREEZE, as ociate for ca e development, Graduate chool of Bu ine Admini tration, Harvard Univer ity,

for re earch on technological innovation in the Czecho lovak textile machine indu try, 1945-1975

S G L, a ociate profe or of anthropology, Rutger Univer ity, for re earch on bilinguali m in Ea tern Europe

MI H EL KR , a i tant profe or of political cience, Middlebury College, for re earch on the foundation of Communi t rule in the oviet Union and Czecho lovakia, 1938-1948

JOH K LCZYCKI, a ociate profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of IIIinoi at Chicago, for re earch on Poli h mi­grants in the coal field of the German Ruhr and orth­ern France, 1871-1939

EVE LEVI , a i tant profe or of hi tory, Ohio tate Uni­ver ity, for re earch on exuality in medieval lavic Or­thodox ocietie

AM EL SA OLER, profe or of Poli h and comparative lit­erature, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch on tefan Zerom ki' Diam

AMY CH UOT, archivi t, Military Field Branch, ational Archive and Record Admini tration, for re earch on the Croatian Pea ant Party in Yugo lav politics

CHRI 'TI E . CHOEFER, part-time lecturer in political ci­ence, Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for re earch on literature and politic in the German Democratic Repub­lic

MICHAEL ILBER, in tructor in hi tory, The Hebrew Univer­ity of Jeru alem, for re earch on modernization and the

rift in Hungarian Jewry, 1780-1870

JAP

Under the program pon ored by the Joint Committee on Japane e Studie , the ubcommittee on Grants for Re earch-Gary D. Alii on (chair), L. Keith Brown, Carol Gluck, William R. LaFleur, Jeffrey P. Ma , Patricia G.

teinhoff, and Jame W. White-recommended, at its meeting on February 17, 1986, that award be made to the following individual . Blair A. Ruble, Theodore C. Be tor, and uzanne . ichol erved a taff for thi program.

PA LJ. OERER, a i tant profe or of Japane e, Colum-bia Univer ity, for re earch on the literature of Kobaya hi Hideo and modern Japane e literar critici m

ELIZ BETH M. BERRY, a ociate profe or of hi tory, ni­ver ity of California, Berkele , for re earch on daily life in wartime Kyoto, 1467-1573*

• Pending receipl of addilional fund .

VOL ME 40, N MBER 2

BR CE G. C MI G , profe or of international tudie, Jack on chool of International tudie, Univer ity of Wa hington, for re earch on the origin and develop­ment of the northea t A ian political economy Uoint with the joint Committee on Korean tudie)·

A, B. HA LEY, a ociate profe or of Japane e tudie, Jack on chool of International tudie, Univer ity of Wa hington, for re earch on material culture, life tyle, and tandard of living in japan, 160~ 1900·

H R KO IWA AKI, a i tant profe or ofjapane e, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch on literary ver ion of commu­nity in late Edo japan

THoMA P. KA 1I, a ociate profe or of philo ophy and religion, Northland College, for re earch on the Bud­dhi t influence in modern japane e thought·

WILLIAM W. KELLY, a ociate profe or of anthropology, Yale Univer ity, for re earch on rationality and no talgia and the making of the new middle cla on a japane e rice plain

PHYLLI I. Lyo ,a ociate profe or of japane e language and literature, orthwe tern Univer ity, for re earch on japane e women writer and the modern literary tradi­tion·

MARGARET A E McKEA ,a ociate profe sor of political cience, Duke Univer ity, for re earch on the japane e

experience with carcity ESPERA ZA RAMIREZ-CHRI TE EN, a i tant profe or of

japane e language and literature, Smith College, for re­earch on the poetic of rmga (linked poetry)·

KOREA

The joint Committee on Korean tudies-Hagen Koo (chair), jo eph . Chung, Michael C. Kalton, Laurel Kendall, Han-kyo Kim, Mar hall R. Pihl, and Edward W. Wagner-voted, at its meeting on March 2, 1986, to award grants to the following individual. Blair A. Ruble, Theodore C. Be tor, and uzanne . ichol erved a taff for thi program.

BR CE G. C MI G , profe or of international tudie, Jack on chool of International tudie, Univer ity of Wa hington, for re earch on the origin and develop­ment of the orthea t A ian political economy Uoint with the joint Committee on japane e tudie)

J GHEE LEE, re earch a ociate, Korea In titute, john K. Fairbank Center, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch on the origin and development of Korean contemplating Bodhi attva image

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

The joint Committee on Latin American tudies-john H. Coatsworth (chair), Paul W. Drake,jo e Murilo de Car­valo, Adam Przewor ki, Nohra Rey de Marulanda, Beatriz

arlo, tanley j. tein , Arturo Warman, and Kate Young-at it meeting on March 27-29, 1986, awarded grants to the following individual . joan Da in, Diana De G. Brown, Mar y A. Haber, and Katherine Pettu erved a taff for thi program.

A TO 10 Aco TA, profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of eville, for re earch in pain and Peru on the function

and nature of the ad mini tration in colonial Peru, 156~1650

• Pending receipt of additional fund .

J E 1986

FRA A TMA ,adjunct a i tant profe or, Baruch Col­lege, City Univer ity of New York, for re earch in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru on a hi torical analy i of photographic repre entation of Andean indigenou group , 185~ 1940

PETER BAKEWELL, profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of ew Mexico, for re earch in Peru on Don Franci co de To­ledo, fifth viceroy of Peru, 1568-1580

LAIRD W. BERGAD, a ociate profe or of hi tory, Lehman College, City Univer ity of New York, for research in Cuba on rural ociety in the 19th century in the ugar­producing zone of Maranza

OLED D BIA CHI, lecturer in literature, Univer ity of Pari - orth, for re earch in Chile on the per onal, cul­tural, hi torical, and ocial aspects of recent Chilean po­etry, 196~ 1985

PER I CHARLE, faculty member in hi tory, arah Law­rence College, for re earch in jamaica and the United Kingdom on gender, coloniali m, and authority at the time of the 1865 Morant Bay Upri ing

ARTH R DEMARE T, a i tant profe or of anthropology, Vanderbilt Univer ity, for re earch in outhern Guatemala on exploration of the beginning of ocial complexity at the Manchon archeological ite

VILMAR EVA GELI TA FARIA, profe or of ociology, tate Univer ity of Campina , for re earch in the United

tate on structural tran formation , government policie , and the growth and implementation of medical program in contemporary Brazilian ociety

R BE 1 CE 'AR FER A DES, a ociate profe or of hi tory, ational Mu eum (Rio de janeiro), for re earch in Brazil

and Poland on the church, tate, and social movements LI DA F LLER, a i tant profe or of ocioLogy, Univer ity

of outhern California, for re earch in Cuba on worker' involvement in economic deci ion making in post­revolutionary Cuba

PA L GOOTENBERG, vi iting a i tant profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of Illinoi at Chicago, for re earch in Peru on economy and polity in the tran ition to free trade in Peru, 182~ 1880

DA IEL jA 1E ,a i tant profe or of hi tory, Yale Univer­ity, for re earch in Argentina on cla and community in

the development of the Argentine indu trial city of Be­ri 0, 190~ 1955

JORGE LIER R, re earcher, In titute of Art Hi tory, Uni­ver ity of Bonn, for re earch in Argentina on the hi tory of indu trial architecture, 181 ~ 1955

HARRY M. MAKLER, a ociate profe or of ociology, Uni­ver ity of Toronto, for re earch in Brazil on the role of financial conglomerate in the growth and development of Brazil

ED ARDO ORTIZ, re earch, Vector Re earch In titute ( an­tiago), for re earch in Chile on the appearance and de­velopment of political violence between the year 1973 and 1985

JOA E R PPAPORT, a i tant profe or of anthropology, U niver ity of Maryland, for re earch in Colombia on the implementation of hi torical knowledge in highland Colombia

WILLIAM ROSEBERRY, a ociate profe or of anthropology, ew chool for ocial Re earch, for re earch in Mexico

and Peru on a comparative analy i of the hi tory of the emergence of family economy in pea ant ocieue

ILVA IGAL, re earcher, ational Center for Scientific Re­earch (Pari), for re earch in Argentina on the re­tructunng proce of the ocial cience and the reorga­

nization of univer itie following the election , 1983-1986

49

JOE L I VEG ,profe or of political ociology, Univer ity of ta Rica, for re earch in 0 ta Rica, icaragua, and Hondura on part y tem ,election , and the tran ition to democracy, 1970-19 5

P TER WADE, re earch fellow in anthropology, Queen ' olle~e (Cambridge), for re earch in Colombia on the

hi toncal and contemporary per pective of the po ition of black in Colombian octet

JOH. WOMACK, profe or of hi tory, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch in Mexico on indu trial worker in Vera­cruz, 18 0- 1940

E R 0 MIDDLE E ST

The following advanced re earch grant were awarded b the Joint Committee on the ear and Middle Ea t-Peter von iver (chair), Leonard Binder, Abdellah Hammoudi, Michael C. Hud on, uad Jo eph, Jean Leca, Afaf Lutfi al- ayyad Mar ot, E. Roger Owen, Ian R. Richard , and John Waterbur -at its meeting on Febru­ar 2, 19 6. P. ikiforo Diamandouro and Chri tina Dragonetti erved a taff for thi program.

JA ET B -L GHOD, profe or of ociology, geography, urban affair ,and polic re earch, orthwe tern U niver­ity, for re earch on urban linkage in the 13th centur

world y tem MI E E. CI R, a i tant profe or of economic, Loyola

Univer ity, for re earch on the role of unpaid female labor in the potential urvival of mall- cale production firm in Ie develop d countrie

J R. LE, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of 1ichigan, for re earch on the ideologie of variou ocial

group in mid-19th centur Egypt ELAI . E M. Co 1B - HILLI G, a i tant profe or of an­

thropolog , Columbia Univer ity, for re earch on prominent fir t generation merchan in Ca ablanca

LEILA FAWAz, a ociate profe or of diplomacy, The FI tcher hool of La\ and Diplomacy, and a ociate profe or of hi tory, Tuft Univer it , for re earch on the relation hip between We ternization and ectarian trife through an analy i of the impact of We tern

capitali m on the yrian economy in the 19th century COR ELL H. FLEI · HER, a ociate prote or of I lamic hi -

t r , Wa hington niver it , for re earch on the ruling elite of the Ottoman Empire in the age of ule man the Lawgiver, 1520-1566

KEM L H. KARPAT, di tingui hed profe or of hi tor, Uni­ver it of Wi con in, for re earch on community, popu­lation, and nation formation in the Ottoman tate be-tween 1 and 191

ZA IIARY Lo KMA ,a i tant profe or of hi tory, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch on the interaction between Arab and Jewi h labor organization and worker in manda­tory Pale tine between 1920 and 1948

J LIE M. PETEET, coordinator, enter for Contemporary Arab tudie, and adjunct profe or of anthrop logy, Georgetown Univer ity, for re earch on local-level legal culture and the con olidation of the tate in Jordan

Do. ALD G. Q TAERT, a ociate profe or of hi tory, Uni­ver ity of Hou ton, for re earch on the hi tory of man­ufacturing in the Ottoman Middle Ea t between 1 00 and 1914

50

o TH IA

The Joint Committee on outh A ia-Bernard . Cohn (chair), Pranab K. Bardhan, Jan C. Breman, Richard Eaton, Ronald J. Herring, Barbara . Miller, Harold '. Power , and Su an . Wadley-awarded gran to the fol­lowing individual at its meeting on March 8-9, 1986. David L. zanton and arah Fulton erved a taff for thi program.

T ART HART BLACKB R ,re earch a ociate at the enter for outh & outhea t A ian tudie, Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for re earch in Kerala, India on tran mi ion and adaptation of a folk Rama 'ana G T Bo E, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Tufts Univer­ity, for re earch in the United Kingdom on the peasan-

try in modern Bengal, 1770 to the pre ent TEPHE FREDERIC DALE, a ociate profe or of outh A ian and I lamic hi tory, Ohio tate Univer ity, for re arch on Babar' Central A ian heritage: a urvey of Turki tan in 1500

EDWARD JAMES HEITZMAN, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of Iowa, for re earch on network of local power in medieval outh India

KEN ETH WILLIA 1JON ,profe or of outh A ian hi tory, Kan a tate Univer ity, for re earch in England on the defen e of orthodoxy by Punjabi Hindu during the 19th and 20th centurie

DAVID EL WORTH LODE, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of Penn ylvania, for re earch on the hi torical geography of agriculture in outh A ia, 900-1900

VEE A TALWAR OLDENB RG, faculty fellow, arah Law­rence College, for re earch on ocial and legal con truc­tion of gender in urban orth India

o VID WE T R D. ER, fellow in the Department of An­thropology, Univer it of Penn ylvania, for re earch on the ocial organization of commerce in outh India, 1650-1850

PHILLIP B. W GO ER, Middletown, Connecticut, for re­earch on the nature and function of medieval Telugu

hi torical literature ELEA OR ZELLlOT, profe or of outh A ia regional tudies

and hi tory, Carleton College, for re earch on a biog­raphy of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

TIIEA T A I

The Joint Committee on outhea t A ia-John R. W. mail (chair), helly Errington, illian P. Hart, Mary R.

Holln teiner, Charle F. Keye , David Marr, Chai-anan amudvanija, Peter C. mith, and Ruth T. McVey­

awarded grants to the following individual at its meeting on March 14-16, 19 6. David L. zanton and arah Fulton erved a taff for thi program.

BARBAR A. DAYA, enior tutor in hi tory, Univer ity of Auckland, for re earch in umatra on the cultural econ­omy during the 16th through the 19th centurie

GEORGE · M RI S Bo DAREL, profe or of hi tory, Univer­ity of Pari VII, for re earch in France and the United tate on the Nhan Van-Giai Pham movement in com­

muni t Vietnam o VID PORTER CHA DLER, a ociate profe or of hi tory,

VOL ME 40, MBER 2

Mona h Univer ity, for re earch on the tran formation of Cambodia ince 1945

P L HAROLD KR TOSKA, lecturer in hi tory, Univer ity of ience, Malay ia, for re earch on the hi tory of citizen­

hip VICTOR BE. ET LIEBER'I,fA. ,a ociate profe or of hi tory,

Univer ity of Michigan, for re earch on the economic hi tory of Burma, 1450--1852

MICH EL MOER'I,f . ,profe or of anthropology, Univer ity of California, Lo Angele , for re earch in Thailand on a quarter centur of change in a Tai-Lue village

't:s . RODGERS, a ociate profe or of anthropology, Ohio Univerity, for re earch in umatra on the impact of increaing literacy on kin hip and communication

C ROL Rt;BF.SSTEI. ', poet, arawak, for re earch on and tran lation of Da ak oral literature

HE THER A .. fA,,\D THERLA D, profe or of hi tory, Free Univer 'ity, Am terdam, for re earch on 18th century Indone ian trade

SOVU'.I . 'lOS

The following advanced re earch grants were awarded by theJoint Committee on Soviet tudie -Gail War hot: ky Lapidu (chair),Jo eph Berliner, eweryn Bialer,Jeffrey p, Brook, Timothy J , Colton, Loren Graham, Edward L. Keenan, Robert Legvold, Herbert . Levine, Leon Lip on, and William Mill Todd, III-at its meeting on April 5-6, 1986. Blair A. Ruble, Kri tin Antelman, and Regina myth erved a staff for thi program.

ROBERT M. C TLER, vi iting a i tant profe or of political cience, Univer ity of California, anta Barbara, for re-earch on the evolution of the oviet pre ince 1953

JOH. B. HATCH, vi iting lecturer in hi tory, Univer ity of California, River ide, for re earch on labor and politic in NEP Ru ia: worker, trade union, and the Com­muni t Party in Mo cow, 1921-1928

KE. T H. OB D, vi iting lecturer in economic, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch on the labor incentive a pec of economic reform in the oviet Union

TEPHA IE A DLER, a i tant profe or of Ru ian, for re­earch on Alek andr Pu hkin and hi interpreter : Anna

Akhmatova, Marina T vetaeva, and Andrei iniav kii L\, . . E VIOLA, a i tant profe or of hi tory, tate Univer­

ity of New York, Binghamton, for re earch on the elimination of the kulak a a cia in the oviet Union, 192~1936

In the econd national competition for grants to Ameri­can in titution that offer inten ive training in the Ru ian and non-Ru ian language of the oviet Union, the Joint Committee on oviet Studie , at its meeting on April 5-6, 19 6, made award to the Ru ian School at Bo ton Uni­ver ity, the Ru ian Language In titute at Bryn Mawr Col­lege and the Univer ity of Penn ylvania, the Ru ian In-titute at Indiana Univer ity, the Ru ian School at Middle­

bury College, the Ru ian chool at Norwich Univer ity,

J . 'E 1986

and the Georgian Language Program at the Univer ity of Chicago. The committee wa a i ted by a creening com­mittee-William Mill Todd, III (chair), Patricia Chaput, Alice Harri , Donald Jarvi, Daniel Matu zew ki, Romuald Mi iuna , and Charle Town end. A third round of the competition will be held in the winter of 19 6-87.

The first award under the new Joint Committee on oviet tudie program to initiate new teaching po ition in

Ru ian and oviet tudie were al 0 made at the commit­tee' meeting on April 5-6, 1986. The committee made four award : the Univer ity of Chicago received two award for partial funding of po ition in ociology and economic; the Univer ity of Texa received an award to upport a poition in geography; and William College

received an award to upport a po ition in economic . The committee hope to conduct a econd round of thi com­petition in the winter of 1986-87.

I. 00 HI. A T DIES

The ubcommittee on Indochina tudie of the Joint Committee on outhea t A ia-Charle F. Keye (chair), Amy Catlin, Carol Compton, May Ebihara, John Hartmann, Gerald Hickey, Hue-Tam Ho Tai, David Marr, Bounlieng Phomma ouvahh, Yang am, William . Tur­ley, and Alexander Wood ide-at it meeting on March ~9, 1986 awarded grant for the following individual and collaborative projects. Mary Byrne McDonnell and David L. zanton erved a taff for thi program.

SO LANG DEJvo GA ADO ~ AK AYTHO GPHET, Dalla, Texa , for re earch on Lao Buddhi t cu tom of courtship, marriage rite , and birth rite in a Laotian literary rna terpiece

JOH MAR 'TON ADD 0 G OTHEARY, Univer ity of Min­ne ota, for re earch on language reform and language change in Democratic Kampuchea

NG YEN MA H H 'G, The Indochina In titute, George Ma on Univer ity, for re earch on Vietname e nationali t partie , 1945- 1954

JOHN C. SCHAFER AND CAO THI NHu-q YNH, Humboldt tate Univer ity, for re earch on contmuity and change

in Vietname e e ay, poetrr' and fiction, 1910-- 1935 WILLIAM A. MALLEY, Bethe College, for re earch on

Pahaw Hmon~: its development and function a an in­digenou writIng y tern

THUAN V. TR O. G, McLean, Virginia, for re earch on the politicization of the Vietname e Confederation of Work­er in the early 1970

Publi hed and unpubli hed material generated and collected by the e grantee will be placed in an archive at the Library of Congre and made available both to mem­ber of the Indochine e communitie and to re earch cholar .

51

OCIAL CIE CE RE EARCH COUNCIL 605 THIRD VE E, EW YORK, N .Y. 1015

Th, CounCIL was incorporaltd In 1M lalt of illinoIS, Dtumim' 27, /924, for 1M purpo t of advanCIng rt ,arch in Iht ociaJ cimu. ollgovtrnmmtal and inltTdisciplillary in nalur" Iht Cotmcil appmnts cOlnlnllltts of cholar which tt. 10 achitvt 1M Council' purpost through 1M gmtralion of nnu idtas and tht lraining of scholar. Tht acllvllu of th, CouncIL art upporttd primanl, by grallts from bolh privale foundations and govtrnmml agtncits.

Dirtctor, 19 5- 6: RI H RD . BERK, niver ily of California, anta Barbara; TEPHEN E. FIE BERG, Carnegie- 1ellon niver ily; HOWARD GARD. ER, Veleran dmini lralion Medical Center (Bo lon); E. 1AVI HETHERINGTON, niver ily of Virginia; CI-JARUS O . JONES, Univer ily of Virginia; ROBERT W. K TE~, Clark niver ily; GRONER LINDZEY, Center for Advanced ludy in the Behavioral ience; H Gil T . PATRICK, Columbia

niver ily; jO~EPII . PECIIMA ,The Brooking In lilulion (Wa hington, D.C.); YDEL F. ILVERMA ,The Graduale Center, CilY niver ilyof ew York; RODOI FO TAVE. IIAC.EN, EI Colegio de 1exico; TEPHEN 1. TILUR, niver ily of Chicago; FRANCI X. UTTON, Social ience Re earch

uncil ; LOl' I~E A . Til LY, ew hool for ial Research ; IDNEY VERBA, Harvard niver ily; HERBERT F. YORK, niver ily of California, an Diego.

OfflCtT and Staff: FR N IS X. UTTOS, Acting Prt idmt; DAVID L. ILLS, ExtCUliv, AJSoOalt; RONALD J. PELECK, ConlrolltT; VIRGINIA FE Ry-GAGNO. , Amstan/lo th, P"sidm/; jo s D \\IN, P. IKlfORO\ DIAMA'IOO ROS, Y S~f1NE ERL S, MARTIIA A. GEPlt RT, RICII RD H. Mo!>s. ROBERT W. PEARSO', RICIIARD . ROCKWEll, BLAIR A. R BU, LO,:o.;IE R. SIIERROD, DAVID L. Z NTOS, TEF 'I T K, TOBY Au E VOlKM 'I .

52 VOL ME 40, MBER 2