Italian & German Unification
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Italian & German Unification
Italy (1859-1860)
Antiquity:Roman Empire
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Middle Ages: competing city-states
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification
Approach #1:Goal: centralized democratic
republic universal male suffrage
Advocate: Giuseppe Mazzini
FAILED(too radical)
Mazzini, writer/philosopher/politici
an
2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification
Approach #2:Goal: federation pres. = progressive
pope
Advocate: Vincenzo Gioberti
FAILED(Pope Pius IX opposed)
Gioberti, Catholic priest
2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification
Approach #3:Goal: union under
leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont
Advocate: ???
WINNER!!!Victor Emmanuel,
King of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849-1861)
3. Key Events
Early 1860: unification of N Italy
Late 1860: unification of N & S
1866: Venice added
1870: Rome added
4a. The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)
The Duties of Man:
“O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”
The Idealist Patriot
4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
Unification of Northern Italy
1850s: strengthen Sardinia
1858-1859: Quest to get Lombardy-Venetia from Austria!1. ally w/ France2. goad Austria into war3. Franco-Sardinian
victory!4. France pulls support …
separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy only
5. Cavour resigns
Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-
1861
4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
Unification of Northern Italy
1858-1859: Central Italy to the rescue – demand unification!
1860:1. Cavour returns &
France re-pledges support
2. N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)
4c. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
Unification of North & South
Red Shirts 1860:
1. conquer Sicily2. plan to invade Papal
States stopped by Cavour
3. Cavour orders plebiscite S. states vote to join N
Military Leader
Government:Divisions between:
parliamentary monarchy (Victor Emmanuel)
limited suffrage
social classes (rich/poor)
regions (N/S)
5. What did the new, unified Italy look like?
Germany(1871)
1a. Entities:
Holy Roman Empire
loose affiliation of ≈300 German states
800-1806
“First Reich”
1b. Entities:
German Confederation
loose affiliation of 39 German states
1815-1866
replaced HRE
purpose: military defense
ineffective federal diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian pres.
1c. Entities: Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein: mostly German Holstein = member of
German Confederation ruled by Denmark
1848 & 1864: WARS! Denmark vs. Germany over control of S-H
1d. Entities: Zollverein
German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy
Prussia = leaderincluded all German
states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs
2a. People: Frederick William IV
King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861)
1848: new liberal constitution accepts Prussian-led
German unification
1849: tries to be elected emperor of unified Germany
1850: Austria & Russia successfully oppose Prussia’s unification plans
2b. People: William I
King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888)
1st German Emperor (r. 1871-1888)
2c. People: Otto von Bismarck
1st German Chancellor (1871-1890) … “Iron Chancellor”
Minister-President of Prussia (1862-1873)
background: Prussian, Junker, conservative
led German unification
3. 1st unification attempt: 1848 Revolution
Driving forces:1. Liberalism: make
absolutist Prussia a liberal constitutional monarchy
2. Nationalism: unite Germany
Events:1. Constituent Assembly
(Berlin) – liberal constitution for Prussia
2. National Assembly (Frankfurt) – constitution for unified Germany
Outcome: FAILURE!!!!1. Fred Will IV makes
conservative constitution for Prussia
2. Austria opposes unification
Frederick William I, the “Soldiers’ King” (r. 1713-
1740)
4. Obstacles to German Unification
A. Denmark
B. Austria
C. Conservatism vs. Liberalism in Prussia
4a. Denmark
Denmark vs. Prussia & Austria over control of S-H
First Schleswig War (1848) = inconclusiveHow obstacle overcome: Second Schleswig
War (1864) = Denmark defeated
4b. Austria
Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs
Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt
Austria refuses Zollverein membership Austro-Prussian War (1866)
How obstacle overcome: Prussian victory in Austro-Prussian War
4c. Liberalism vs. Conservatism in Prussia
Liberals: Prussian parliamentConservatives: William I & BismarckEvents:
1862: parliament rejects William’s budget 1862: William appoints Bismarck chief minister 1862-1866: Bismarck rules w/o parliament (“blood &
iron”) 1866: indemnity bill
How obstacle overcome: liberals & Bismarck align in common pursuit of unification
5a. Unification: Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Cause: Prussia wants to control
northern German Confederation
war to drive Austria out of German affairs
Outcome: Prussian victory Austria withdraws ***creation of North
German Confederation***
North German Confederation
5b. Unification: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Cause: drive south German states
to unify with the north France = common enemy
Outcome: Prussian victory ***German unification
achieved*** German nationalism harsh peace for France
German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)
6. What did the new, unified Germany look like?
25 statesparliamentary monarchystrong national government:
emperor (Kaiser) chancellor 2-house parliament
Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)