Itanium

For more details on the technical architecture, not chipimplementations, see IA-64.

Itanium (/atenim/ eye-TAY-nee-m) is a family of64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the IntelItanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). Intelmarkets the processors for enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems. The Itanium architec-ture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was laterjointly developed by HP and Intel.Itanium-based systems have been produced by HP (theHP Integrity Servers line) and several other manufactur-ers. As of 2008, Itanium was the fourth-most deployedmicroprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems,behind x86-64, Power Architecture, and SPARC.[1] Themost recent processor, Poulson was released on Novem-ber 8, 2012.

1 Market reception

1.1 High-end server market

HP zx6000 system board with dual Itanium 2 processors

When rst released in 2001, Itaniums performance,compared to better-established RISC and CISC proces-sors, was disappointing.[2][3] Emulation to run existingx86 applications and operating systems was particularlypoor, with one benchmark in 2001 reporting that it wasequivalent at best to a 100 MHz Pentium in this mode(1.1 GHz Pentiums were on the market at that time).[4]Itanium failed to make signicant inroads against IA-32or RISC, and then suered from the successful introduc-

Itanium 2 in 2003

tion of x86-64 based systems into the high-end servermarket, systems which were more compatible with theolder x86 applications. Journalist John C. Dvorak, com-menting in 2009 on the history of the Itanium proces-sor, said This continues to be one of the great ascos ofthe last 50 years in an article titled How the ItaniumKilled the Computer Industry.[5] Tech columnist AshleeVance commented that the delays and underperformanceturned the product into a joke in the chip industry.[6]In an interview, Donald Knuth said The Itanium ap-proach...was supposed to be so terricuntil it turnedout that the wished-for compilers were basically impossi-ble to write.[7]

Both Red Hat andMicrosoft announced plans to drop Ita-nium support in their operating systems due to lack ofmarket interest;[8][9] however, other Linux distributionssuch as Gentoo remain available for Itanium. On March22, 2011, Oracle announced discontinuation of develop-ment on Itanium, although its technical support for itsexisting products would continue.[10] In October 2013,Oracle committed to release Oracle Database 12.1.0.1.0on HP-UX Itanium 11.31 by early 2014.[11] In February2014, Debian discontinued their ia64 port.[12]

A former Intel ocial reported that the Itanium businesshad become protable for Intel in late 2009.[13] By 2009,the chip was almost entirely deployed on servers made byHP, which had over 95% of the Itanium server marketshare,[6] making the main operating system for ItaniumHP-UX. On March 22, 2011 Intel rearmed its com-mitment to Itanium with multiple generations of chips indevelopment and on schedule.[14]

1.2 Other marketsAlthough Itanium did attain limited success in the nichemarket of high-end computing, Intel had originally hopedit would nd broader acceptance as a replacement for the

1

2 2 HISTORY

HP zx6000, an Itanium 2-based Unix workstation

original x86 architecture.[15]

AMD chose a dierent direction, designing the less rad-ical x86-64, a 64-bit extension to the existing x86 ar-chitecture, which Microsoft then supported, forcing In-tel to introduce the same extensions in its own x86-basedprocessors.[16] These designs can run existing 32-bit ap-plications at native hardware speed, while oering sup-port for 64-bit memory addressing and other enhance-ments to new applications.[6] This architecture has nowbecome the predominant 64-bit architecture in the desk-top and portable market. Although some Itanium-basedworkstations were initially introduced by companies suchas SGI, they are no longer available.

2 History

Itanium Server Sales forecast history.[17][18]

2.1 Development: 19892000In 1989, HP determined that Reduced Instruction SetComputing (RISC) architectures were approaching a pro-cessing limit at one instruction per cycle. HP researchersinvestigated a new architecture, later named ExplicitlyParallel Instruction Computing (EPIC), that allows the

processor to execute multiple instructions in each clockcycle. EPIC implements a form of Very Long Instruc-tionWord (VLIW) architecture, in which a single instruc-tion word contains multiple instructions. With EPIC, thecompiler determines in advance which instructions canbe executed at the same time, so the microprocessor sim-ply executes the instructions and does not need elaboratemechanisms to determine which instructions to executein parallel.[19] The goal of this approach is twofold: toenable deeper inspection of the code at compile time toidentify additional opportunities for parallel execution,and to simplify processor design and reduce energy con-sumption by eliminating the need for runtime schedulingcircuitry.HP believed that it was no longer cost-eective for indi-vidual enterprise systems companies such as itself to de-velop proprietary microprocessors, so it partnered withIntel in 1994 to develop the IA-64 architecture, derivedfrom EPIC. Intel was willing to undertake a very large de-velopment eort on IA-64 in the expectation that the re-sulting microprocessor would be used by the majority ofenterprise systems manufacturers. HP and Intel initiateda large joint development eort with a goal of deliveringthe rst product, Merced, in 1998.[19]

During development, Intel, HP, and industry analystspredicted that IA-64 would dominate in servers, work-stations, and high-end desktops, and eventually supplantRISC and Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)architectures for all general-purpose applications.[2][3]Compaq and Silicon Graphics decided to abandon fur-ther development of the Alpha and MIPS architecturesrespectively in favor of migrating to IA-64.[20]

Several groups developed operating systems for the ar-chitecture, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, andUNIX variants such as HP-UX, Solaris,[21][22][23] Tru64UNIX,[20] and Monterey/64[24] (the last three were can-celed before reaching the market). By 1997, it was ap-parent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler weremuch more dicult to implement than originally thought,and the delivery of Merced began slipping.[25] Techni-cal diculties included the very high transistor countsneeded to support the wide instruction words and thelarge caches. There were also structural problems withinthe project, as the two parts of the joint team used dif-ferent methodologies and had slightly dierent priorities.Since Merced was the rst EPIC processor, the devel-opment eort encountered more unanticipated problemsthan the team was accustomed to. In addition, the EPICconcept depends on compiler capabilities that had neverbeen implemented before, so more research was needed.Intel announced the ocial name of the processor, Ita-nium, on October 4, 1999.[26] Within hours, the nameItanic had been coined on a Usenet newsgroup, a refer-ence to Titanic, the unsinkable ocean liner that sank in1912.[27] Itanic has since often been used by The Regis-ter,[28] and others,[29][30][31] to imply that the multibillion

2.4 Itanium 9300 (Tukwila): 2010 3

dollar investment in Itaniumand the early hype asso-ciated with itwould be followed by its relatively quickdemise.

2.2 Itanium (Merced): 2001

By the time Itanium was released in June 2001, its per-formance was not superior to competing RISC and CISCprocessors.[32] Itanium competed at the low-end (primar-ily 4-CPU and smaller systems) with servers based on x86processors, and at the high end with IBMs POWER ar-chitecture and Sun Microsystems' SPARC architecture.Intel repositioned Itanium to focus on high-end businessand HPC computing, attempting to duplicate x86s suc-cessful horizontal market (i.e., single architecture, mul-tiple systems vendors). The success of this initial pro-cessor version was limited to replacing PA-RISC in HPsystems, Alpha in Compaq systems andMIPS in SGI sys-tems, though IBM also delivered a supercomputer basedon this processor.[33] POWER and SPARC remainedstrong, while the 32-bit x86 architecture continued togrow into the enterprise space, building on economies ofscale fueled by its enormous installed base.Only a few thousand systems using the original MercedItanium processor were sold, due to relatively poor per-formance, high cost and limited software availability.[34]Recognizing that the lack of software could be a seri-ous problem for the future, Intel made thousands of theseearly systems available to independent software vendors(ISVs) to stimulate development. HP and Intel broughtthe next-generation Itanium 2 processor to market a yearlater.

2.3 Itanium 2: 20022010

The Itanium 2 processor was released in 2002, and wasmarketed for enterprise servers rather than for the wholegamut of high-end computing. The rst Itanium 2, code-namedMcKinley, was jointly developed by HP and Intel.It relieved many of the performance problems of the orig-inal Itanium processor, which were mostly caused by aninecient memory subsystem. McKinley contained 221million transistors (of which 25 million were for logic),measured 19.5 mm by 21.6 mm (421 mm2) and was fab-ricated in a 180 nm, bulk CMOS process with six layersof aluminium metallization.[35]

In 2003, AMD released the Opteron, which implementedits own 64-bit architecture (AMD64). Opteron gainedrapid acceptance in the enterprise server space becauseit provided an easy upgrade from x86. Intel respondedby implementing x86-64 in its Xeon microprocessors in2004.[20]

Intel released a new Itanium 2 family member, code-named Madison, in 2003. Madison used a 130 nm pro-cess and was the basis of all new Itanium processors until

Montecito was released in June 2006.In March 2005, Intel announced that it was working ona new Itanium processor, codenamed Tukwila, to be re-leased in 2007. Tukwila would have four processor coresand would replace the Itanium bus with a new CommonSystem Interface, which would also be used by a newXeon processor.[36] Later that year, Intel revised Tuk-wilas delivery date to late 2008.[37]

In November 2005, the major Itanium server manufac-turers joined with Intel and a number of software ven-dors to form the Itanium Solutions Alliance to promotethe architecture and accelerate software porting.[38] TheAlliance announced that its members would invest $10billion in Itanium solutions by the end of the decade.[39]

In 2006, Intel delivered Montecito (marketed as the Ita-nium 2 9000 series), a dual-core processor that roughlydoubled performance and decreased energy consumptionby about 20 percent.[40]

Intel released the Itanium 2 9100 series, codenamedMontvale, in November 2007.[41] In May 2009 the sched-ule for Tukwila, its follow-on, was revised again, with re-lease to OEMs planned for the rst quarter of 2010.[42]

2.4 Itanium 9300 (Tukwila): 2010

Main article: Tukwila (processor)

The Itanium 9300 series processor, codenamed Tuk-wila, was released on 8 February 2010 with greater per-formance and memory capacity.[43]

The device uses a 65 nm process, includes two to fourcores, up to 24MB on-die caches, Hyper-Threading tech-nology and integrated memory controllers. It imple-ments double-device data correction, which helps to xmemory errors. Tukwila also implements Intel Quick-Path Interconnect (QPI) to replace the Itanium bus-based architecture. It has a peak interprocessor band-width of 96 GB/s and a peak memory bandwidth of34 GB/s. With QuickPath, the processor has integratedmemory controllers and interfaces the memory directly,using QPI interfaces to directly connect to other pro-cessors and I/O hubs. QuickPath is also used on Intelprocessors using the Nehalem microarchitecture, mak-ing it probable that Tukwila and Nehalem will be ableto use the same chipsets.[44] Tukwila incorporates fourmemory controllers, each of which supports multipleDDR3 DIMMs via a separate memory controller,[45]much like the Nehalem-based Xeon processor code-named Beckton.[46]

2.5 Itanium 9500 (Poulson): 2012

The Itanium 9500 series processor, codenamed Poulson,is the follow-on processor to Tukwila and was released

4 4 HARDWARE SUPPORT

on November 8, 2012.[47] According to Intel, it skipsthe 45 nm process technology and uses a 32 nm processtechnology; it features eight cores, has a 12-wide issuearchitecture, multithreading enhancements, and new in-structions to take advantage of parallelism, especially invirtualization.[44][48][49] The Poulson L3 cache size is 32MB. L2 cache size is 6 MB, 512 I KB, 256 D KB percore.[50] Die size is 544 mm, less than its predecessorTukwila (698.75 mm).[51][52]

At ISSCC 2011, Intel presented a paper called, A 32nm3.1 Billion Transistor 12-Wide-Issue Itanium Processorfor Mission Critical Servers.[50][53] Given Intels his-tory of disclosing details about Itanium microproces-sors at ISSCC, this paper most likely refers to Poulson.Analyst David Kanter speculates that Poulson will usea new microarchitecture, with a more advanced formof multi-threading that uses as many as two threads,to improve performance for single threaded and multi-threaded workloads.[54] Some new information was re-leased at Hot Chips conference.[55][56]

New information presents improvements in multithread-ing, resilency improvements (Instruction Replay RAS)and few new instructions (thread priority, integer instruc-tion, cache prefetching, data access hints).In Intels Product ChangeNotication (PCN) 111456-01,it listed 4 models of Itanium 9500 series CPU, which waslater removed in a revised document.[57] The parts werelater listed in Intels Material Declaration Data Sheets(MDDS) database.[58] Intel later posted Itanium 9500reference manual.[59]

The models are:[57]

3 Market shareIn comparison with its Xeon family of server processors,Itanium has never been a high-volume product for Intel.Intel does not release production numbers. One industryanalyst estimated that the production rate was 200,000processors per year in 2007.[60]

According to Gartner Inc., the total number of Ita-nium servers (not processors) sold by all vendors in2007 was about 55,000. (It is unclear whether clus-tered servers counted as a single server or not.) Thiscompares with 417,000 RISC servers (spread across allRISC vendors) and 8.4 million x86 servers. IDC re-ports that a total of 184,000 Itanium-based systemswere sold from 2001 through 2007. For the combinedPOWER/SPARC/Itanium systems market, IDC reportsthat POWER captured 42% of revenue and SPARC cap-tured 32%, while Itanium-based system revenue reached26% in the second quarter of 2008.[61] According to anIDC analyst, in 2007 HP accounted for perhaps 80%of Itanium systems revenue.[62] According to Gartner, in2008 HP accounted for 95% of Itanium sales.[6] HPs Ita-nium system sales were at an annual rate of $4.4Bn at

the end of 2008, and declined to $3.5Bn by the end of2009,[63] compared to a 35% decline in UNIX systemrevenue for Sun and an 11% drop for IBM, with an x86-64 server revenue increase of 14% during this period.In Dec 2012, IDC released a research report stating thatItanium server shipments would remain at through 2016,with annual shipment of 26,000 systems (a decline of over50% compared to shipments in 2008).[64]

4 Hardware support

4.1 Systems

As of 2012 only a few manufacturers oer Itanium sys-tems, including HP, Bull, NEC, Inspur and Huawei. Inaddition, Intel oers a chassis that can be used by systemintegrators to build Itanium systems.[65] HP, the only oneof the industrys top four server manufacturers to oerItanium-based systems today, manufactures at least 80%of all Itanium systems. HP sold 7200 systems in therst quarter of 2006.[66] The bulk of systems sold areenterprise servers and machines for large-scale technicalcomputing, with an average selling price per system in ex-cess of US$200,000. A typical system uses eight or moreItanium processors.

4.2 Chipsets

The Itanium bus interfaces to the rest of the system viaa chipset. Enterprise server manufacturers dierentiatetheir systems by designing and developing chipsets thatinterface the processor to memory, interconnections, andperipheral controllers. The chipset is the heart of thesystem-level architecture for each system design. De-velopment of a chipset costs tens of millions of dol-lars and represents a major commitment to the use ofthe Itanium. IBM created a chipset in 2003, and Intelin 2002, but neither of them has developed chipsets tosupport newer technologies such as DDR2 or PCI Ex-press.[67] Currently, modern chipsets for Itanium support-ing such technologies are manufactured by HP, Fujitsu,SGI, NEC, and Hitachi.The Tukwila Itanium processor model had been de-signed to share a common chipset with the Intel Xeonprocessor EX (Intels Xeon processor designed for fourprocessor and larger servers). The goal is to streamlinesystem development and reduce costs for server OEMs,many of whom develop both Itanium- and Xeon-basedservers. However in 2013 this goal was pushed back toevaluated for future implementation opportunities.[68]

5.1 Emulation 5

5 Software supportItanium is supported by the following operating systems:

HP-UX 11i OpenVMS I64, an Intel 64 (x86-64) port is beingdeveloped.[69]

NonStop OS, an Intel 64 (x86-64) port is being de-veloped.

Gentoo Bull GCOS 8 FreeBSD (tier 2)[70][71]

Itanium was also supported by these operating systems:

SUSEs SLES (dropped support in SLES 12) Debian (dropped support Feb 2014) Windows NT family

Windows XP 64-Bit Edition Windows Server 2003 Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2008 R2

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (dropped support inRHEL 6)

TurboLinux[72]

NEC ACOS4[73]

FreeBSD[74][75]

Microsoft announced that Windows Server 2008 R2would be the last version of Windows Server to supportthe Itanium, and that it would also discontinue develop-ment of the Itanium versions of Visual Studio and SQLServer.[8] Likewise, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (rstreleased in March 2007) was the last Itanium editionof Red Hat Enterprise Linux[9] and Canonical's Ubuntu10.04 LTS (released in April 2010) was the last sup-ported Ubuntu release on Itanium.[76] HP will not be sup-porting or certifying Linux on Itanium 9300 (Tukwila)servers.[77]

In late September 2012, NEC announced a return fromIA64 to the previous NOAH line of proprietary main-frame processors, now produced in a quad-core varianton 40 nm, called NOAH-6.[78]

Oracle Corporation announced in March 2011 that itwould drop development of application software for Ita-nium platforms, with the explanation that Intel manage-ment made it clear that their strategic focus is on their x86microprocessor and that Itanium was nearing the end of

its life.[10] However, a California state judge ruled thatOracle will have to continue supporting and releasing newversions of its software designed for Intel Itanium-basedservers sold by Hewlett-Packard, after a settlement andrelease agreement between HP, Oracle and Mark Hurdhad revealed that Oracle must continue to oer its prod-uct suite onHPs Itanium-based server platforms and doesnot confer on Oracle the discretion to decide whether todo so or not. Oracles obligation to continue to oer itsproducts onHPs Itanium-based server platforms lasts un-til such time as HP discontinues the sales of its Itanium-based servers. Oracle was ordered to port its products toHPs Itanium-based servers without charge to HP.[79]

HP sells a virtualization technology for Itanium calledIntegrity Virtual Machines.To allow more software to run on the Itanium, Intelsupported the development of compilers optimized forthe platform, especially its own suite of compilers.[80][81]Starting in November 2010, with the introduction ofnew product suites, the Intel Itanium Compilers were nolonger bundled with the Intel x86 compilers in a singleproduct. Intel oers Itanium tools and Intel x86 tools,including compilers, independently in dierent productbundles. GCC,[82][83] Open64 and Microsoft Visual Stu-dio 2005 (and later)[84] are also able to produce machinecode for Itanium. According to the Itanium Solutions Al-liance over 13,000 applications were available for Itaniumbased systems in early 2008,[85] though Sun has contestedItanium application counts in the past.[86] The ISA alsosupported Gelato, an Itanium HPC user group and devel-oper community that ported and supported open sourcesoftware for Itanium.[87]

5.1 Emulation

Emulation is a technique that allows a computer to exe-cute binary code that was compiled for a dierent typeof computer. Before IBMs acquisition of QuickTransitin 2009, application binary software for IRIX/MIPSand Solaris/SPARC could run via type of emulationcalled dynamic binary translation on Linux/Itanium.Similarly, HP implemented a method to execute PA-RISC/HP-UX on the Itanium/HP-UX via emulation, tosimplify migration of its PA-RISC customers to the rad-ically dierent Itanium instruction set. Itanium pro-cessors can also run the mainframe environment GCOSfrom Groupe Bull and several x86 operating systems viainstruction set simulators.

6 CompetitionItanium is aimed at the enterprise server and high-performance computing (HPC) markets. Otherenterprise- and HPC-focused processor lines includeOracle Corporation's SPARC T5 and M6, Fujitsu's

6 9 TIMELINE

SPARC64 X+ and IBM's POWER8. Measured byquantity sold, Itaniums most serious competition comesfrom x86-64 processors including Intel's own Xeon lineand AMD's Opteron line. Since 2009, most servers werebeing shipped with x86-64 processors.[63]

In 2005, Itanium systems accounted for about 14%of HPC systems revenue, but the percentage has de-clined as the industry shifts to x86-64 clusters for thisapplication.[88]

An October 2008 paper by Gartner on the Tukwila pro-cessor stated that "...the future roadmap for Itaniumlooks as strong as that of any RISC peer like Power orSPARC.[89]

7 Supercomputers and high-performance computing

Area chart showing the representation of dierent families of mi-croprocessors in the TOP500 ranking list of supercomputer, from1993 to 2013.

An Itanium-based computer rst appeared on the list ofthe TOP500 supercomputers in November 2001.[33] Thebest position ever achieved by an Itanium 2 based systemin the list was #2, achieved in June 2004, when Thunder(LLNL) entered the list with an Rmax of 19.94 Teraops.In November 2004, Columbia entered the list at #2 with51.8 Teraops, and there was at least one Itanium-basedcomputer in the top 10 from then until June 2007. Thepeak number of Itanium-based machines on the list oc-curred in the November 2004 list, at 84 systems (16.8%);by June 2012, this had dropped to one system (0.2%),[90]and no Itanium system remained on the list in November2012.

8 Processors

8.1 Released processorsThe Itanium processors show a progression in capability.Merced was a proof of concept. McKinley dramaticallyimproved the memory hierarchy and allowed Itanium to

become reasonably competitive. Madison, with the shiftto a 130 nm process, allowed for enough cache spaceto overcome the major performance bottlenecks. Mon-tecito, with a 90 nm process, allowed for a dual-core im-plementation and a major improvement in performanceper watt. Montvale added three new features: core-levellockstep, demand-based switching and front-side bus fre-quency of up to 667 MHz.

8.2 Future processorsDuring the HP vs. Oracle support lawsuit, court docu-ments unsealed by Santa Clara County Court judge re-vealed in 2008, Hewlett-Packard had paid Intel Corp.around $440 million to keep producing and updating Ita-nium microprocessors from 2009 to 2014. In 2010, thetwo companies signed another $250 million deal, whichobliged Intel to continue making Itanium central process-ing units for HPs machines until 2017. Under the termsof the agreements, HP has to pay for chips it gets fromIntel, while Intel launches Tukwila, Poulson, Kittson andKittson+ chips in a bid to gradually boost performance ofthe platform.[96][97]

8.2.1 Kittson

Kittson was planned to follow Poulson in 2015. Kittson,like Poulson, will be manufactured using Intels 32 nmprocess. Few other details are known beyond the exis-tence of the codename and the binary and socket com-patibility with Poulson and Tukwila, though moving toa common socket with x86 Xeon will be evaluated forfuture implementation opportunities after Kittson.[98]

9 Timeline 1989:

HP begins investigating EPIC.[19]

1994: June: HP and Intel announce partnership.[99]

1995: September: HP, Novell, and SCO announceplans for a high volume UNIX operating sys-tem to deliver 64-bit networked computingon the HP/Intel architecture.[100]

1996: October: Compaq announces it will use IA-64.[101]

7 1997: June: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales willreach $38bn/yr by 2001.[17]

October: Dell announces it will use IA-64.[102] December: Intel and Sun announce joint eortto port Solaris to IA-64.[21][22][23]

1998: March: SCO admits HP/SCO Unix alliance isnow dead.

June: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales willreach $30bn/yr by 2001.[17]

June: Intel announces Merced will be de-layed, from second half of 1999 to rst halfof 2000.[103]

September: IBM announces it will buildMerced-based machines.[104]

October: Project Monterey is formed to createa common UNIX for IA-64.

1999: February: Project Trillian is formed to portLinux to IA-64.

August: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales willreach $25bn/yr by 2002.[17]

October: Intel announces the Itanium name. October: the term Itanic is rst used in TheRegister.[28]

2000: February: Project Trillian delivers sourcecode.

June: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales willreach $25bn/yr by 2003.[17]

July: Sun and Intel drop Solaris-on-Itaniumplans.[105]

August: AMD releases specication for x86-64, a set of 64-bit extensions to Intels own x86architecture intended to compete with IA-64.It will eventually market this under the nameAMD64.

2001: June: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales willreach $15bn/yr by 2004.[17]

June: Project Monterey dies. July: Itanium is released. October: IDC predicts Itanium systems saleswill reach $12bn/yr by the end of 2004.[17]

November: IBMs 320-processor Titan NOWCluster at National Center for Supercomput-ing Applications is listed on the TOP500 listat position #34.[33]

November: Compaq delays Itanium Productrelease due to problems with processor.[106]

December: Gelato is formed. 2002:

March: IDC predicts Itanium systems saleswill reach $5bn/yr by end 2004.[17]

June: Itanium 2 is released. 2003:

April: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales willreach $9bn/yr by end 2007.[17]

April: AMD releases Opteron, the rst pro-cessor with x86-64 extensions.

June: Intel releases the Madison Itanium 2. 2004:

February: Intel announces it has been work-ing on its own x86-64 implementation (whichit will eventually market under the name Intel64).

June: Intel releases its rst processor with x86-64 extensions, a Xeon processor codenamedNocona.

June: Thunder, a system at LLNL with 4096Itanium 2 processors, is listed on the TOP500list at position #2.[107]

November: Columbia, an SGI Altix 3700 with10160 Itanium 2 processors at NASA AmesResearch Center, is listed on the TOP500 listat position #2.[108]

December: Itanium system sales for 2004reach $1.4bn.

2005: January: HP ports OpenVMS to Itanium[109] February: IBM server design drops Itaniumsupport.[67][110]

June: An Itanium 2 sets a record SPECfp2000result of 2,801 in a Hitachi, Ltd. Computingblade.[111]

September: Itanium Solutions Alliance isformed.[112]

September: Dell exits the Itaniumbusiness.[113]

October: Itanium server sales reach$619M/quarter in the third quarter.

October: Intel announces one-year delays forMontecito, Montvale, and Tukwila.[37]

8 11 REFERENCES

2006: January: Itanium Solutions Alliance an-nounces a $10bn collective investment in Ita-nium by 2010.

February: IDC predicts Itanium systems saleswill reach $6.6bn/yr by 2009.[18]

June: Intel releases the dual-core "Montecito"Itanium 2 9000 series.[114]

2007: April: CentOS (RHEL-clone) places Itaniumsupport on hold for the 5.0 release.[115]

October: Intel releases the Montvale Ita-nium 2 9100 series.

November: Intel renames the family from Ita-nium 2 back to Itanium.

2009: December: Red Hat announces that it is drop-ping support for Itanium in the next release ofits enterprise OS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux6.[116]

2010: February: Intel announces the Tukwila Ita-nium 9300 series.[43]

April: Microsoft announces phase-out of sup-port for Itanium.[117]

October: Intel announces new releases of IntelC++ Compiler and Intel Fortran Compiler forx86/x64, while Itanium support is only avail-able in older versions.[118]

2011: March: Oracle Corporation announces thatit will stop developing application soft-ware, middleware, and Oracle Linux for theItanium.[10]

March: Intel and HP reiterate their support ofItanium.[119][120]

April: Huawei and Inspur announce that theywill develop Itanium servers.[121]

2012: February: Court papers were released froma case between HP and Oracle Corporationthat gave insight to the fact that HP was pay-ing Intel $690 million to keep Itanium on lifesupport.[122]

SAP discontinues support for Business Ob-jects on Itanium.[123]

September: In response to a court ruling, Ora-cle reinstitutes support for Oracle software onItanium hardware.[124]

2013:

January: Intel cancels Kittson as a 22 nmshrink of Poulson, moving it instead to its 32nm process.[98]

November: HP announces that its NonStopservers will start using Intel 64 (x86-64)chips.[125]

2014:

December: HP announces that their nextgeneration of Superdome X and Nonstop Xservers would be equipped with Intel Xeonprocessors, and not Itanium. While HP con-tinues to sell and oer support for the Itanium-based Integrity portfolio, the introduction of amodel based entirely on Xeon chips marks theend of an era.[126]

10 See also List of Intel Itanium microprocessors Advanced load address table

11 References[1] Morgan, Timothy (2008-05-27). The Server Biz Enjoys

the X64 Upgrade Cycle in Q1. IT Jungle. Retrieved2008-10-29.

[2] De Gelas, Johan (2005-11-09). ItaniumIs there light atthe end of the tunnel?". AnandTech. Retrieved 2007-03-23.

[3] Takahashi, Dean (2009-05-08). Exit interview: RetiringIntel chairman Craig Barrett on the industrys unnishedbusiness. VentureBeat. Retrieved 2009-05-17.

[4] Benchmarks Itanic 32bit emulation is unusable. Nokidding slower than a P100. 2001-01-23.

[5] Dvorak, John C. (2009-01-26). How the Itanium Killedthe Computer Industry. PCMag. Retrieved 2012-04-15.

[6] Vance, Ashlee (2009-02-09). Ten Years After First De-lay, Intels Itanium Is Still Late. New York Times. Re-trieved 2010-04-01.

[7] Knuth, Donald E. (2008-04-25). Interview with DonaldKnuth. InformIT. Retrieved 2010-04-01.

[8] Reger, Dan (April 2010). Windows Server 2008 R2 toPhase Out Itanium. Retrieved 2010-04-03.

[9] Timothy Prickett Morgan (2009-12-18). Red Hat pullsplug on Itanium with RHEL 6. The Register. Retrieved2009-12-18.

9[10] Oracle stops developing software for Intels ItaniumChips. Pcworld.com. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2011-04-12.

[11] Oracle Database 12.1.0.1.0 is planned for certication onHP-UX Itanium 11.31 Oracle 2013-11-20

[12] ia64 removed from jessie/sid/experimental/unstable

[13] Demerjian, Charlie (2009-05-21). A Decade Later, In-tels Itanium Chip Makes a Prot. The Inquirer. Re-trieved 2010-04-07.

[14] Darling, Patrick. Intel Rearms Commitment to Ita-nium. Itanium. Intel. Retrieved 2011-03-23.

[15] Manek Dubash (July 20, 2006). Will Intel abandon theItanium?". Techworld. Retrieved 2010-12-19. Oncetouted by Intel as a replacement for the x86 product line,expectations for Itanium have been throttled well back.

[16] Charlie Demerjian (2003-09-26). Why Intels Prescottwill use AMD64 extensions. The Inquirer. Retrieved2009-10-07.

[17] Mining Itanium. CNet News. 2005-12-07. Archivedfrom the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2007-03-19.

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10 11 REFERENCES

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[57] Unreleased Intel Itanium 9500-series CPUs spotted

[58] Spotted 9500-series CPUs conrmed to be Poulson Ita-niums

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[70] FreeBSD/ia64 Project

[71] Getting FreeBSD

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[117] Niccolai, James (2009-05-08). Microsoft Ending Sup-port for Itanium. PCWorld. Retrieved 2010-04-05.Windows Server 2008 R2 will be the last version of Win-dows Server to support the Intel Itanium architecture,[...] SQL Server 2008 R2 and Visual Studio 2010 arealso the last versions to support Itanium.

[118] Intel C++ Composer XE 2011 for Linux InstallationGuide and Release Notes. Retrieved 2011-04-12.

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[120] McLaughlin, Kevin (2011-03-28). HP CEO ApothekerSlams Oracle For Quitting Itanium. Crn.com. Retrieved2011-04-12.

[121] Prickett, Timothy (2011-04-14). Huawei to forge big redItanium iron. Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-20.

[122] McMillan, Robert (2012-02-01). HP Paid Intel $690Million To Keep Itanium On Life Support. wired.com.Retrieved 2012-02-03.

[123] SAP Product availability Matrix. SAPPAM web site.Retrieved 2012-06-06.

[124] Oracle Issues Statement (Press release). Oracle Corpo-ration. 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2013-03-08.

[125] HP NonStop server update. Intel Corporation. 2013-11-05-31. Retrieved 2013-11-05. Check date values in:|date= (help)

[126] V3.co.uk HPs Xeon-based Superdome is another nailin Itaniums con. V3.co.uk. 2014-12-05. Retrieved2014-12-25.

12 External links Intel Itanium Home Page HP Integrity Servers Home Page Intel Itanium Specications Some undocumented Itanium 2 microarchitecturalinformation

IA-64 tutorial, including code examples at theWayback Machine (archived July 6, 2011)

Itanium Docs at HP

12 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses13.1 Text

Itanium Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium?oldid=644366712 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Derek Ross, Zundark, TheAnome, Tarquin, Aldie, Fubar Obfusco, Maury Markowitz, Schewek, Heron, Leandrod, Edward, RTC, Tim Starling, Willsmith, Pnm,Lousyd, Ixfd64, Delirium, Alo, CesarB, Ellywa, Stan Shebs, Arwel Parry, Angela, Balou, Conti, Saint-Paddy, Magnus.de, Hydnjo,Vanieter, Jay, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, SHeumann, Wernher, JFinigan, Joy, Raul654, AnonMoos, Donarreiskoer, Chealer, Vespristiano,RedWolf, Naddy, Plasmaroo, Yarvin, Rursus, Jondel, David Edgar, ElBenevolente, David Gerard, Aasim75, Hylaride, Fudoreaper,var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Sukoshisumo, Jrquinlisk, Michael Devore, Varlaam, Alexander.stohr, Proslaes, AlistairMcMillan, Bobblewik,MSTCrow, Neilc, Chowbok, Utcursch, SarekOfVulcan, DaveJB, Beland, DNewhall, Oneiros, Kesac, Bumm13, Sam Hocevar, Mox-fyre, DmitryKo, Frankchn, Mormegil, N328KF, Imroy, Wfaulk, Lubaf, Vector4F, Rich Farmbrough, Alistair1978, Night Gyr, Dyl,Bender235, RJHall, Joanjoc, Kwamikagami, Shanes, Neilrieck, Warpozio, Circeus, Foobaz, JeR, Vapier, Ajdlinux, Pearle, Hawke666,MatthewWilcox, Guy Harris, Sligocki, Denniss, Ruleke, Supergloom, Guggemos, CloudNine, Mrbax, SteinbDJ, Ringbang, Kinema, Kitch,Dan100, Morkork, Simetrical, Timharwoodx, Pol098, GregorB, Wayward, MechBrowman, Teemu Leisti, BorgHunter, Rjwilmsi, Koavf,Wiarthurhu, StuartBrady, FlaBot, Mirror Vax, Margosbot, Ysangkok, Fragglet, Kibibu, RexNL, Intgr, Kedadi, NevilleDNZ, Antilived, Bg-white, Aluvus, YurikBot, Borgx, Hairy Dude, Apeeters, Charles Gaudette, Koeyahoo, Ksyrie, Txuspe, Bovineone, CarlHewitt, Mipadi,Dugosz, Rshiveley, Mortein, Matticus78, Froth, Tvalich, Amcfreely, Tony1, Drakino, Bota47, Jeh, Chris S, Xpclient, Atp627, Poochy,Richardcavell, Peyna, JLaTondre, Nimbex, Snaxe920, Stormrose, Chris Chittleborough,Wolfebay, KnightRider, SmackBot, Colinstu, Josh-sher, Henriok, Jared555, MeiStone, Arny, Flameeyes, Brianski, Nmrd, Jushi, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Thumperward, Letdorf, Jdthood,Appaloosa2k, Frap, Mattbreedlove, Metageek, Fido frog, Cybercobra, Toastyman, Mwtoews, Morio, Kidde, A5b, Jashank, Harryboyles,Valfontis, Zooterkin, Joshua Scott, Beetstra, Dicklyon, , Peyre, Norm mit, Iridescent, UncleDouggie, Evoluzion, Lvn, A1b2c345,Fernvale, FleetCommand, CmdrObot, Raysonho, Memetics, Xose.vazquez, Xavier andrade, Sopoforic, Lupine Proletariat, Mblumber, Stil-webm, Vezhlys, Dancter, DumbBOT, Kozuch, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, Akb4, O, Dr agony, Headbomb, Towopedia, Hcobb, Greg L,Bgold, Guy Macon, JAnDbot, Deective, Jimothytrotter, NapoliRoma, Arch dude, John a s, PhilKnight, Yosh3000, Magioladitis, TRock,Seashorewiki, Douglaswth, TJBoy, Wikinger, CommonsDelinker, Sibi antony, JerriKohl, MJStadler, Algotr, Cometstyles, Remember thedot, Yasuna, Imperator3733, AndrewBall, Barbacana, PNG crusade bot, Jameshuston, Diero, A4bot, GOD ACRONYM, Brianecox,Kheldysh, Crystal117, S7solutions, Vimalkalyan, Oerman, ParallelWolverine, Thunderbird2, Logan, Quietbritishjim, Bachcell, Amckale,SilverbackNet, Lightmouse, Rob72, C0nanPayne, Adamaisaka, ClueBot, GrandDrake, Rilak, Massimo2007, Edknol, BlueLikeYou, Re-alazthat, BOTarate, Fleetie, HumphreyW, Duncan, Steeljack, WikHead, Jesushasallama, Stevenh123, JoshuaKuo, Merqurial, Jim10701,Getmoreatp, LinkFA-Bot, Jasper Deng, Lightbot, Nicolas Love, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Ciphers, Aditya, CeciliaPang, Social-ow, Kenthruth,Colorsontrial, Boxstaa, Meewam, Nasnema, LordArtemis, Lenrius, Kyng, FrescoBot, Tellatime-corp, MISTYFAN4EVER8887, Sokil.o,Anonymous the Editor, Danielede, JLRedperson, Visite fortuitement prolonge, Genhuan, EmausBot, AmigoCgn, GoingBatty, ExilorX,ITtrendhunter, Kiralexis, MrCrackers, H3llBot, Demonkoryu, AManWithNoPlan, Lokpest, Vanished 1850, ChuispastonBot, Cinnanom,ClueBot NG, Vladimiro, Anandlahiri, Jeastue, Contemplateur, Satusguy, Tigerbomb8, Lifeformnoho, Paul A. Clayton, WikiHannibal,Jambo21, AllenZh, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Benwrk, Dexbot, Codename Lisa, Kulandru mor, Dannyniu, Comp.arch, Huihermit, Someonenot using his real name, HAL9500, Monkbot, Prof. Mc, Soa Koutsouveli, Westward42, Granhil, Lesstif and Anonymous: 313

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Market reception High-end server market Other markets

History Development: 19892000 Itanium (Merced): 2001 Itanium 2: 20022010 Itanium 9300 (Tukwila): 2010 Itanium 9500 (Poulson): 2012

Market share Hardware support Systems Chipsets

Software support Emulation

Competition Supercomputers and high-performance computing Processors Released processors Future processors Kittson

Timeline See also References External links Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license