It’s Time to Be Antibiotics Aware: Antimicrobial ......•Goal of 10 new antibiotics by 2020...

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It’s Time to Be Antibiotics Aware: Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Clinic Megan Bernabe, PharmD, MPH, BCIDP Antimicrobial Stewardship/Infectious Diseases Pharmacist Mercy Medical Center

Transcript of It’s Time to Be Antibiotics Aware: Antimicrobial ......•Goal of 10 new antibiotics by 2020...

Page 1: It’s Time to Be Antibiotics Aware: Antimicrobial ......•Goal of 10 new antibiotics by 2020 •2012: Congress passed GAIN Act (Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now) for Qualified

It’s Time to Be Antibiotics Aware: 

Antimicrobial Stewardship in the 

ClinicMegan Bernabe, PharmD, MPH, BCIDP

Antimicrobial Stewardship/Infectious Diseases Pharmacist

Mercy Medical Center

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Disclosure

Megan Bernabe does not have any relevant financial interest with any entity producing, marketing, re‐selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by or used on patients.

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Objectives

• Learn what antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is and why it is needed• Discuss outpatient AMS targets, both nationally and specifically within Mercy Medical Center/MercyCare

• Identify how you can be an every day antimicrobial steward

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Why is AMS needed?

http://www.michiganpharmacists.org/Portals/0/104%20‐%20VandeHorst,%20Tiberg,%20Torney.pdf?ver=2017‐02‐16‐111802‐297

HERE

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Antibiotics are different from other drugs

Critically important and life‐saving drugs, but their use is not benign

Efficacy decreases over time 

(even when used correctly)

They are a shared resource

Use in one person can harm a different 

person

Srinivasan A. Cleveland Clin J Med. 2017.Freedberg DE, Salmasian H, Cohen B, et al. JAMA Intern Med. 2016.

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Antibiotic use is high• Compare to Scandinavian countries where antibiotic use is 20% less than the lowest prescribing US state

Outpatient: 5 out of every 6 people get an antibiotic course of annually

• Nonteaching hospitals tend to use more antibiotics than teaching hospitals

Inpatient: 55% of patients receive at least 1 dose of an antibiotic

• Main reasons: excessive duration and treatment of colonizing organisms/noninfectious syndromes

Studies consistently show 20% to 40% of antibiotics are unnecessary or inappropriate

Srinivasan A. Cleveland Clin J Med. 2017.Baggs J, Fridkin SK, Pollack LA, et al. JAMA Int Med. 2016.Hecker MT, Aron DC, Patel NP, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2003.

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Antibiotic use is high

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↑ antibiotic use = ↑antibiotic resistance

Dellit TH, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2007.Teshome BF, et al. Pharmacother. 2019.

Antibiotic use is causally 

associated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance

Changes in antibiotic use = changes  in 

resistance prevalence

Infections caused by resistant strains 

more likely in patients who have received prior antibiotics

Hospital areas with ↑ rates of an bio c resistance have ↑rates of antibiotic 

use

↑ duration of antibiotics  = ↑ risk of colonization or infection with 

resistant organisms

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Antibiotic resistance: how it happens

https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic‐use/week/pdfs/How_Antibiotic_Resistance_Happens_508.pdf

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https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/2‐2013‐508.pdf

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Antibiotic resistance: potential impact 

https://amr‐review.org

It is predicted that there will be more deaths globally due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2050 than cancer if we do not change how we are using antibiotics

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Lack of new antibiotics

• 2010: Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) launched 10 x ’20 Initiative• Goal of 10 new antibiotics by 2020

• 2012: Congress passed GAIN Act (Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now) for Qualified Infectious Disease Products• Expedited review/approval• Extra 5 years of market exclusivity

• Since 2013, 12 new antibiotics have been approved• No new classes, only modifications of existing classes

• Major pharmaceutical companies are still exiting antibacterial and antiviral research• Not profitable enough

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Antibiotics have negative consequences: adverse effects

Tamma PD, et al. JAMA Intern Med. 2017.Edmond M. http://haicontroversies.blogspot.com/2017/06/antibiotics‐theres‐no‐free‐lunch.html#!/2017/06/antibiotics‐theres‐no‐free‐lunch.html

1 in 5 inpatients treated with antibiotics is harmedRetrospective cohort study of 5,579 adult internal medicine inpatients at Johns Hopkins Hospital• 27% received 

antibiotics• 20% developed at 

least 1 adverse antibiotic event

• 19% of antibiotic regimens not indicated

324 adverse eventsGI 41%

MDRO infection 26%

Renal 14%

Heme 9%

Hepatobiliary 4%

Neuro 4%

97% of adverse events had additional clinical ramifications:• Additional laboratory tests, electrocardiograms, or imaging studies (61%)• Prolonged hospital stay (24%)• Additional clinical or emergency department visits (9%)• Additional hospitalizations (3%)

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Antibiotics have negative consequences: ED visits for adverse effects

Adults (≥ 20 years): 2011‐2015• ~145,000 visits per year

• About 14% of all ED visits for adverse effects from a medication

• Young adults accounted for 33% of the visits (20‐34 years)

• Most common adverse effect was allergic reaction• Followed by adverse effects due to supratherapeutic or excessive dosing

• Similar to findings in 2008

Children (≤ 19 years): 2011‐2015• ~70,000 visits per year

• About 45% of all ED visits for adverse effects from a medication

• Children ≤ 2 years accounted for 41% of the visits

• Most common adverse effect was allergic reaction• Followed by general adverse effects specific to the antibiotic

Gellar AI, et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2018.Shehab N, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008.

Lovegrove MC, et all. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018.

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Antibiotics have negative consequences: disturbance of the gut microbiome

https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ARSI‐Microbiome‐Infographic‐2017.pdf

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Antibiotics have negative consequences: increased risk of C. difficile• Risk of C. difficile infection after antibiotic use

• 7 to 10 times higher than baseline for 1 month after antibiotic use• 3 times higher than baseline in the following 2 months

• Most recent CDC data show that nearly 500,000 infections occurred in 2011• 29,000 deaths within 30 days of initial diagnosis• > 80% of deaths in patients ≥ 65 years

• High rate of recurrence• 30% of patients within 30 days

Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, Dekkers OM, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012.Srinivasan A. Cleveland Clin J Med. 2017.Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, et al. NEJM. 2015.

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What can we do?

Use the antibiotics we do have more wisely…

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Antibiotic use: most impactful modifiable AMR driver

Human and animal antibiotic misuse and overuse 

Holmes AH, Moore LSP, Sundsfjord A, et al. Lancet. 2016. 

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Response and action: national and global• 2004: IDSA releases “Bad Bugs, No Drugs” policy report• 2007: IDSA/SHEA guidelines on developing an institutional AMS program• 2010: IDSA 10 x ‘20 initiative• 2012: GAIN Act• 2013: CDC’s AMR Threat Report (Urgent, Serious, and Concerning threats)

• Urgent: C. diff, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae, drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae• 2014: President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) AMR report• 2015: National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (CARB)• 2015: World Health Organization Global Action Plan on AMR• 2017: Joint Commission antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) standards for acute care and critical access hospitals and nursing care centers

• 2020: Joint Commission ASP standards for ambulatory care settings• What is most likely coming: CMS Conditions of Participation for ASP (already in place for long‐term care facilities)

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What is AMS?

• Coordinated interventions and processes designed to optimize antibiotic use• Increase appropriate use and decrease inappropriate use• Includes interventions to guide providers

• When antibiotics are needed• Which antibiotic(s) to use• Optimal dose, route, and duration of therapy

• Who is involved? Everyone!• Anyone who prescribes, dispenses, administers, monitors, or receives antibiotics• Teamwork makes the dream work

• An ASP typically involves a core team and committee

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MMC’s Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Goals• Optimize antimicrobial use across MMC in order to 

• Slow and prevent the emergence of resistance• Improve patient outcomes through evidence‐based used of antimicrobials• Reduce the incidence of antimicrobial‐related adverse effects and unintended consequences (such as C. difficile infection)

• Promote culture change around the use of antimicrobials• Antimicrobial stewardship is everyone’s responsibility• Antimicrobials are not harmless• Antimicrobials are a shared resource

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Core Elements of Outpatient AMSCommitment: demonstrate 

dedication to and accountability for 

optimizing antibiotic prescribing and patient 

safety

Action for policy and practice: implement at least 

one policy or practice, assess whether it is 

working, and modify as needed

Tracking and reporting:monitor antibiotic 

prescribing practices and offer regular feedback to 

clinicians, or have clinicians assess their own prescribing

Education and expertise:provide educational 

resources to clinicians and patients on antibiotic prescribing, and ensure 

access to needed expertise

CDC. The Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship. 2016.

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Commitment• Write and display public commitments in support of AMS

CDC. The Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship. 2016.Meeker D, et al. JAMA Int Med. 2014.

Intervention: ‐Poster with a public commitment to use antibiotic judiciously with clinician picture and signature‐Displayed in exam rooms at point of clinician‐patient encounter 

Outcome:Antibiotic prescribing rates for acute respiratory infections (ARI) that are typically viral

Results:‐954 adults with ARI‐Poster group had a 19.7% ↓ in antibiotic prescribing (p=0.02)

Conclusions: public commitments in a poster are a low‐cost intervention that can reduce unnecessary prescribing

Randomized controlled trial15 primary care providers5 primary care clinics in the US

CDC has a draft commitment poster that clinicians can sign and hang

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Actions

• Implement policies and interventions to promote appropriate antibiotic prescribing practices• Use evidence‐based diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations• Use delayed prescribing practices or watchful waiting, when appropriate

• Where to start and how to incorporate these?  data evaluation• CDC 2018 Update: Antibiotic Use in the United States, Progress and Opportunities

• Local/internal data

CDC. The Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship. 2016.

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Data: acute respiratory infections

• Nationally, antibiotics are often being prescribed for respiratory illnesses where not indicated

Included diagnoses: viral URIs, bronchitis and/or bronchiolitis, asthma and/or allergy, influenza, nonsuppurative otitis media, and viral pneumonia

Palms DL, et al. JAMA Int Med. 2018.CDC 2018 Update: Antibiotic Use in the United States, Progress and Opportunities

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Data: acute respiratory infections

• Nationally, sinusitis is the most common indication for an antibiotic prescription in the outpatient setting

• Most antibiotic durations for sinusitis were longer than recommended• 5‐7 days recommended for uncomplicated sinusitis• 70% of antibiotic courses were 10 or more days

• Azithromycin accounted for > 20% of antibiotics prescribed for sinusitis• Azithromycin is not a first line recommended therapy due to resistance

Fleming‐Dutra KE, et al. JAMA. 2016.King LM, et al. JAMA Int Med. 2018.CDC 2018 Update: Antibiotic Use in the United States, Progress and Opportunities.

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Data: acute respiratory infections, bronchitis

Guideline recommendations for acute uncomplicated bronchitis

• New National Quality Forum (NQF) measure for Urgent Care: appropriate treatment for children with URI• Percentage of children (3 months‐18 years) with a diagnosis of URI who were NOT prescribed an antibiotic

• On or within 3 days after an outpatient or ED encounter• August 2019: only 30% were NOT prescribed an antibiotic

Causes Antibiotic prescribing strategy

• > 90%: viruses• Nonviral: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila 

pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis

• In the absence of pneumonia, antibiotics are not indicated (exception: pertussis)

• Routine testing for nonviral causes is not recommended 

Harris AM, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2016.

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Data: acute respiratory infections, sinusitis

Guideline recommendations for acute rhinosinusitis

• NQF measure for Urgent Care: antibiotic prescribed for acute sinusitis• Percentage of adults with a diagnosis of acute sinusitis who were prescribed an antibiotic within 7 days after onset of symptoms

• July 2019: 27% received an antibiotic within 7 days of symptom onset

Harris AM, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2016.

Causes Antibiotic prescribing strategy

Recommended antibiotic (no penicillin allergy)

Recommended antibiotic (penicillin allergy)

• Most cases caused by viruses, allergies, or irritants

• < 2%: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, M. catarrhalis, and anaerobic bacteria

Antibiotics may be prescribed if symptoms ≥ 7‐10 days, severe symptoms last for ≥ 3 days, or onset of worsening symptoms ≥ 3 days after initial improvement

Amoxicillin/clavulanate 875/125 mg PO BID x 5‐7 days (OR 2000 mg PO BID x 5‐7 days for severe infection)

• Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 5‐7 days

• Still in guidelines: levofloxacin 500 mg PO daily OR moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily x 5‐7 days

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Actions: acute respiratory infections

Mangione‐Smith R, et al. Ann Fam Med. 2015.

• Cross‐sectional study assessing communication techniques associated with prescribing antibiotics for ARIs and parent visit satisfaction

• 28 pediatric providers and 1284 parents in the US

• Combined explanations of 1) why antibiotics are not needed + 2) recommendations for treating symptoms  lower risk of antibiotic prescribing and higher parental visit satisfaction

Dennis E, et al.Wellness Bags initiative for bronchitis

Mayo Regional Hospital, Maine

• Wellness Bags: tissue, cough drops, hand sanitizer and patient education materials about why antibiotics are not recommended for bronchitis

• Clinicians at the ED and five primary care practices were given a set number of bags + posters to hang in offices and waiting rooms

• 3 month comparison between 2016 and 2017• Primary care clinics: 84% received antibiotics vs 8% post‐intervention

• ED: 67% received antibiotics vs 54% post‐intervention

http://www.choosingwisely.org/resources/updates‐from‐the‐field/bagging‐antibiotics‐in‐maine/

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Actions: acute respiratory infections (coming)

• Resource being developed for Mercy providers: symptomatic treatment handout

• Working on pediatric version as well

• Will make available in multiple ways to fit different workflows

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Data: fluoroquinolones (FQs)

• Updated FDA labeling in 2016: do not use FQs for acute bacterial sinusitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, or uncomplicated UTI• Potentially irreversible tendinitis/tendon rupture and peripheral neuropathy

• CNS effects• Glucose regulation disturbance• Rupture of aortic aneurysm

• Nationally, ~25% of FQs are prescribed unnecessarily• 2014: ~5% for colds/bronchitis and ~20% for UTIs and sinusitis

• 2011‐2014: FQs account for 22% of all antibiotics prescribed for adults ≥ 65 years

• Mercy baseline FQ data‐indications (2017)• 34% UTI• 19% bronchitis/URI• 13% sinusitis• 13% skin/soft tissue infection

• Determined overall expected FQ prescribing rate of ~9% (note overall goal not zero!)

CDC 2018 Update: Antibiotic Use in the United States, Progress and Opportunities.Kabbani S, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2018.CDC. Outpatient antibiotic prescriptions– United States, 2014.Kabbani S, et al. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018.

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Actions: fluoroquinolones (FQs)

• Success at MMC + FDA warnings led to ASP goal to decrease outpatient FQ prescribing

Baseline data and 

determination of expected 

FQ prescribing rate

Education to providers and individual baseline FQ prescribing 

rates

Tracking of rates every 6 months and dissemination to providers

1 on 1 discussions 

with providers one year into 

project

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ys present

Hospital‐onset C. diff infection (HO‐CDI) and use of levofloxacin at MMC

Levofloxacin HO‐CDI/10000 pt days

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Actions: fluoroquinolones (FQs)

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2017 (baseline) 2018 H1/2019

FQ prescribing among MercyCareproviders

(Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Urgent Care)

Number of providers with FQ  prescribing rate > 9%

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H1/2017 H1/2018 H1/2019

Community‐associated C. diff infections among Mercy patients

Number of community‐associated C. diff infections

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Data: penicillin allergy

• Most commonly reported drug allergy but highly overreported• Penicillin allergy label leads to other risks

• ↑ risk of MRSA and C. diff infection than patients without penicillin allergy• ↑ risk of surgical site infec on

• De‐labeling of penicillin allergy is an important AMS practiceCDC. Is it really penicillin allergy? 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic‐use/community/pdfs/penicillin‐factsheet.pdf.Rubin R. JAMA. 2018.

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Action: penicillin allergy• Evaluate clinical history of penicillin allergy to determine if testing is indicated• Two penicillin allergy testing options: skin test or oral test dose procedure

• Only rule out type I IgE‐mediated allergy• Current outpatient testing option at Mercy: skin test

Type Descriptor Clinical features Typical onset

I Anaphylactic (IgE‐mediated)

Anaphylaxis, urticaria, angioedema, wheezing/ dyspnea, bronchospasm, hypotension, laryngeal edema

Minutes to hours

II Cytotoxic Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia Days to weeks

III Immune complex Serum sickness, drug fever Days to weeks

IV Cell‐mediated Maculopapular rash, severe exfoliative dermatoses (e.g. Stevens‐Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, interstitial nephritis, drug‐induced hepatitis

Days to weeks

Shenoy ES, et al. JAMA. 2019.

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Based on allergy history/chart review, classify past penicillin reaction and follow 

recommended process

Not allergic: reaction was an adverse effect (N/V/D, yeast vaginitis, 

etc.) OR family members with allergy

Penicillin skin testing not indicated. Beta‐lactam can be used.

Correct/clarify the allergy documentation.

Serious delayed reaction (type II‐IV)

Penicillin skin testing contraindicated. Beta‐lactam should not be 

used.

Type I (IgE‐mediated) NOT within past 5 years ORunknown reaction/ insufficient detail but without mucosal involvement, skin 

desquamation, or organ involvement

Penicillin skin testing indicated

Type I (IgE‐mediated) reaction within past 5 

years

Penicillin skin testing contraindicated per 

MMC policy. Cephalosporins should not be used unless known tolerance.

Mild reaction without features of an IgE‐mediated reaction 

(rash with or without itching) OR known 

tolerance of cephalosporins

Cephalosporins can be used without further testing OR penicillin skin testing can be done for allergy de‐

labeling

Shenoy ES, et al. JAMA. 2019.Blumenthal KG, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015.

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Action: penicillin allergy

• Penicillin skin testing is completed by trained staff only (Healing Center nurses)

• If negative penicillin skin test• Can use penicillin or related antibiotics, including cephalosporins

• If patient has reported cephalosporin allergy, recommend avoiding cephalosporins (but can still use penicillin/amoxicillin)• Can refer to allergist for cephalosporin allergy testing if available

Shenoy ES, et al. JAMA. 2019.

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• Outpatient ordering: Ambulatory Referral to Healing Center (REF110)

• Inpatient ordering: Inpatient consult to Pharmacy for penicillin allergy testing• Also have a process set up to proactively identify patients who would benefit from penicillin allergy testing (pharmacist‐driven)

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Data: asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB)• Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common

• Isolation of significant colony counts of bacteria in the urine without symptoms of a UTI

• Pyuria in the setting of ASB is common• Not an indication for antibiotics

• Be cautious in assuming that mental status changes means UTI• Can lead to the real cause being missed• Altered mental status and ASB are both independently common in elderly

• Randomized, controlled trials show no benefit to treating ASB in most patients• Treatment of ASB indicated for pregnant women and patients undergoing invasive urologic procedures

• Treatment when not indicated has been found to be associated with adverse events, resistance, and increased risk of subsequent UTIs

Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, et al. IDSA guidelines for ASB. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 and 2019.Cai T, Mazzoli S, Mondaini N, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012.Cai T, Nesi G, Maazoli S, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2015. https://www.ammi.ca/Content/AntibioticAwareness/AC‐Brief%20poster_Eng_8.5x11_colour.pdf

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Data: ASB

Population Prevalence of ASB

Prevalence of pyuria in persons with ASB

Healthy premenopausal women < 5% 32%

Women 65‐90 years old 6‐16% ‐‐

Women > 90 years old  22‐43% ‐‐

Diabetic women 9‐27% 70%

People receiving hemodialysis  28% 90%

Female long‐term care residents 25‐50% 90%

Male long‐term care residents 15‐35% 90%

Presence of indwelling urinary catheter 100% 50‐100%

Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, et al. IDSA guidelines for ASB. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 and 2019.

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Data: ASB in the nursing home

• Suspected UTIs account for 30‐60% of antibiotic prescriptions in nursing homes• Up to 40‐50% of these treating ASB rather than UTI• Risk of C. diff was found to be 8.5 times higher in the following 3 months for residents treated for ASB

• AHRQ developed the UTI SBAR to guide communication between nursing home staff and prescribing clinicians about the potential need for antibiotics• A study in 12 nursing homes in Texas found that using the UTI SBAR reduced antibiotic treatment of ASB by about 33%

Rotjanapan P, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2011.CDC Core Elements of Antibiotic Stewardship in Nursing Homes. 2015.AHRQ Suspected UTI SBAR Toolkit. 2016.

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Actions: ASB in the nursing home

• July 2019: incorporated the UTI SBAR into Epic SmartText for Hallmarnursing staff

• If there is a suspected UTI, the note will be utilized in a telephone encounter• If UTI criteria is met, will route to the provider

• If UTI criteria is not met, will not route to the provider

• Patient/family education in newsletter• Nursing education at staff meeting and through Net Learning

• Provider education through letter0

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% of antibiotic prescriptions linked to UTI diagnosis

Percentage of antibiotic prescriptions for UTI at Hallmar

Baseline (July‐Dec 2018) Jul‐19

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Data: C. diff infection

• Highly sensitive C. diff nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT; or C. difficile toxin by PCR) can detect colonization of C. diff

• A multistep algorithm is recommended for C. diff testing of stool specimens

• Testing should be in patients with unexplained and new‐onset diarrhea with ≥ 3 unformed stools in 24 hrs

McDonald LC, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2017.https://www.knowyourpoo.com/images/Cepheid‐Clinician‐Education‐Poster.pdf

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Data: C. diff infection‐ new testing as of 9/10/18GDH Result Toxin A/B Result NAAT (PCR) 

ResultComment/ Interpretation (displayed in Epic with results)

Positive Positive N/A Positive for the presence of toxigenic C. difficile. Active C. difficile disease is likely. Isolation and contact precautions are likely needed.

Negative Negative N/A Negative for the presence of C. difficile and C. difficile toxin. No evidence of C. difficile infection. Consider alternative diagnoses.

Negative Positive N/A This specimen has produced discordant results. Please recollect a new sample for repeat testing, if clinically indicated.

Positive Negative Negative Negative for the presence of toxigenic C. difficile. Results suggest the presence of a non‐toxigenic C. difficile strain that does not cause C. difficile colitis. Treatment and isolation are not indicated.

Positive Negative Positive Positive for the presence of toxigenic C. difficile, but negative for the presence of C. difficile toxin. May be consistent with asymptomatic C. difficile colonization or active C. difficiledisease. Treat only if clinical suspicion is high.

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Data: C. diff infectionTime period # of potential 

CDI episodes% non‐adherent to treatment recommendations or potentially unnecessary treatment

2019 (Jan, April, May)

47  38 10 patients with likely colonization (+ virus or bacterial pathogen 

on stool panel, C. diff toxin A/B was negative but GDH and PCR positive)o Of these, 6 patients treated with metronidazole and 1 

patient given azithromycin with the C. diff treatment 7 patients treated with metronidazole (no longer 1st line, except 

for pediatrics) 1 patient with wrong taper regimen

https://mobilesyrup.com/2017/11/03/even‐unicode‐consortium‐struggling‐poop‐emoji/

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Action: C. diff infection decision support (coming)

BPA for colonization• GDH +, toxin A/B ‐, PCR + AND• Stool pathogen panel positive for a viral or non‐C. diff bacterial pathogen

• BPA will fire upon ordering of PO vancomycin or metronidazole recommending no C. diff treatment

BPA for metronidazole• GDH +, toxin A/B + (active C. diff)AND• Patient is ≥ 18 yrs• BPA will fire upon ordering of PO metronidazole recommending PO vancomycin

• Metronidazole is no longer first line for any severity of C. diff in adults

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Resources

• Antibiogram and antibiotic quick reference available in Epic• Updated yearly• No longer printing copies for distribution

• One page guidelines that include outpatient/PO antibiotic treatment recommendations

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One last non‐antibiotic thing (by request)

• Pre‐Operative Medications to Take and Hold Policy update in April 2019: • ACE inhibitors and ARBs should be held 24 hours prior to surgery and may be held up to 48 hours per surgeon instruction

• Due to risk of hypotension• Perioperative management of ACEIs/ARBs is controversial

• ACC/AHA guidelines (2014) for noncardiac surgery state “continuation perioperatively is reasonable”

• ACCF/AHA guidelines (2011) for CABG surgery state ACEIs/ARBs given before CABG should be “reinstituted postoperatively once the patient is stable unless contraindicated”

• Multiple observational studies and some small randomized studies show increased risk of intraoperative and/or postoperative hypotension for noncardiac and CABG surgery• Outcomes variable on cardiovascular or renal injury outcomes

• Noncardiac: most studies show no difference between groups who held or continued• Cardiac: some nonrandomized suggest possible myocardial protective effect of continuation but conflicting 

results on kidney injuryRoshanov PS, et al. Anesthesiology. 2017.Fleisher LA, et al. Circulation. 2014.Hillis LD, et al. Circulation. 2011.Muluk V, et al. UpToDate: perioperative medication management. 2019.

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Takeaways• Everyone needs to contribute to antimicrobial stewardship  the future of antibiotics depends on it• Evidence‐based use of antibiotics means better patient outcomes and less risk for unintended consequences• Has to be a multidisciplinary and team process• Utilize the CDC Core Elements

• Write and display public commitments in support of AMS in your clinics (it’s easy!)• Decrease unnecessary antibiotics for ARI by explaining why antibiotics are not needed and offering patients specific symptomatic treatment recommendations

• Continue to use FQs judiciously due to associated toxicities• Evaluate penicillin allergy, ensure accurate documentation in the chart, and consider referral to the Healing Center for penicillin skin testing if indicated

• Symptom free pee, let it be! ASB (with pyuria) is common in nursing home patients and treatment is not beneficial

• Treatment of C. diff colonization has not been shown to be beneficial utilize comments for interpretation of C. diff testing and decision support once available 

https://www.idri.org/antibiotic‐resistance‐are‐you‐contributing‐to‐the‐problem/

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Thank [email protected]‐221‐8850