ITBITBHow did it all come to be?How did it all come to be?

The Science VersionThe Science Versionas interpreted by the DOEas interpreted by the DOE

Science and ReligionScience and Religion

– The explanations being offered are the The explanations being offered are the science ones - some of them are outdated as science ones - some of them are outdated as the evidence accumulates.the evidence accumulates.

– Even the best one is still being worked on, as Even the best one is still being worked on, as new evidence is seen with the telescopes of new evidence is seen with the telescopes of the world.the world.

Three ModelsThree Models

SSSS

OUOU

HBBHBB

Steady State – 1950’s

Hot Big Bang – the Standard Model 1950’s to today

Oscillating Universe Big Bang / Big Crunch

Steady StateSteady State

Hoyle - Bondi - Gold 1950’sHoyle - Bondi - Gold 1950’sNo longer considered validNo longer considered valid

The universe is expandingThe universe is expanding– (Hubble proved that!)(Hubble proved that!)

The universe had The universe had no beginningno beginning and will and will have have no endno end..The universe The universe always looks similaralways looks similarTo fill the empty spaces, new matter arises To fill the empty spaces, new matter arises via via continuous creationcontinuous creation

Oscillating UniverseOscillating Universe

Older subset of the Big BangOlder subset of the Big Bangno longer considered validno longer considered valid

there is not enough mass to make it collapsethere is not enough mass to make it collapse

This universe has a beginning – This universe has a beginning – Big BangBig Bang and will collapse into a and will collapse into a Big CrunchBig Crunch at the at the end.end.

A new universe will arise in a A new universe will arise in a newnew Big Big Bang – which will collapse again – etc.Bang – which will collapse again – etc.

This fits in with Hindu cosmology!This fits in with Hindu cosmology!

The Hot Big BangThe Hot Big Bang(the standard model)(the standard model)

Developed in the late 1940’s by Gamow– Developed in the late 1940’s by Gamow– named by Hoyle as an “insult” – it is the named by Hoyle as an “insult” – it is the current basic model.current basic model.Out of “Out of “nothingnessnothingness”; the universe has a ”; the universe has a tiny, hot, beginning – then expands. As the tiny, hot, beginning – then expands. As the energy-universe expands, it cools enough energy-universe expands, it cools enough for matter to form (E=mcfor matter to form (E=mc22), then atoms to ), then atoms to form.form.Mutual gravity pulls the Hydrogen and Mutual gravity pulls the Hydrogen and Helium into stars / galaxies – which Helium into stars / galaxies – which continue to expand.continue to expand.

A little more on the Big BangA little more on the Big Bang

The first matter to form and stay stable The first matter to form and stay stable consists of neutrinos (consists of neutrinos (00), electrons (e), electrons (e--), ), protons (Pprotons (P++) and neutrons (N) and neutrons (N00).).

These particles formed in the first few These particles formed in the first few minutes.minutes.

The first atoms to form were; Hydrogen The first atoms to form were; Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), Lithium (Li), and (H), Helium (He), Lithium (Li), and Beryllium (Be)Beryllium (Be)

These formed after ~ 600,000 years.These formed after ~ 600,000 years.

Evidence for an Expanding Evidence for an Expanding Universe IUniverse I

HubbleHubble

The Graph is The Graph is

Velocity vs. Velocity vs. magnitudemagnitude

The faster it is, The faster it is, the fainter it the fainter it is.is.

Evidence for an Expanding Evidence for an Expanding Universe IIUniverse II

OlberOlberEverywhere Everywhere you look you look you see you see stars – a stars – a sky of sky of eternal eternal light!light!

But – it’s But – it’s not that not that way, so the way, so the universe universe began began sometime.sometime.

Penzias & WilsonPenzias & WilsonCMBCMB

… … used this as a telescope and found used this as a telescope and found there was a background "noise" there was a background "noise" (static) that (static) that seemed to come from all seemed to come from all directionsdirections. Everyone assumed it came . Everyone assumed it came from the telescope itself. So, they had from the telescope itself. So, they had to get rid of it to make the to get rid of it to make the observations they planned. observations they planned. They checked everything to rule out They checked everything to rule out the source of the excess radiation. the source of the excess radiation. They pointed the antenna towards They pointed the antenna towards New York City - it wasn't interference New York City - it wasn't interference from the city. from the city. It wasn't radiation from our galaxy or It wasn't radiation from our galaxy or extraterrestrial radio sources. extraterrestrial radio sources. It wasn't even the pigeons living in the It wasn't even the pigeons living in the big, horn-shaped antenna. They big, horn-shaped antenna. They kicked them out and swept out all kicked them out and swept out all their droppings. their droppings. The source remained the same The source remained the same through four seasons, so it couldn't through four seasons, so it couldn't have come from the solar system or have come from the solar system or even from a 1962 above-ground even from a 1962 above-ground nuclear test, because in a year that nuclear test, because in a year that fallout would have shown a decrease. fallout would have shown a decrease.

They had to conclude it was not the They had to conclude it was not the machine and it was not random noise machine and it was not random noise causing the radiation.causing the radiation.

Dicke said- the residue of the explosion of the Big Bang, should by now take the form of a low-level background radiation throughout the universe.

Penzias and Wilson received the Nobel Prize in 1978

COBE - CMBCOBE - CMBMore evidence was More evidence was desired, so COBE, Cosmic desired, so COBE, Cosmic Background Explorer was Background Explorer was launched.launched.

Image 1 shows our motion Image 1 shows our motion in the cosmos.in the cosmos.

2 shows the Milky Way – 2 shows the Milky Way – minus the motionminus the motion

3 takes the galaxy out for 3 takes the galaxy out for just the Cosmic Microwave just the Cosmic Microwave BackgroundBackground

Smoot and Mather received the Nobel Prize in 2006

COBE - CMBCOBE - CMB

Another Another version – version – looking at looking at the small the small change in change in temperaturetemperature

Telescopes are Time MachinesTelescopes are Time Machines

Light travels 299,729 km/sLight travels 299,729 km/sIf you are on the Moon, you are 1.3 light If you are on the Moon, you are 1.3 light seconds away from the Earth. seconds away from the Earth. The Earth is 8.3 light minutes away from The Earth is 8.3 light minutes away from the Sun.the Sun.– So, the Sun you see is 8.3 minutes old!So, the Sun you see is 8.3 minutes old!

Centauri is 4 light years away from the Centauri is 4 light years away from the Earth. Earth. – You are seeing the star as it was 4 years ago!You are seeing the star as it was 4 years ago!

A Light YearA Light Year

299,729 km/s 299,729 km/s x 60 s/min x 60 s/min

x 60 min/hr x 60 min/hr x 24 hr/day x 24 hr/day

x 365.25 day/yearx 365.25 day/year

= 9,458,727,890,400 km= 9,458,727,890,400 km About 10 trillion kmAbout 10 trillion km

Some Distances = TimesSome Distances = Times

Sirius Sirius

9 Light Years9 Light Years

BetelgeuseBetelgeuse 425 Light Years 425 Light Years

Center of the Milky WayCenter of the Milky Way 30,000 Light Years 30,000 Light Years

Andromeda GalaxyAndromeda Galaxy 2,200,000 Light Years 2,200,000 Light Years

Hubble Deep Field NorthHubble Deep Field NorthGalaxies from the BeginningGalaxies from the Beginning

Hubble Deep Field SouthHubble Deep Field SouthGalaxies from the BeginningGalaxies from the Beginning

DisclaimerDisclaimerAlohaAloha

I put together these power points for use in I put together these power points for use in my science classes.my science classes.You may use them in your classes.You may use them in your classes.

Some images are public domain, some Some images are public domain, some are used under the fair-use provisions of are used under the fair-use provisions of the copyright law, some are mine. the copyright law, some are mine. Copyright is retained by the owners!Copyright is retained by the owners!

Ted BrattstromTed Brattstrom