Italian 1,2,3,4,5

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    ITALIAN 1

    1. BASIC PHRASES / FRASI SEMPLICI

    Buon giorno

    bwon zhor-noHello / Good morning/afternoon

    Buona sera

    bwoh-nah seh-rahGood evening

    Buona notte

    bwoh-nah noht-tehGood night

    CiaochowHi / Hello / Bye (informal)

    Arrivederciah-ree-vuh-dehr-cheeGoodbye

    ArrivederLaah-ree-vuh-dehr-lahGoodbye (formal)

    A pi tardiah pyoo tar-dee

    See you later

    A presto / A dopoah press-toh / ah doh-poh

    See you soon

    A domaniah doh-mahn-ee

    See you tomorrow

    Per favore / Per piacerepehr fah-voh-reh / pehr pee-ah-cheh-reh

    Please

    Grazie (mille)graht-zee-eh (mee-leh)Thank you (very much)

    Pregopreh-gohYou're Welcome

    Mi dispiacemee dee-spyah-cheh

    Sorry

    Scusi / Scusaskoo-zee / skoo-zah

    Excuse me(formal / informal)

    Andiamo!on-dee-ah-mo

    Let's go!

    Come sta? / Come stai?

    koh-meh stah / koh-meh styHow are you? (formal / informal)

    Sto bene.

    stoh beh-nehI am fine / well.

    Non c' male.

    nohn cheh mah-lehNot bad.

    Abbastanza bene.ah-bah-stahn-tsah beh-neh

    Pretty good.

    Cos cos.koh-zee koh-zee

    So so.

    S / Nosee / noh

    Yes / No

    Come si chiama?koh-meh see kee-ah-mahWhat's your name? (formal)

    Come ti chiami?koh-meh tee kee-ah-mee

    What's your name?(informal)

    Mi chiamo...mee kee-ah-moMy name is...

    Piacere / Molto lieto.pee-ah-cheh-reh / mohl-toh lee-

    eh-tohPleased / Nice to meet you.

    Signore, Signora, Signorinaseen-yoh-reh, seen-yoh-rah, seen-yoh-reen-ahMister, Misses, Miss

    Di dov'?dee doh-veh

    Di dove sei?dee doh-veh seh-ee

    Sono di...soh-noh dee

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    Where are you from? (formal) Where are you from?

    (informal)

    I am from...

    Quanti anni ha?kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah

    How old are you? (formal)

    Quanti anni hai?kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah-ee

    How old are you? (informal)

    Ho venti anni.oh vehn-tee ahn-nee

    I am 20 years old.

    Parla italiano?par-lah ee-tahl-ee-ah-noDo you speakItalian? (formal)

    Parli inglese?par-lee een-gleh-zeh

    Do you speakEnglish?(informal)

    Parlo italiano. / Nonparlo inglese.par-lo ee-tahl-ee-ah-no /

    non par-loeen-gleh-zehI speakItalian. / I

    don't speakEnglish.

    Capisce? / Capisci?kah-pee-sheh / kah-pee-shee

    Do you understand?(formal / informal)

    [Non] capisco.[non] kah-pees-kohI [don't] understand.

    Non so. / Lo so.non soh / low sohI don't know. / I know.

    Pu aiutarmi? / Puoi aiutarmi?pwoh ah-yoo-tar-mee / pwoh-ee

    ah-yoo-tar-meeCan you help me?

    (formal / informal)

    Certamente / D'accordo.cher-tah-mehn-teh / dah-kohr-doh

    Sure / OK.

    Come?koh-meh?What? / Pardon me?

    Desidera? / Desideri?deh-zee-deh-rah / deh-zee-deh-ree

    May I help you?(formal / informal)

    Come si dice "house" in italiano?koh-meh see dee-cheh "house" een ee-tah-lee-ah-nohHow do you say "house" in Italian?

    Dov' / Dove sono...?doh-veh / doh-veh soh-nohWhere is / Where are... ?

    Ecco / Eccoli...eh-koh / eh-koh-leeHere is / Here are...

    C' / Ci sono...cheh /chee soh-nohThere is / There are...

    Cosa c'?koh-zah cheh

    What's the matter? / What'swrong?

    Non importa. / Di niente. /Di nulla.nohn eem-por-tah / dee nee-

    ehn-teh / dee noo-lah

    It doesn't matter.

    Non m'importa.nohn meem-por-tah

    I don't care.

    Non ti preoccupare.nohn tee preh-ohk-koo-pah-reh

    Don't worry. (informal)

    Ho dimenticato.oh dee-men-tee-kah-toh

    I forgot.

    Devo andare adesso.deh-voh ahn-dah-reh ah-

    des-sohI have to go now.

    Ho fame. / Ho sete. Ho freddo. / Ho caldo. Mi annoio.

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    oh fah-meh / oh seh-teh

    I'm hungry. / I'm thirsty.

    oh freh-doh / oh kal-doh

    I'm cold. / I'm hot.

    mee ahn-noh-ee-oh

    I'm bored.

    Salute!

    sah-loo-tehBless you!

    Congratulazioni!kohn-grah-tsoo-lah-tsee-oh-

    neeCongratulations!

    Benvenuti!

    behn-veh-noo-teeWelcome!

    Buona fortuna!bwoh-nah for-too-nahGood luck!

    Tocca a me! / Tocca a te!tohk-kah ah meh / tohk-kah

    ah tehIt's my turn! / It's your turn!

    (informal)

    Ti amo.tee ah-mohI love you. (informal)

    pazzo! / Sei pazzo!eh pats-soh / seh-ee pats-soh

    You're crazy! (formal / informal)

    Sta zitto! / Stai zitto!stah tseet-toh / sty tseet-toh

    Be quiet / Shut up!(formal / informal)

    Va bene!vah beh-nehOK!

    Notice that Italian has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is becausethere is more than one meaning to "you" in Italian (as well as in many otherlanguages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animalsor children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do notknow well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, forexample.) There is also a plural you, used when speaking to more than one person.

    Also, the words pazzo and zitto refer to men. If you are talking to a woman, use pazzaand zitta. If you are talking to more than one person (all men, or a group of men and

    women), use pazzi and zitti. If you are talking to more than one person (all women),use pazze and zitte.

    2. PRONUNCIATION / LA PRONUNCIA

    Italian is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation should be easy. Most words arepronounced exactly like they are spelled. There are only seven pure vowels, butseveral diphthongs and triphthongs. The English samples given are not pronouncedexactly as in Italian because English vowels tend to be diphthongized (there's an extrayuh or wuh after the actual vowel). Make sure to only say the pure vowel and not the

    diphthong when pronouncing Italian.Italian Vowels English Pronunciation

    [i] vita ee as in meet

    [e] vedi ay as in bait

    >@ era eh as in bet

    [a] cane ah as in father

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    [u] uva oo as in boot

    [o] sole oh as in boat

    [] modo aw as in law

    Semi-Vowels[w] quando, uomo wuh as in won

    [j] piano, ieri, piove yuh as in yes

    In spelling, the letter e is used to represent both [e] and >@; while the letter o is used torepresent both [o] and []. If the vowel is stressed, then the pronunciation is alwaysclosed [e] and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open >@and []. This canchange according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but this is the standardrule. Italian semi-vowels are always written ua,ue,uo,ui for [w] and ia,ie,io,iufor[j]. If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai,ei,oi,au,eu. The

    combination iu + another vowel creates a triphthong.

    Italian consonant + vowel combinations

    c + a, o, u, he, hi k amica, amico, amicheah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-keh

    c + ia, io, iu, e, i ch bacio, celebre, cinemabah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-

    mah

    g + a, o, u, he, hi g gara, gusto, spaghetti gah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-tee

    g + ia, io, iu, e, i dj Giotto, gelato, magico djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh

    sc + a, o, u, he, hi sk scala, scuola, scheda skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah

    sc + ia, io, iu, e, i sh sciarpa, sciupato, scemo shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh

    The consonant his always silent. Double consonants must be pronouncedindividually: ilnonno (eel nohn-noh) is pronounced differently from ilnono (eel noh-noh).

    Stress falls on the second-to-last syllable in Italian. If stress falls on the last syllable,the vowel is written with an accent mark (la citt). However, it is also possible for thestress to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono) and even the fourth-to-lastsyllable (telefonano) in third person plural verb conjugations.

    3. ALPHABET / L'ALFABETO

    a ah q koo

    b bee r ehr-reh

    c chee s ehs-seh

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    d dee t teh

    e eh u oo

    f eff-eh v voo

    g zhee z dzeh-tah

    h ahk-kah

    i ee Foreign Letters

    l ehl-eh j ee loon-gah

    m ehm-eh k kahp-pah

    n ehn-eh w dohp-pyah voo

    o oh x eeks

    p pee y ee greh-kah (or) eep-see-lohn

    4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES / ARTICOLI E DIMOSTRATIVI

    All nouns in Italian have a gender (masculine or feminine) and the articles must agreewith the gender. Masculine words generally end in -o and feminine words generallyend in -a. Words that end in -e may be either, so you will just have to memorize thegender. Keep in mind that articles are used before nouns or before an adjective + anoun.

    Definite Article - The

    Masculine Feminine

    il eel sing., before consonantsla lah sing., before consonants

    lo low sing., before z, gn, ps, or s + cons.

    l' l sing., before vowels l' l sing., before vowels

    i ee plural, before consonants

    le lehplural, before consonantsand vowelsgli lyee

    plural, before vowels, z, gn, or s +

    cons.

    Indefinite Articles - A, an, some

    Masculine Feminine

    A, Anun oon before consonant or vowel una

    oon-ah

    before consonants

    uno oon-oh before z, gn, ps, or s + un' oon before vowels

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    6. TO BE & TO HAVE / ESSERE & AVERE

    Essere - to be

    I am sono soh-noh we are siamo see-ah-moh

    you are sei say you are siete see-eh-teh

    he/she/it is eh they are sono soh-noh

    You do not have to use the subject pronouns as the different conjugations imply thesubject, but they are included in the recordings.

    Past & Future ofEssere

    I was ero we were eravamo I will be sar we will be saremo

    you were eri you were eravate you will be sarai you will be sarete

    he/she was era they were erano he/she will be sar they will be saranno

    Avere - to have

    I have ho oh We have abbiamo ahb-bee-ah-mo

    you have hai eye you have avete ah-veh-teh

    he/she has ha ah they have hanno ahn-noh

    Past & Future ofAvere

    I had avevo we had avevamo I will have avr we will have avremo

    you had avevi you had avevate you will have avrai you will have avretehe/she had aveva they had avevano he/she will have avr they will have avranno

    Avere is used with many idioms and expressions that normally use the verb "to be" inEnglish:

    avere fame - to be hungryaveresete - to be thirstyavere caldo - to be warmavere freddo - to be cold

    avere fretta - to be in a hurryavere paura (di) - to be afraid (of)avere ragione - to be rightavere torto - to be wrongaveresonno - to be sleepyaverebisognodi - to needavere vogliadi - to want, to feel likeavere20anni - to be 20 years old

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    When avere is followed a word beginning with a consonant, the final -e is oftendropped: aver ragione

    7. USEFUL WORDS / PAROLE UTILE

    and e eh always sempre sehm-preh

    or o oh often spesso speh-soh

    but ma mah sometimes qualche volta kwal-keh vohl-tah

    not non nohn usually usualmenteoo-zoo-al-mehn-

    teh

    while mentre mehn-treh especially specialmentespeh-chee-al-mehn-teh

    if se seh except eccetto eh-cheh-toh

    because perch pehr-kay book il libro lee-broh

    very, a lot molto mohl-toh pencil la matita mah-tee-tah

    also, too anche ahn-keh pen la penna pehn-nah

    although bench behn-keh paper la carta kar-tah

    now adesso, oraah-deh-so, oh-rah

    dog il cane kah-neh

    perhaps, maybe forse or-seh cat il gatto gah-toh

    then allora, poiahl-loh-rah,poy

    friend (fem) l'amica ah-mee-kah

    there is c' cheh friend (masc) l'amico ah-mee-koh

    there are ci sono chee soh-noh woman la donna dohn-nah

    there was c'era che-rah man l'uomo woh-moh

    there were c'erano che-rah-no girl la ragazza rah-gat-sah

    here is ecco ehk-koh boy il ragazzo rah-gat-soh

    C' can also mean is here, as in Nek's famous song: Laura non c' - Laura's not here.

    8. QUESTION WORDS

    Who Chi keeWhose Di chi dee kee

    What Che cosa keh koh-sah

    Why Perch pehr-keh

    When Quando kwahn-doh

    Where Dove doh-veh

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    How Come koh-meh

    How much Quanto kwahn-toh

    Which Quale kwah-leh

    When dove, come,andquale are followedby (is), doveand come contract to dov' and com'; and qualedropsitse to become qual .

    9. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS

    0 zero dzeh-roh

    1 uno oo-noh

    2 due doo-eh

    3 tre treh

    4 quattro kwaht-troh

    5 cinque cheen-kweh

    6 sei say

    7 sette seht-teh

    8 otto aw-toh

    9 nove naw-vay

    10 dieci dee-ay-chee

    11 undici oon-dee-chee

    12 dodici doh-dee-chee

    13 tredici treh-dee-chee

    14 quattordici kwaht-tohr-dee-chee

    15 quindici kween-dee-chee

    16 sedici seh-dee-chee

    17 diciassette dee-chahs-seht-teh

    18 diciotto dee-choht-toh

    19 diciannove dee-chahn-noh-veh

    20 venti vehn-tee21 ventuno vehn-too-noh

    22 ventidue vehn-tee-doo-eh

    23 ventitr vehn-tee-treh

    30 trenta trehn-tah

    40 quaranta kwah-rahn-tah

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    50 cinquanta cheen-kwahn-tah

    60 sessanta sehs-sahn-tah

    70 settanta seht-tahn-tah

    80 ottanta oh-tahn-tah

    90 novanta noh-vahn-tah

    100 cento chehn-toh

    101 centouno chehn-toh-oo-noh

    110 centodieci chehn-toh-dee-ay-chee

    200 duecento doo-eh-chehn-toh

    1,000 mille mee-leh

    2,000 duemila doo-eh-mee-lah

    million un milione mee-lee-oh-neh

    billion un miliardo mee-lee-ar-doh

    If a number ends in -tre, you need to add an accent: -tr. When you have a word thatends in a vowel, like venti, and another word that begins with a vowel, like uno; thefirst word loses its vowel when putting the two words together. Venti(20) and uno(1)make ventuno (21). One exception is cento; it does not lose its vowel. Cento (100)and uno (1) make centouno(101). Notice that cento does not have a plural form,but milledoes (mila). And be aware that Italian switches the use of commas anddecimals.

    Ordinal Numbers

    first primo / prima

    second secondo / seconda

    third terzo / terza

    fourth quarto / quarta

    fifth quinto / quinta

    sixth sesto / sesta

    seventh settimo / settima

    eighth ottavo / ottava

    ninth nono / nona

    tenth decimo / decima

    eleventh undicesimo / undicesima

    twentieth ventesimo / ventesima

    hundredth centesimo / centesima

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    October ottobre oht-toh-breh

    November novembre noh-vehm-breh

    December dicembre dee-chem-breh

    week la settimana lah sett-ee-mah-nah

    month il mese eel meh-zeh

    year l'anno lahn-noh

    Days and months are not capitalized. To express the date, use il(number)(month). May 5th would be il5(orcinque) maggio. But for the first of the month,useprimo instead of 1 or uno. To express ago, as in two days ago, a month ago, etc.,

    just add fa afterwards. To express last, as in last Wednesday, last week, etc., justadd scorso(for masculine words) orscorsa (for feminine words) afterwards.

    unasettimana fa - a week ago

    lasettimanascorsa - last weekunmese fa - a month ago

    l'annoscorso - last year

    12. SEASONS / STAGIONI

    Summer l'estate leh-stah-teh

    Fall l'autunno low-toon-noh

    Spring la primavera lah pree-mah-veh-rah

    Winter l'inverno leen-vehr-noh

    To say in the (season), just use in. Inestate is in the summer, in primavera is inspring. D'estate and d'inverno can also be used instead of in estate or in inverno.

    13. DIRECTIONS / DIREZIONI

    right destra

    left sinistra

    straightdiritto

    North nord nohrd

    South sud sood

    East est est

    West ovest oh-vest

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    14. COLORS & SHAPES / COLORI E FORME

    white bianco/a square il quadrato

    yellow giallo/a circle il cerchio

    orange arancione triangle il triangolo

    pink rosa rectangle il rettangolo

    red rosso/a oval l'ovale

    light blue azzurro/a cube il cubo

    dark blue blu sphere la sfera

    green verde cylinder il cilindro

    brown marrone cone il cono

    grey grigio/a octagon l'ottagono

    black nero/a box la scatola

    Colors are adjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculineending, -a is the feminine ending. For example, rosso is masculine and rossaisfeminine. Color words always go afterthe noun they describe:

    una casagialla - a yellow houseil cubo rosso - the red cube

    To ask the color of something: (not yet recorded)

    Di che colore il cielo?What color is the sky?Di che coloresonoi tuoiocchi? What color are your eyes?

    15. TIME / IL TEMPO

    What time is it? Che ora ? / Che ore sono? keh oh-rah eh / keh o-reh soh-noh

    At what time? A che ora? ah keh oh-rah

    It's 1:00 l'una eh loo-nah

    at 1:00 all'una ahl-loo-nah

    (at) noon (a) mezzogiorno (ah) med-zoh-zhor-noh

    (at) midnight (a) mezzanotte (ah) med-zah-noh-teh2:00 Sono le due soh-noh leh doo-eh

    3:10 Sono le tre e dieci soh-noh leh treh eh dee-ay-chee

    4:50 Sono le cinque meno diecisoh-noh leh cheen-kwah meh-noh dee-ay-chee

    8:15 Sono le otto e un quarto soh-noh leh awt-toh eh oon kwar-toh

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    7:45 Sono le otto meno un quartosoh-noh leh aw-toh meh-noh un kwar-

    toh

    1:30 l'una e mezza eh loo-nah eh med-zah

    6:30 Sono le sei e mezzo soh-noh leh say-ee eh med-zoh

    sharp in punto een poon-tohin the morning di mattina dee maht-teen-ah

    in the afternoon di pomeriggio dee poh-mehr-ee-zhee-oh

    in the evening di sera dee seh-rah

    at night di notte dee noht-teh

    16. WEATHER / IL TEMPO ATMOSFERICO

    What's the weather today? Che tempo fa oggi?

    It's nice Fa bel tempo / bello

    bad Fa brutto tempo / brutto

    raining Piove / Sta piovendo

    thundering Tuona

    snowing Nevica / Sta nevicando

    hailing Grandina / Sta grandinando

    cold Fa freddo

    cool Fa fresco

    hot Fa caldo

    freezing Fa un freddo gelido

    foggy C' nebbia

    sunny C' sole / assolato

    windy C' vento / ventoso / Fa vento

    cloudy nuvoloso

    humid umido

    muggy afoso

    stormy burrascoso

    17. FAMILY & ANIMALS / FAMIGLIA E ANIMALI

    family la famiglia relatives i parenti dog il cane

    parents i genitori father-in-law il suocero cat il gatto

    mother la madre mother-in-law la suocera bird l'uccello

    father il padre son-in-law il genero mouse il topo

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    son il figliodaughter-in-

    lawla nuora rabbit il coniglio

    daughter la figlia brother-in-law il cognato horse il cavallo

    brother il fratello sister-in-law la cognata cow la mucca

    sister la sorella stepfather il patrigno donkey l'asinograndfather il nonno stepmother la matrigna goat la capra

    grandmother la nonnastep/half

    brotheril fratellastro sheep la pecora

    grandson/nephew il nipote step/half sister la sorellastra goose l'oca

    granddaughter/niece la nipote married sposato duck l'anatra

    uncle lo zio divorced divorziato pig il maiale

    aunt la zia separated separato hen la gallina

    cousin (m) il cugino single (man) celibe deer il cervo

    cousin (f) la cugina single (woman) nubile

    husband il marito bachelor lo scapolo

    wife la moglie widow la vedova

    man l'uomo widower il vedovo

    woman la donna godfather il padrino

    boy il ragazzo godmother la madrina

    girl la ragazza twinsi gemelli / le

    gemelle

    18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS

    conoscere-to know, be acquainted with sapere-to know (facts)

    conosco conosciamo so sappiamo

    conosci conoscete sai sapete

    conosce conoscono sa sanno

    Conoscere is used when you know people and places. It is conjugated regularly.Sapere is used when you know facts.Saperefollowed by an infinitive means to know

    how. In addition, the object must be expressed in Italian when using sapere. Youcannot simply say I knowas in English, but ratherI knowit: Loso.

    Io conosco Mario. I know Mario.

    Voi conoscetela Francia.You know (have visited) France.

    Tusainuotare.You know how to swim.

    Lorosanno cantare. They know how to sing.

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    fare - to do / make

    faccio ah-cho facciamo ah-chah-moh

    fai ah-ee fate ah-teh

    fa ah fanno ahn-noh

    Che cosa fa? What do you do (as a profession)?Io faccioil contabile. I'm an accountant.Che facolt fa? What's your major?Faccioarchitettura. I'm studying/majoring in architecture.

    Idomatic expressions used with fare:fareunadomanda - to ask a questionfareun viaggio - to take a tripfareunbagno - to take a bathfareuna passeggiata - to take a walk

    fareattenzione - to pay attentionfareun piacere - to do a favorfareuna conferenza - to give a lecturefarel'attrice/ il cantante - to be an actress / a singerfarel'universit - to study at university / be in college

    Notice than in English we use the indefinite article (a or an) when talking aboutprofessions, butin Italian, you must use the definite article.

    22. WORK & SCHOOL

    architect l'architetto teacher (m) il maestroauthor l'autore teacher (f) la maestra

    banker il banchiere professor (m) il professore

    waiter il cameriere professor (f) la professoressa

    waitress la cameriera hair stylist (m) il parrucchiere

    saleswoman la commessa hair stylist (f) la parrucchiera

    salesman il commesso secretary (m) il segretario

    accountant il contabile secretary (f) la segretaria

    doctor (m) il dottore soldier il soldatodoctor (f) la dottoressa journalist il/la giornalista

    musician il/la musicista office worker (m) l'impiegato

    barber il barbiere office worker (f) l'impiegata

    When stating your job or profession, use the verb fare + the definite article: Faccioilprofessore. I'm a professor.

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    biology la biologia architecture l'architettura

    chemistry la chimica business il commercio

    economics l'economia law la giurisprudenza

    philosophy la filosofia engineering l'ingegneria

    physics la fisica literature le lettere

    geography la geografia political science le scienze politiche

    foreign languages le lingue straniere sociology la sociologia

    mathematics la matematica astronomy l'astronomia

    medicine la medicina dramatic arts l'arte drammatica

    accounting la ragioneria computer science l'informatica

    history la storia communication

    la scienza della

    comunicazioni

    psychology la psicologia physical education l'educazione fisica

    When talking about your major or specialization, use the verb fare withoutthe definitearticle: Facciogeografia. I study geography.

    course, class il corso oral exams gli orali

    department la facolt written exams gli scritti

    subject la materia semester / trimesteril semestre /

    trimestreListen Ascoltate Correct! Giusto!Read Leggete Wrong! Sbagliato!Repeat Ripetete All together! Tutti insieme!Answer Rispondete One more time. Ancora una volta.

    Write Scrivete How do you pronounce...?Come sipronuncia...?

    Open your books Aprite i libri. How do you write...? Come si scrive...?Close your books Chiudete i libri. How do you say...? Come si dice...?Do the exercise Fate l'esercizio What does ... mean? Cosa vuol dire...?Attention! Attenzione! Repeat, please. Ripeta, per favore.

    Very good! Molto bene / Benissimo! OK. Va bene.

    23. PREPOSITIONS & ADVERBS OF PLACE Words in italics are not yetrecorded.

    at, to a over / above sopra

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    in in under / below sotto

    on / up su inside dentro

    from, by da around intorno a

    of di between tra

    with con among fra

    without senza near vicino a

    for per far lontano da

    next to accanto a before prima (di)

    behind dietro after dopo (di)

    in front of davanti a against contro

    across attraverso toward verso

    Down gi outside uori

    24. PREPOSITIONAL CONTRACTIONS

    il lo l' la i gli le

    a at, to al allo all' alla ai agli alle

    dafrom,by

    dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle

    di Of del dello dell' della dei degli delle

    in In nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle

    su On sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle

    con With col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle

    The only contractions forcon that are still used nowadays are coland coi, but eventhese contractions are optional.

    Usually no article is used within before words denoting rooms in a house orbuildings in a city.

    Di is also used when showing possession. Italian does not have the -'s constructionthat English uses, so you must say that whatever is possessed is ofthe person.

    Questo cane di Marco. This dog is Marco's. / This is Marco's dog. (Literally: Thisdog is of Marco.)

    If the adjective is referring to a language, it will always be the masculine form. If theadjective is referring to a woman instead of a man, then the adjectives ending in -o

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    change to end in -a. The adjectives ending in -e do not change for gender. Also, theadjective americanousually refers to someone living anywhere in the Americancontinent, but many people do use it to mean a person from the United States, insteadofstatunitense.

    When talking about your country of origin, it is more common in Italian to use the

    adjective of nationality. For example, instead of saying She is from Denmark, youwould say She is Danish.

    26. TO AND FROM PLACES

    To From

    Country (singular) in da (+ contraction)

    Country (plural) negli da (+ contraction)

    City a da

    Vadoin Francia. I'm going to France.

    Vengodalla Francia. I come from France.

    Vadonegli Stati Uniti. I'm going to the United States.

    Vengodagli Stati Uniti. I come from the United States.

    Vadoa Parigi. I'm going to Paris.

    Vengoda Parigi. I come from Paris.

    27. TO COME AND TO GO

    Venire - to come Andare - to go

    vengo vehn-goh veniamoven-ee-ah-moh

    vado vah-doh andiamoahn-dee-ah-moh

    vieni vee-en-ee Venite ven-ee-teh vai vah-ee andate ahn-dah-teh

    viene vee-en-eh vengonoven-goh-noh

    va vah vanno vahn-noh

    To make a verb negative, add nonbefore it:

    Non vengoascuolainmacchina. I don't come to school by car.

    Ifandare is followed by another infinitive, then a must be used before the infinitive:

    Vadoamangiareadesso. I'm going to eat now.

    Other verbs conjugated in the same pattern as venire are:avvenire - to happen, to occur

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    convenire - to convenedivenire - to becomeprovenire - to come from, to proceedsovvenire - to helpsvenire - to faint

    Tenere (to hold, keep) verbs are conjugated very similarly to venire too, except the voiform ends in -ete instead of -ite:appartenere - to belongcontenere - to containintrattenere - to entertainmantenere - to maintainottenere - to obtainritenere - to retainsostenere - to sustain, to supporttrattenere - to withhold, to detain

    28. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS

    To conjugate regular verbs, take off the last three letters (-are, -ere, or -ire) and addthese endings to the stem:

    Regular Verb Endings

    -are -ere 1st -ire 2nd -ire

    -o -iamo -o -iamo -o -iamo -isco -iamo

    -i -ate -i -ete -i -ite -isci -ite

    -a -ano -e -ono -e -ono -isce -iscono

    Verbi Regolari / Regular Verbs

    -are 1st -ire

    parlare to speak dormire to sleep

    cantare to sing partire to leave

    arrivare to arrive sentire to hear

    abitare to live aprire to open

    amare to love offrire to offer

    ascoltare to listen (to) servire to serve

    cominciare to begin

    domandare to ask

    giocare to play (a game/sport)

    guardare to look (at)/watch

    imparare to learn

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    insegnare to teach

    lavorare to work

    mangiare to eat

    pensare to think

    studiare to study

    -ere 2nd -ire

    scrivere to write finire to finish

    vedere to see capire to understand

    credere to believe preferire to prefer

    conoscere to know/be acquainted with colpire to hit

    leggere to read costruire to build

    mettere to put pulire to clean

    perdere to lose sparire to disappearprendere to take

    rispondere to answer

    scendere to go down/get off

    vendere to sell

    vivere to live

    correre to run

    dipingere to paint

    ricevere to receive

    Sample Regular Verb

    Parlare-to speak

    Parlo parliamo

    Parli parlate

    Parla parlano

    The present tense and the preposition da may be used to describe an action whichbegan in the past and is still continuing in the present. The present perfect tense isused in English to convey this same concept.

    Daquanto tempo Leistudial'italiano? How long have you been studying Italian?Studiol'italianodadueanni. I've been studying Italian for two years.

    Proprio can be used to emphasize something and it translates as reallyorjust.

    Ho propriosonno. I'm really sleepy.Arrivodallabanca proprioadesso. I just now got back from the bank.

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    29. REFLEXIVE VERBS

    Reflexive verbs express actions performed by the subject on the subject. Theseverbs are conjugated like regular verbs, but a reflexive pronoun precedes the verbform. This pronoun always agrees with the subject. In the infinitive form, reflexiveverbs have -si attached to them with the final e dropped. Lavare is to wash,

    therefore lavarsiis to wash oneself. (Note that some verbs are reflexive in Italian, butnot in English.)

    Reflexive Pronouns

    Mi ci

    Ti vi

    Si si

    Common reflexive verbs:

    to be satisfied with accontentarsi dito graduate (fromcollege) laurearsi

    to fall asleep addormentarsi to wash up lavarsi

    to get up alzarsi to put on mettersi

    to be bored annoiarsi to get organized organizzarsi

    to get angry arrabbiarsi to make a reservation prenotarsi

    to be called chiamarsi to remember to ricordarsi di

    to forget to dimenticarsi di to make a mistake sbagliarsi

    to graduate (from high

    school)diplomarsi to feel (well, bad) sentirsi (bene, male)

    to have a good time divertirsi to specialize specializzarsi

    to shave (the face)farsi la barba /

    radersito get married sposarsi

    to stop (oneself) fermarsi to wake up svegliarsi

    to complain about lamentarsi di to get dressed vestirsi

    Iomilavo. I wash myself.Noi cialziamo presto. We get up early.Sisvegliaallesette. She wakes up at seven.

    The plural reflexive pronouns (ci, vi, si) can also be used with non-reflexive verbs to

    indicate a reciprocal action. These verbs are called reciprocal verbs and areexpressed by the words each otherin English.

    to embrace abbracciarsi to run into incontrarsi

    to help aiutarsi to fall in love with innamorarsi

    to kiss baciarsi to greet salutarsi

    to understand capirsi to write to scriversi

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    to meet conoscersi to phone telefonarsi

    to exchange gifts farsi regali to see vedersi

    to look at guardarsi

    Ciscriviamoognisettimana. We write to each other every week.

    Vi vedetespesso? Do you see each other often?

    30. IRREGULARITIES IN REGULAR VERBS

    Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an hbefore the-iand -iamo endings to keep thehard sound. Verbs ending in -ciareand -giaredo not repeat the iin front of the -iending. Notice that these verbs are only slightly irregular in spelling, while thepronunciation still follows the normal conjugation pattern.

    cercare - to look for cominciare - to start

    cerco cerchiamo comincio cominciamo

    cerchi cercate cominci cominciate

    cerca cercano comincia cominciano

    31. PRESENT PERFECT (PASSATO PROSSIMO)

    The present perfect tense is used to express something that happened in the past,and which is completely finished (not habitual or continuous). To form this compoundtense, which can translate as something happened, something has happened, orsomething did happen, conjugate avereor sometimes essereand add the pastparticiple. To form the past participle, add these endings to the appropriate stem of

    the infinitives:

    -are -ato

    -ere -uto

    -ire -ito

    Verbs that can take a direct object are generally conjugated with avere. Verbs that donot take a direct object (generally verbs of movement), as well as all reflexive verbs,are conjugated with essere and their past participle must agree in gender and numberwith the subject. Avere uses avere as its auxiliary verb, while essere uses essere asits auxiliary verb. Negative sentences in the present perfect tense are formed by

    placing non in front of the auxiliary verb. Common adverbs of time are placed betweenavere/essere and the past participle.

    Ioho visitato Roma. I visited Rome.Tunonhai visitatogli Stati Uniti. You didn't visit the United States.Abbiamo conosciutodue ragazze. We met two girls.Maria andatain Italia. Maria went to Italy. (Note the agreement of the pastparticiple with the subject.)

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    Hosempreavuto pauradei cani. I've always been afraid of dogs.Haigi finitodistudiare? Have you already finished studying?

    In addition, some verbs take on a different meaning in the presentperfect: conoscere means tomeet and saperemeans to findout (ortohear).

    Reflexive Verbsin the Present Perfect Tense

    Since all reflexive verbs use essere as the auxiliary verb, the past participle mustagree with the subject. The word order is reflexive pronoun + essere + past participle.

    Misonodivertita. I had fun.Si sentitomale. He felt bad.

    32. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Part 1: Part2:

    The following verbs all take avere as the auxiliary:

    to turn on Accendere acceso to hide nascondere nascosto

    to admit Ammettere ammesso to offend offendere offeso

    to hang(up) Appendere appeso to offer offrire offerto

    to open Aprire aperto to lose perdere perso / perduto

    to drink Bere bevuto to permit permettere permesso

    to ask Chiedere chiesto to cry piangere pianto

    to close Chiudere chiuso to put, place porre posto

    to grant, award Concedere concesso to take prendere preso

    to conclude Concludere concluso to promise promettere promessoto know (people) Conoscere conosciuto to suggest proporre proposto

    to correct Correggere corretto to laugh ridere riso

    to decide Decider deciso to solve, resolve risolvere risolto

    to disappoint Deludere deluso to respond, answer rispondere risposto

    to defend Difendere difeso to break rompere rotto

    to say, tell Dire detto to choose scegliere scelto

    to direct, run Dirigere diretto to write scrivere scritto

    to discuss Discutere discusso to suffer soffrire sofferto

    to distinguish Distinguere distinto to turn off spegnere spento

    to destroy Distruggere distrutto to spend spendere speso

    to divide Divider diviso to push spingere spinto

    to exclude Escludere escluso to translate tradurre tradotto

    to express Esprimere espresso to draw, pull trarre tratto

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    to do Fare fatto to kill uccidere ucciso

    to insist Insistere insistito to see vedere visto / veduto

    to read Leggere letto to win vincere vinto

    to put Mettere messo

    Sample Avere Verb: avere - to

    have

    (io) ho avuto (noi) abbiamo avuto

    (tu) hai avuto (voi) avete avuto

    (lei) ha avuto (loro) hanno avuto

    Hoavuto can mean I have, I have had, orI did have.

    33. ESSERE VERBS

    In general, intransitive and reflexive verbs, as well as impersonal verbs and verbsdescribing a change of state or an evolution of some sorts, take essere as theauxiliary verb in the passato prossimo. These past participles must agree with thesubject in gender and number by changing the final vowel. Irregular past participlesare highlighted.

    to go andare andato

    to arrive arrivare arrivato

    to suffice, be enough bastare bastato

    to be necessary bisognare bisognatoto cost costare costato

    to depend dipendere dipeso

    to regret, upset dispiacere dispiaciuto

    to become, grow, turn diventare diventato

    to last durare durato

    to enter entrare entrato

    to exist esistere esistito

    to be essere stato

    to arrive / to succeed giungere giunto

    to get old invecchiare invecchiato

    to die morire morto

    to be born nascere nato

    to be necessary occorrere occorso

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    to leave partire partito

    to be pleasing[to like] piacere piaciuto

    to rain piovere piovuto

    to stay, remain restare restato

    to go/come back in, return rientrare rientrato

    to remain, stay rimanere rimasto

    to return ritornare ritornato

    to succeed riuscire (a) riuscito

    to seem sembrare sembrato

    to serve, be of use servire servito

    to disappear sparire sparito

    to stay, be stare stato

    to happen succedere successoto come back/return tornare tornato

    to go out uscire uscito

    to be worth valere valso

    to come venire venuto

    Sononatoa Torinonel 1965. I was born in Turin in 1965.Cosa successo? What happened?Lei statomalatamanientedigrave. She was sick, but it was nothing serious.

    There are also a few verbs (some with irregular past participles) that use essere asan auxiliary when they are intransitive (no direct object), but avere when they aretransitive (with a direct object):

    to change, exchange cambiare cambiato

    to begin, start cominciare cominciato

    to run correre corso

    to grow (up), increase cresciere cresciuto

    to diminish, decrease diminuire diminuito

    to explode esplodere esploso

    to finish, end, stop finire finito

    to ripen, mature maturare maturato

    to improve migliorare migliorato

    to move muovere mosso

    to pass, pass through/over passare passato

    to worsen peggiorare peggiorato

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    to go up, rise salire salito

    to descend, go down scendere sceso

    to live (be alive) vivere vissuto

    L'inverno finito. Winter is finished.

    Abbiamo finitodiguardareil film. We finished watching the film.

    Sample Essere Verb: andare - to go

    sono andato / sono andata siamo andati / siamo andate

    sei andato / sei andata siete andati / siete andate

    andato / andata sono andati / sono andate

    Sonoandato can mean I went, I was going, orI did go. Remember that -o is

    masculine and -a is feminine. The -i ending indicates all males or males and females;whereas the -e ending indicates only females.

    Lamerenda refers to the snack that children have around 10 or 11 AM while atschool, but it can also mean afternoon snack. You can also use unospuntino to referto a snack in general.

    35. PIACERE & SERVIRE

    Piacere - to like / Servire - to needpiaccio piacciamo servo serviamo

    piaci piacete servi Servite

    piace piacciono serve Servono

    Past participle:

    piaciutoPast participle: servito

    Piacere (a) literally means to be pleasing (to) so to form a sentence you have to invertthe word order. You must also use the prepositional contractions with a.

    Maria piacea Giovanni. John likes Mary. (Literally: Mary is pleasing to John)Glistudenti piaccionoai professori. The teachers like the students. (Literally: Thestudents are pleasing to the teachers).

    The most common forms are the third person singular and plural when used withobject pronouns. The object pronouns that are used with these two verbs aresomewhat similar to the reflexive pronouns:

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    mi I (to me) ci we (to us)

    ti you (to you) vi you (to you)

    gli / le he / she (to him / her) gli they (to them)

    To say Ilike something, use Mi piace if it is singular and Mi piaccionoif it isplural. Piaciuto is the past participle and it is used with essere. However, it alwaysagrees with the subject (what is liked) instead of the person.

    Mi piace cucinare. I like to cook. (Literally: To me is pleasing to cook.)Gli piaccionoi treni. He likes trains. (Literally: To him are pleasing the trains.)Ci piaciutalabistecca. We liked the steak. (Literally: To us was pleasing thesteak.)Nonlesono piaciutiglispaghetti. She didn't like the spaghetti. (Literally: Not to herwas pleasing the spaghetti.)

    Stressed forms also exist for the object pronouns. They are nearly identical to the

    subject pronouns, except me and teare used for me and you (familiar). They arealways preceded by the preposition a.

    A menon piacesciare. I don't like to ski. (Literally: To me not is pleasing to ski.)A loro piace viaggiare? Do they like to travel? (Literally: To them is pleasing totravel.)

    Servire has the same construction as piacere. It is also used primarily in the thirdperson singular and plural forms and takes an indirect object. When it takes a directobject, it simply means to serve.

    Tiservedella frutta? Do you need any fruit? (Literally: By you is needed somefruit?)

    Il paneservea Marco. Marco needs bread. (Literally: The bread is needed byMarco.)

    Mancare can be used in the same way as piacere and servire to mean tomissortolack. If used in the regular way, it means tobemissing / absent.

    Mimanchi. I miss you. (Literally: To me you are missing.)Chimanca? Who is missing?

    37. TO TAKE, EAT OR DRINK

    Prendere - to take, eat or drink and Bere - to drink

    prendo prendiamo bevo Beviamo

    prendi prendete bevi Bevete

    prende prendono beve Bevono

    Past participle: preso Past participle: bevuto

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    Bere is only used to mean to drink when it is used in the general sense, asis mangiare - to eat. The rest of the time you simply useprendere when referring toeating or drinking, similar to how we can use the verb have in English.

    38. COMMANDS

    -are -ere -ire

    tu form (singular familiar) -a -i -i / -isci

    Lei form (singular polite) -i -a -a / -isca

    voi form (plural polite) -ate -ete -ite

    noi form (Let's ...) -iamo -iamo -iamo

    To make a command negative, add nonbefore the command, except forthe tu (singular familiar) commands, when you use non and the infinitive.

    tu form Lei form voi form

    Answer! Rispondi! Risponda! Rispondete!

    Don't

    answer!Nonrispondere!

    Nonrisponda!

    Nonrispondete!

    Irregular Commands

    andare -

    to go

    venire - to

    come

    fare - to

    do

    dare -

    to give

    dire - to

    say / tell

    essere -

    to be

    avere - to

    have

    stare -to

    be / staysing.

    fam.va' vieni fa' da' di' sii Abbi sta'

    sing.pol.

    vada venga faccia Dia dica sia Abbia stia

    plural andate venite fate Date dite siate Abbiate state

    Let's andiamo veniamo facciamo diamo diciamo siamo Abbiamo stiamo

    The words avanti, dai and su can accompany commands to give emphasis, similarto come on!in English. Ifpure is used with a command, it softens the intensity.

    39. MORE NEGATIVES

    non...mai never

    non...pi no longer, no more

    non...niente / nulla nothing

    non...nessuno nobody, no one

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    non...neanche not even

    non...n...n neither...nor

    The non goes before the verb and the second part goes after.

    Nonhoniente. I have nothing.

    Nessuno and niente can also be subjects. In this case, non is not used.

    Nessuno venuto.No one came.

    40. HOLIDAY PHRASES

    Buon Anno! Happy New Year!

    Buona Pasqua! Happy Easter!

    Buon compleanno! Happy Birthday!

    Buon Natale! Merry Christmas!

    Buone feste! Happy Holidays!

    Buona vacanza!Have a good

    vacation!

    Buon divertimento! Have a good time!

    Buon viaggio! Have a good trip!

    Tanti auguri! Best wishes!

    Babbo Natale is Santa Claus and il panettone oril pandoro are the traditional cakeseaten at Christmas. For Easter, the traditional cake is called la colomba. Be carefulwith the difference between ferie and feriale: le ferie origiornidi ferie are holidayswhen most places of business are closed; the opposite is ungiorno feriale, or aweekday/working day.

    Italian 3

    41. IMPERFECT TENSE

    The imperfect tense is also called the past descriptive tense and corresponds to wasdoingorused to do in English. The imperfect is used to describe a continued orhabitual action in the past, or to describe an action that was occurring in the past,while something else happened. Time, age, weather conditions as well as mental andphysical conditions are all expressed in the imperfect rather than the passatoprossimo tense.

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    The imperfect in Italian has the same ending for all three verb groups. It is formed bydropping the -re of the infinitive and adding the following endings:

    -vo -vamo

    -vi -vate

    -va -vano

    Avere is regular in the imperfect, but essere, bere, dire and fare are irregular. Thestem of essere becomes er- forio, tu, lui/leiandloro, and it does not take the v, whilethe stem fornoiandvoi is era-and it does take the v. The stems for bere, dire, fare,porre and tradurre are slightly irregular: beve-, dice-, face-, pone-, and traduce-butthey take the regular endings of the imperfect.

    essere - to be bere - to drink dire - to say / tell

    ero eravamo Bevevo bevevamo dicevo dicevamo

    eri eravate Bevevi bevevate dicevi dicevateera erano Beveva bevevano diceva dicevano

    fare - to do porre - to put / place tradurre - to translate

    facevo facevamo Ponevo ponevamo traducevo traducevamo

    facevi facevate Ponevi ponevate traducevi traducevate

    faceva facevano Poneva ponevano traduceva traducevano

    Avevo fame. I was hungry.

    Era tardi. It was late.Nondicevaniente. He wasn't saying anything.Aspettavamoin fila. We were waiting in line.Prendevosemprel'autobus. I always take the bus.

    42. TO BE/STAY AND TO GIVE

    stare - to be / stay dare - to give

    sto Stiamo do diamo

    stai State dai date

    sta Stanno d dannoPast participle: stato Past participle: dato

    Stare means to be when used in progressive tense. If you use it with a presentparticiple, it translates to something is happening, not something happens as with thepresent indicative. Stare is also used in many health expressions.

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    Comestai? How are you?Stobene. I'm fine.

    Stare perplus an infinitive means "to be about to" do something.

    Stavo peruscire. I was about to go out.Stiamo permangiare. We're about to eat.

    Dareunesame means to take an exam rather than to give an exam.

    43. GERUNDS

    Gerunds are formed by dropping the ending of the infinitive, and adding the followingendings to the stem:

    Gerunds

    -are -ando

    -ere -endo

    -ire -endo

    To express a progressive or continuous action, conjugate stareand add the gerund.Sto parlandoitaliano is I am speaking Italian. (As opposed to ParloitalianoI

    speak Italian.) There are only a few irregular gerunds: fare - facendo(doing), dare -dando (giving), dire -dicendo(say/telling), bere -bevendo (drinking), porre -ponendo (putting, placing) and tradurre - tradunendo (translating).

    Che cosastai facendo? What are you doing?Dovestannoandando? Where are they going?

    Stavadicendola verit. He was telling the truth.

    44. PLACES / AROUND TOWN

    airport l'aeroporto library la biblioteca

    alley il vicolo market il mercato

    avenue la viale ministry il ministero

    bakery la panetteria / il panificio monument il monumento

    bank la banca mosque la moschea

    bar il bar museum il museobarn il granaio palace il palazzo

    barracks la caserma park il parco

    bench la panchina path / way il sentiero / il cammino

    bridge il ponte pharmacy la farmacia

    bookstore la libreria pier il molo

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    building l'edificiopolice station /

    headquartersil commissariato / la

    questura

    butcher's la macelleria post office l'ufficio postale

    cafe il caff port il porto

    castle il castello prison la prigionecathedral il duomo restaurant il ristorante

    cemetery il cimitero river il fiume

    church la chiesa road la via

    cinema il cinema school la scuola

    consulate il consolato sidewalk il marciapiede

    corner l'angolo synagogue la sinagoga

    courtyard il cortile square la piazza

    crosswalk il passaggio pedonale stable la stalla

    dock il bacino stadium lo stadio

    downtown il centro station la stazione

    dry cleaner's la tintoria store il negozio

    embassy l'ambasciata street la strada

    factory la fabbrica suburb il sobborgo

    farm la fattoria supermarket il supermercato

    fire hydrant l'idrante temple il tempio

    fountain la fontana theater il teatro

    garage il garage tower la torre

    grocery store la drogheria town / city la citt

    hospital l'ospedale (m) town hall il municipio

    hostel (youth) l'ostello della giovent traffic light il semaforo

    hotel l'albergo (m) university l'universit (f)

    house la casa village il villaggio

    hut la capanna zebra crossing le strisce

    inn l'osteria zoo lo zoo

    Words denoting buildings in a city, as well as open spaces, do not use the articleafterin.

    Sonoinufficio,noninbiblioteca. I'm in the office, not in the library.

    Nonmi piace viverein citt. Preferisco vivrein campagna. I don't like living in thecity. I prefer to live in the countryside.

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    45. TRANSPORTATION & VEHICLES

    airplane l'aeroplano motorcycle il motociclo

    ambulance l'ambulanza on foot a piedi

    automobile l'automobile (f) pickup truck il camion

    bicycle la bicicletta semi-truck il camion con rimorchio

    boat la barca ship il bastimento

    bus l'autobus (m) streetcar il tram

    car la macchina taxi il taxi

    ferry il traghetto tow truck il carro attrezzi

    fire engine l'autopompa tractor il trattore

    minivan la monovolume trailer il rimorchio

    moped il motorino train il treno

    To say bybus, car, etc., replace the article with in.

    46. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO

    volere - to want potere - to be able to, can dovere - to have to, must

    voglio vogliamo posso possiamo devo dobbiamo

    vuoi volete puoi Potete devi dovete

    vuole vogliono pu Possono deve devono

    Past participle: voluto Past participle: potuto Past participle: dovuto

    In the passato prossimo, these three verbs can use either avere or essere as theauxiliary verb, depending on what auxiliary the main verb in the sentence takes.

    Abbiamo potuto parlare. We could/were able to talk.Sonodovuto partire presto. I had to leave early.Lucy voluta venire connoi. Lucy wanted to come with us.

    Use of these verbs in the passato prossimo indicates that it is certain that the actiondid happen, whereas in the imperfect the result of the action remains unclear and

    uncertain.

    47. ASKING QUESTIONS

    Yes / No Questions:

    The easiest way to ask a question is to simply add a question mark to the end ofthe statement and using rising intonation.

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    Haimolto tempolibero?Do you have a lot of free time?

    Add non vero? / vero? / vero?or simplyno?to the end of the statement. Thisliterally translates as itis not true, and can have several meanings in English, such asisn't it/he/she, aren't you/they, doesn't it/he/she, don't you/they, etc.

    Seiunastudentessa,non vero?You're a student, aren't you?

    If using a subject pronoun (or name), put it at the end or after the verb.

    Vienea casa Marco?Is Marco coming home?

    Mangiala pizzail ragazzo?Is the boy eating the pizza?

    Wh- Questions:

    Interrogatives are followed by the verb. Remember that quale agrees in genderand number with the noun it precedes.

    Quando vaiin vacanza? When are you going on vacation?

    Di chi questolibro? Whose book is this?

    Che cosa faioggi? What are you doing today?

    Although in is one of the prepositions that forms contractions with articles, the article isnot used with words denoting rooms in a house.

    Dormiamoin cameraemangiamoinsalada pranzo. We sleep in the bedroom andwe eat in the dining room.

    49. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

    Comparisons are expressed as follows:

    pi... di / che

    meno... di / che

    cos... come

    tanto... quanto

    more... thanless... than

    as... asas... as

    Pi and meno can be used with di or che. Di is used when comparing two differentthings, while che is used when the comparison is between two qualities of the same

    thing.Le ciliegesono pibuonedelle fragole. Cherries are better than strawberries.Lamela pi verde che rossa. The apple is more green than red.Franco cosalto comeme. Frank is as tall as me.

    The Relative Superlative compares two or more things and expresses the greatestor the least degree. It is formed by placing the article before the comparative form of

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    the adjective, or in front of the noun. And instead of the preposition in, di (and itscontractions), is always used with the superlative.

    Lemelesonola fruttameno costosadelmondo. Apples are the least expensivefruit in the world.L'oro il pi preziosodeimetalli. Gold is the most precious metal.

    Questo il palazzo pialtodi Napoli. This is the tallest building in Naples. The Absolute Superlative expresses an extreme degree or absolute state ofsomething without comparison. This can be expressed in several ways in Italian.

    Drop the last vowel of the adjective and add -issimo, -issima, -issimi, or -issime.Le fragolesonodolcissime. Strawberries are very sweet.

    Place the words molto, troppo, or assai before the adjective.Questaarancia moltobuona. This orange is very good.

    Repeat the adjective or adverb.Lei parla piano piano. She speaks very softly.

    50. IRREGULAR FORMS

    Some adverbs have irregular comparative, relative superlative, and absolutesuperlative forms. The most common are:

    Adverb Comparative Relative Superlative Absolute Superlative

    bene

    male

    molto

    poco

    well

    badlymuch

    little

    meglio

    peggio

    pi

    meno

    better

    worsemore

    less

    (il) meglio

    (il) peggio

    (il) pi

    (il) meno

    (the) best

    (the) worst(the) most

    (the) least

    benissimo

    pessimo

    moltissimo

    pochissimo

    very well

    very badlyvery much

    very little

    51. CLOTHING & TOILETRIES

    apron il grembiale skirt la gonna

    barrette il fermaglio sleeve la manica

    bathrobe l'accappatoio slippers la pantofola

    belt la cintura soap il sapone

    blouse la camicetta sock il calzino

    bomber jacket il giubbotto stocking la calza

    boot lo stivale suit l'abito / il vestito

    bra il reggiseno sunglasses gli occhiali da sole

    bracelet il braccialetto suspenders le bretelle

    brush la spazzola per capelli sweater il maglione

    buckle la fibbia sweatshirt la felpa

    button il bottone swimsuit il costume da bagno

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    cap il berretto thread il filo

    clothes gli abiti tie la cravatta

    coat il cappotto T-shirt la maglietta

    collar il colletto tracksuit la tuta

    comb il pettine umbrella l'ombrello

    contact lens le lenti a contatto underpants le mutande

    cotton il cotone underwear / panties (women) le mutandine

    dress il vestito waistcoat il panciotto

    earmuffs il paraorecchie watch l'orologio

    earrings l'orecchino wool la lana

    fashion la moda toothbrush lo spazzolino

    glasses gli occhiali toothpaste il dentifricio

    glove il guanto makeup il truccohandbag la borsa lipstick il rossetto

    handkerchief il fazzoletto nail polish lo smalto per unghie

    hat il cappello nail polish remover l'acetone (m)

    jacket la giacca mascara il mascara

    jeans ijeans blush il fard

    mittens le manopole eyeliner lo spazzolino per unghie

    necklace la collana eyeshadow l'ombretto

    needle l'ago foundation il fondotinta

    nightgown la camicia da notte lotion la lozione

    outfit il corredo shampoo lo sciampo

    overcoat il soprabito conditioner il balsamo

    pajamas il pigiama shaving cream la crema da barba

    pants i pantaloni razor il rasoio

    Pin lo spillo tweezers le pinzette

    pocket la tasca nail clippers le forbicine

    purse la borsetta nail file la lima

    raincoat l'impermeable floss il filo interdentale

    ribbon il nastro curling iron il ferro arricciacapelli

    ring l'anello straightening iron la piastra stiracapelli

    sandals i sandali hairspray la lacca

    scarf la sciarpa hairdryer l'asciugacapelli

    shirt la maglia powder la polvere

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    to fall cadere cadr- to draw, pull trarre trarr-

    to have to,must

    dovere dovr- to explain spiegare spiegher-

    to be able to,

    canpotere potr- to pay pagare pagher-

    to know (facts) sapere sapr- to look for cercare cercher-

    to see vedere vedr- to forget dimenticare dimenticher-

    to live (bealive)

    vivere vivr- to eat mangiare manger-

    to want volere vorr- to begin cominciare comincer-

    The future tense is commonly used afterquando(when),appena(as soonas),dopo che(after), and se (if) even though the present tense is often used inEnglish. In addition to expressing the future, this tense in Italian can also expressprobability; but in English, the wordsprobably, can ormustare used.

    Non vedo Mariadamolto tempo. Dovesar? I haven't seen Maria in a long time.Where could she be?Sar ammalataoin vacanza. She must be sick or on vacation.

    Notice that Italian uses the future tense afterse in hypothetical statements,whereas in English the present tense is used.

    Sedomani far bel tempo,andr allaspiaggia. If the weather is good tomorrow, I'llgo to the beach.

    The future perfect (futuro composto) is formed with the future of avere or essere

    plus a past participle. The translation in English is willhave + past participle. It mustbe used when there are two actions in the future that do not happen at the same time.

    Allesei,avremogi mangiato. By six, we will have eaten already.Far un viaggiodopo cheavr superatogliesami. He will go on a trip after he willhave passed his exams.

    54. PRECEDING ADJECTIVES

    Only a few adjectives go before the noun, the rest are placed right after it. Bello-beautiful,buono-good,grande-large,and brutto-ugly are the most commonpreceding adjectives, even though they don't have to go before the noun. Bello and

    buono have alternate forms when they precede a noun.

    Buono e Bello

    Singular Plural Before a:

    Masculine

    buonobuoni

    z, s + consonant

    buon vowel orconsonant

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    Feminine

    buonabuone

    consonant

    buon' vowel

    Masculine

    bellobegli

    z, s + consonant

    bell' vowel

    bel bei consonant

    Feminine

    bellabelle

    consonant

    bell' vowel

    If they go after the noun, then they can be formed in the usual way. The above formsare only for when they go before the noun. Be aware that grandecan have alternateforms before nouns too. Grande can become gran before masculine or femininenouns beginning with a consonant. Or it could contract to grand' before masculine orfeminine nouns beginning with a vowel. But you do not have to use the alternateforms, whether or not you place the adjective before or after the noun.

    55. ADJECTIVES: FEMININE AND PLURAL

    Masculine to Feminine and Singular to Plural

    Masc. Fem.

    -o -a

    -e -e

    Sing. Plural

    -o, -e -i

    -a -e

    Some adjectives have two forms, others have four. Francese (french) has two:francese and francesi. Nuovo (new) has four: nuovo, nuova, nuovi, and nuove.

    56. MORE ADJECTIVES

    unpleasant antipatico anxious Ansioso

    good buono angry Arrabbiato

    simple semplice bad cattivo stingy Avaro

    complicated complicato big / large grande calm Calmo

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    interesting interessante small piccolo disappointed Deluso

    boring noioso young giovane depressed Depresso

    old vecchio entertaining Divertente

    short (length) corto intelligent intelligente excited Eccitato

    correct giusto stupid stupido enthusiastic Entusiastomistaken / wrong sbagliato elegant elegante generous Generoso

    expensive / dear caro unfashionable inelegante kind Gentile

    economical/cheap economico rich ricco nervous Nervosa

    modern moderno poor povero good, able Bravo

    old/ancient antico skinny / thin magro worried Preoccupato

    open aperto fatgrosso /

    grasso(un)satisfied (in)soddisfatto

    closed chiuso sincere sincero alone / lonely Solo

    shy timido tired Stanco

    strong forte stressed Stressato

    narrow / tight stretto gentle / kind gentile (in)sensitive (in)sensibile

    wide / baggy largo generous generoso serious Serio

    (un)happy (in)felice darkscuro /

    brunolazy Pigro

    blond biondovivacious /bright

    Vivace

    nice simpatico light (color) luminoso /chiaro sporty Sportive

    cheerful allegro light (weight) leggero classical Classic

    (un)comfortable (in)comodo heavy / thick pesante ready / quick Pronto

    Pronto also means hello when answering the telephone.

    57. ADVERBS

    Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of theadjective. Adjectives ending in -le or -re drop the final -e before adding -mente, if the lor r is preceded by a vowel.

    Adjective (feminineform)

    Adverb

    recente recentemente recently

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    comodafinale

    regolare

    comodamente

    finalmente

    regolarmente

    comfortablyfinally

    regularly

    Note that the adverbial form ofbuono (good) is bene, and cattivo (bad) is male.

    The adverb sempre (always) usually follows the verb. Anche(also, too) alwaysprecedes the noun, pronoun or infinitive to which it refers. When it precedes io, itbecomes anch'.

    Noistudiamosempre. We always study.Vuoleanchequestolibro. He wants that book, too.Anch'iodevostudiare. I have to study too.

    59. TO PLAY

    Giocare-to playgioco oh-koh giochiamo oh-kee-ah-moh

    giochi oh-kee giocate oh-kah-teh

    gioca oh-kah giocano oh-kahn-oh

    Past participle: giocato

    Most sports use giocarea (sport) without the prepositional contractions to mean toplay a sport.

    Giocanoa pallacanestro. They play basketball.Mi piacegiocarea calcio. I like to play soccer.Che cosa fainel tempolibero? What do you do in your free time?Disolito facciosport.Usually I play sports.

    60. NATURE & GEOGRAPHY

    air l'aria (f) rain la pioggia

    archipelago l'arcipelago (m) rainbow l'arcobaleno (m)

    bank la riva river il fiume

    bay la baia rock lo scoglio

    barn la stalla root la radice

    beach la spiaggia rose la rosa

    branch il ramo sand la sabbia

    bridge il ponte sea il mare

    bud il bocciolo shadow l'ombra

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    bush l'arbusto (m) sky il cielo

    cape il capo / il promontorio snow la neve

    cave la caverna soil il terreno

    city la citt south il sud

    climate il clima spring (water) la sorgente

    cloud la nube / nuvola star la stella

    coast la costa stem il gambo

    comet la cometa storm il temporal

    constellation la costellazione strait lo stretto

    country il paese stream il ruscello

    country(side) la campagna street la strada

    current la corrente sun il sole

    daffodil il narciso sunflower il girasoledaisy la margherita thaw il disgelo

    darkness l'oscurit (f) thunder il tuono

    desert il deserto tornado il turbine

    dew la rugiada tree l'albero

    dust la polvere trunk il tronco

    earth la terra tulip il tulipano

    east l'est (m) valley la valle

    farm la tenuta view la vista

    field il campo water l'acqua

    flower il fiore fresh water l'acqua dolce

    foam la schiuma salt water l'acqua salata

    fog la nebbia watering can l'annaffiatoio

    foliage il fogliame waterfall la cascata

    forest il bosco / la foresta wave l'onda (f)

    frost il gelo weather il tempo

    grass l'erba (f) west l'ovest (m)

    gulf il golfo wind il vento

    hail la grandine world il mondo

    hay il fieno

    high tide l'alta marea North Pole il Polo Nord

    hill la collina South Pole il Polo Sud

    ice il ghiaccio Northern Hemisphere l'emisfero settentrionale

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    island I'isola (f) Soutern Hemisphere l'emisfero meridionale

    isthmus l'istmo (m) Arctic Circle il circolo polare artico

    jungle la giungla equator l'equatore (m)

    lake il lago Arctic Ocean l'Oceano Artico

    leaf la foglia Atlantic Ocean l'Oceano Atlanticolight la luce Pacific Ocean l'Oceano Pacifico

    lightning il fulmine / lampo Indian Ocean l'Oceano Indiano

    lily il giglio Caribbean Sea il Mar dei Caraibi

    low tide la bassa marea Mediterranean Sea il Mar Mediterraneo

    meadow il prato North Sea il Mare del Nord

    moon la luna Red Sea il Mar Rosso

    mountain la montagna BlackSea il Mar Nero

    mountain range la catena montuosamouth (river) l'imboccatura Mercury Mercurio

    mud il fango Venus Venere

    nature la natura Earth Terra

    north il nord Mars Marte

    peninsula la penisola Jupiter Giove

    plain il piano / la pianura Saturn Saturno

    planet il pianeta Uranus Uranio

    plant la pianta Neptune Nettuno

    pond lo stagno Pluto Plutone

    pot (for plants) il vaso da fiori

    Italian 4

    61. OBJECT PRONOUNS

    Subject Direct Indirect Object ofPrepositions

    io I mi me mi to me me me

    tu you (s.i.) ti you ti to you te you

    lui he/it lo him/it gli to him/it lui him/it

    lei she/it/you (s.p.) la her/it/you le to her/it/you lei her/it/you

    noi we ci us ci to us noi us

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    voi you (p.i.) vi you vi to you voi you

    loro they/you (p.p.) li/le them/you loro to them/you loro them/you

    1. S.i. means singular informal, s.p. means singular polite, p.i. means pluralinformal, and p.p. means plural polite. For you (s.p.) and you (p.p.) they are

    capitalized to set them apart from the other meaning. (Lei instead of lei andLoro instead of loro.)

    2. Direct and indirect pronouns go directly before the conjugated verb OR they areattached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive); exceptloro, which always follows the verb: Lo voglio comprare. = Vogliocomprarlo. I want to buy it.

    3. With commands, the pronoun (except loro) is attached to the end and written asone word: Parlatemi! Talk to me!With one syllable commands, the consonant of the pronoun is doubled beforeadding it to the end of the command: di' + mi = dimmi! tell me!However, with negative commands, the pronoun may either be placed at theend as with positive commands, or they can be placed between non and theverb: Nonandarci! = Non ciandare! Don't go there!

    4. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct.

    5. Mi, ti, ci, and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve before lo, la, li and le.Also notice the insertion of ce before a pronoun + avere in constructions suchas: Cel'ho. I have it. Non celeho. I don't have them.

    6.Gli and le become glie before lo, la, li, and le; and are written as one wordconnected with the other pronoun:glielo,gliela,glieli,gliele

    If you use the direct object pronouns lo,la,li,lein the present perfect tense, the past

    participle must agree with them.Hai mangiato il panino? Did you eat the bun?

    Lo ho mangiato. I ate it.

    Hai mangiato la pasta? Did you eat the pastry?

    La ho mangiata. I ate it.

    In negative sentences, pronouns go before the entire verb as well, but after the non.

    I haven't eaten it. Non lo ho mangiato.

    The following verbs are always used with indirect pronouns or nouns:

    to give dare to bring portare

    to say/tell dire to prepare preparare

    to ask domandare to give (as a gift) regalare

    to lend imprestare to return, give back rendere

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    to teach insegnare to bring back riportare

    to send mandare to answer rispondere

    to show mostrare to write scrivere

    to offer offrire to call/telephone telefonare

    finger il dito wrist il polso

    fist il pugno

    flesh la carne see vedere

    foot il piede hear udire

    forehead la fronte smell annusare

    gum la gengiva taste assaggiare

    hair i capelli touch toccare

    hand la mano

    head la testa enamel lo smalto

    headache il mal di testa filling l'otturazione

    health la salute crown la corona

    heart il cuore gum la gengiva

    heel il tallone bone l'osso

    hip l'anca root la radice

    intestine l'intestino nerve il nervo

    jaw la mascella iris l'iride

    kidney il rene cornea la corneaknee il ginocchio pupil la pupilla

    leg la gamba retina la retina

    lip il labbro optic nerve il nervo ottico

    liver il fegato lens la lente

    lung il polmone

    moustache i baffi

    You can use the expressions Homaldi+ body part orMi famale + definite articleand the body part to say that something hurts. If the noun is plural, you have to usemi fanno male instead of mi fa male.

    Homaldi testa. My head hurts. / I have a headache.Mi famaleildito. My finger hurts.Mi fannomalegliocchi. My eyes hurt.

    To talk about hair and eyes:

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    the third person singular form. Quello che,quel che, and ci cheare all invariableand interchangeable. They refer to things only and mean "what" or "that which."

    Chistabenenon vadaldottore. He who feels well doesn't go to the doctor.Chi trovaunamico, trovaun tesoro. One who finds a friend, finds a treasure.Non capiscoquello chedice. I don't understand what he's saying.

    Ci chescrivi sbagliato. What you're writing is wrong.

    65. TO READ, TO SAY/TELL, TO GO OUT, TO LAUGH

    leggere - to read dire - to say/tell uscire - to go out ridere - to laugh

    leggo leggiamo Dico diciamo esco usciamo rido ridiamo

    leggi leggete Dici dite esci uscite ridi ridete

    legge leggono Dice dicono esce escono ride ridono

    Past participle: letto Past participle: detto Past participle: uscito Past participle: riso

    The verb dire is also used in the expression:

    Chenedicidi + infinitive? How about / Do you want to + infinitive?

    When uscire is followed by a place, the preposition da plus any contractions must beused, except in the idiom usciredi casa.

    Escodall'universit alle5.30. I leave the university at 5:30.

    66. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS

    Adjectives

    masculine singular eminine singularmasculineplural

    eminine plural

    any / some alcuno alcuna alcuni Alcune

    as much / many altrettanto altrettanta altrettanti Altrettante

    other Altro altra altri Alter

    some Certo certa certi Certe

    a lot of Molto molta molti Molte

    several parecchio parecchia parecchi Parecchie

    few Poco poca pochi Poche

    such a / such Tale tale tali Tali

    so much / many Tanto tanta tanti Tante

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    too much / many troppo troppa troppi Trope

    all Tutto tutta tutti Tutte

    various / several Vario varia vari Varie

    not one / not any nessuno nessuna (no plural form)

    Invariable Adjectives

    Ogni

    Qualche

    qualsiasi

    qualunque

    67. CI AND NE

    Ci (there, it, about it, of it) and ne (some, of them, of it) are both pronouns that gobefore the verb and they replace prepositional phrases. Ci will replace phrasesindicating locations that begin with in, on, to, at, under, etc. and ne will replacephrases that are usually preceded by some or a numberand that indicate quantities.

    Example Sentences

    I live in Paris. Vivo a Parigi.

    I live there. Ci vivo.

    I have some apples. Ho delle mele.I have some (of them). Ne ho.

    I have five sisters. Ho cinque sorelle.

    I have five (of them). Ne ho cinque.

    Do you buy books often? Compri spesso libri?

    I buy many (of them). Ne compro molte.

    Similar to other pronouns, ci and ne go directly before the conjugated verb or they areattached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive).

    Ci voglio andare. = Voglio andarci. I want to go there.

    Ne posso spendere molti. = Posso spenderne molti. I can spend a lot.

    In the perfect tenses, the past participle must agree with the noun that ne refers to,the same way that it must agree with the direct object preceding it:

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    71. CONJUNCTIONS

    and e because Ch

    or o because, so that perch

    otherwise, or oppure so that, in order that affinch

    and yet, still eppure since poich

    nevertheless tuttavia as soon as siccome

    now ora given that dato che

    but, however ma if Se

    but, however per until Finch

    neither nor nn up to, until fino a

    therefore, then dunque though bench

    in fact infatti although sebbene

    so, therefore quindi although nonostante

    what, that che although quantunque

    when quando before prima que

    while mentre as soon as appena

    72. PASSIVE VOICE

    In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences,the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same.The passive form is only possible with transitive verbs and is much more common in

    English than in Italian. The passive form consists of the verb essere plus the pastparticiple of the main verb followed by da (by) and its contractions. Essere should bein the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The pastparticiple agrees in gender and number with the subject.

    Active I miei genitori pagano l'affitto. My parents pay the rent.

    PassiveL'affitto pagato dai miei

    genitori.

    The rent is paid by my

    parents.

    I contrattisono firmatidalle ragazze. The contracts are signed by the girls.Lastanza stataarredatada Carlo. The room was decorated by Carlo.L'affittosar pagatodaimieigenitori. The rent will be paid by my parents.

    73. IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS

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    Sican be used as a reflexive pronoun, but it can also be used as an impersonalpronoun. It corresponds to "one, you, we, the people in general, or they" in Englishand always use the third person form of the verb (either singular or plural dependingon the object).

    Quisi vende cartadalettere. We sell writing paper here. / Writing paper is sold

    here.Si vendonoanchematite? Do you also sell pencils?Quinonsi parla francese. We don't speak French here. / French is not spokenhere.

    To avoid si si with reflexive verbs in an impersonal use, use cisi instead:

    Cisidivertemolto. One has a lot of fun.

    To avoid the use of si in impersonal statements, replace it with uno:

    Si mangia bene qui. = Unomangiabenequi. One eats well here.

    Other impersonal expressions, which are followed by infinitives, include:

    Bisogna - it is necessary, one mustnecessario - it is necessary possibile -it is possiblemeglio - it is better facile / difficile - it is easy / difficultutile / inutile - it is useful / useless

    74. POST OFFICE AND BANK

    post office la posta bank la banca

    mailbox la cassetta dellelettere

    file cabinet lo schedario

    mail carrier il postino guard il custode

    mailbag il sacco della posta safe la cassaforte

    price il prezzo safety deposit box la cassetta di sicurezza

    scale la bilancia checkbook il libretto degli assegni

    package il pacchetto credit card la carta di credito

    stamp il francobollo bills le banconote

    letter la lettera coins le monete

    address l'indirizzo deposit slipla distinta di

    versamento

    postal worker l'impiegata postale pen la penna

    newspaper il giornale check l'assegno

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    magazine la rivista bank teller il cassiere

    75. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

    Non ne posso pi!I

    can't take it anymore!Lasciamo perdere! Forget about it!

    Che bello! How nice!

    Per forza! No wonder!

    Non cos semplice! It's not that easy!

    Chiss? Who knows?

    Ti pelano! They make you pay too much!

    Non vedo l'ora di... I can't wait to...

    Siamo messe male. We are in bad shape. (not physically)

    Che senso ha? What's the point?

    Magari! I wish!

    Non ne voglio proprio sapere! I really don't want to know about it!

    Fai bene! Good for you!

    Non ce la faccio da sola! I can't do it by myself!

    Meglio ancora! Even better!

    Che ne dici di ... ? What about ... ? (when inviting someone to do something)

    Figurati! Don't mention it! / No problem! (informal)

    Accidenti (a te)! / Mannaggia! Darn (you)!

    Uffa! / Che rabbia! What a nuisance!

    Che peccato! What a pity!

    Mi va di... I feel like...

    Faccia pure! Go ahead!

    Te la cavi bene. You manage it well. (speaking a language, for example)

    76. INFINITIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS

    The following verbs requiredi ora when followed by another infinitive, although thepreposition is not always translated into English. The preposition a can be changedto ad when the following verb begins with a vowel.

    verb + di + infinitive verb + a + infinitive

    accettare di to accept abituarsi a to get used to

    aspettare di to wait for aiutare a to help

    avere bisogno di to need andare a to be going to

    avere il piacere di to have the pleasure cominciare a to begin

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    avere intenzione di to intend continuare a to continue

    avere paura di to be afraid convincere a to convince

    avere voglia di to feel like correre a to run

    cercare di to try imparare a to learn

    cessare di to cease insegnare a to teach

    chiedere di to ask invitare a to invite

    comandare di to command mandare a to send

    credere di to believe passare a to stop by

    decidere di to decide pensare a to think of

    dimenticare di to forget preparare a to prepare

    dire di to say, tell provare a to try

    domandare di to ask riuscire a to succeed

    finire di to finish servire a to be good for

    offrire di to offer stare a to stay, stand

    pensare di to plan stare attento a to be careful

    permettere di to permit tornare a to return

    promettere di to promise venire a to come

    ricordare di to remember

    sapere di to know

    smettere di to stop, cease

    sognare di to dream

    sperare di to hope

    tentare di to try, attempt

    coconut la noce di cocco farm la fattoria

    fins le pinne farmhouse la cascina

    goggles la maschera subacquea hay il fieno

    hut la capanna hoe la zappa

    island l'isola lasso il laccio

    lifeguard il bagnino loft il fienile

    lighthouse il faro pitchfork il forcone

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    lounge chair la sedia a sdraio rake il rastrello

    oar il remo saddle la sella

    ocean liner la nave shovel la pala

    palm tree la palma silo il silo

    picnic il picnic stable la stalla

    pier il molo stool lo sgabello

    rowboat la barca a remi tractor il trattore

    sailboat la barca a vela windmill il mulino a vento

    sand la sabbia

    sand castle il castello di sabbia

    sea gull il gabbiano

    sea lion l'otaria

    sea shell la conchiglia

    seal la foca

    seashore il litorale

    seaweed l'alga marina

    suntan lotion la crema abbronzante

    surfboard la tavoletta da surf

    waterskiing lo sci nautico

    wave l'onda

    78. PROBLEM VERBS

    There are four verbs in Italian that correspond to the verb to leave in English:

    Lasciare means to leave a person or thing behind.Partire means to leave, to depart, to go away on a trip.Uscire means to go out (of a place) or to go out socially.Andare viameans to go away (opposite of to stay.)

    There are three verbs that correspond to the verb to tell:

    Diremeans to tell or say.Parlare means to speak or talk.Raccontare means to tell, in the sense of narrating.

    79. FARE CAUSATIVE

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    The verb fare can be followed by an infinitive to express the idea of having someonedo something or having something done. If the object is a noun, it follows theinfinitive; but if the object is a pronoun, it precedes the verb fare. (Unless the objectpronoun is loro, then it always follows the infinitive.) Note that farsi can also be usedin a causative construction when one is having something done to oneself.

    Abbiamo fatto farequellasedia. We had that chair made.Facciostudiarei ragazzi. I make the boys study.Li facciostudiare. I make them study.Mi faccio tagliarei capelli. I'm having my hair cut.

    When a causative sentence has two objects, the person being made to do somethingbecomes the indirect object. In Italian, the indirect object is introduced by a.

    Ilmaestro faleggerelostudente. The teacher makes the student read.Ilmaestro faleggerelaletturaallostudente. The teacher makes the student readthe passage.

    To avoid ambiguity with the indirect object, the preposition da instead ofa can be

    used. The sentence Abbiamo fattomandareil paccoa Maria can mean two things:1) We had Mary send the package or 2) We had the package sent to Mary. If the first

    meaning is intended, then da can replace a.

    Italian 5

    81. CONDITIONAL TENSES

    The conditional tense expresses "would" and is used with requests and doubts. It is

    also used in hypothetical situations with "if" clauses or with events or actions that mayoccur in the future, but probably won't. You will also see it in headlines of newspapersto indicate that something has not yet been proven to be true. To formthe present conditional, use the future stem and these endings for all verbs.

    -ei

    -esti

    -ebbe

    -emmo

    -este

    -ebbero

    As in the future tense, verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h after the c or gfor pronunciation. Verbs endings in -ciare and -giare drop the final i in all forms ofthe present conditional. The verbs that have irregular futurestems are also irregularin the conditional tense:

    to be essere sar- to remain, stay rimanere rimarr-

    to have avere avr- to drink bere berr-

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    to be, stay stare star- to put, place porre porr-

    to give dare dar- to come venire verr-

    to make fare far- to translate tradurre tradurr-

    to go andare andr- to hold tenere terr-

    to fall cadere cadr- to draw, pull trarre trarr-

    to have to, must dovere dovr- to explain spiegare spiegher-

    to be able to, can potere potr- to pay pagare pagher-

    to know (facts) sapere sapr- to look for cercare cercher-

    to see vedere vedr- to forget dimenticare dimenticher-

    to live (be alive) vivere vivr- to eat mangiare manger-

    to want volere vorr- to begin cominciare comincer-

    Gli parlerei,manon a casa. I would talk to him, but he's not at home.Prenderesteun caff? Would you like some coffee?Sarei pi contenta. I would be happier. The past conditional expresses the same basic idea as the present conditional. It isformed by using the presentconditional of avere or essere and the past participle ofthe main verb. If the main clause is in the present tense, then the subordinate clausewill either be in the present or past conditional in Italian.

    Nonsoselo potrebbe fare. I don't know if he would be able to do it.

    However, if the main clause is in the past tense, then the subordinate clause MUSTbe in the past conditional in Italian:

    Hadetto chesarebbe venuto. He said that he would come.

    83. TO DRIVE & TO TRANSLATE

    condurre - to drive tradurre - to translate

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    conduco

    conduci

    conduce

    conduciamo

    conducete

    conducono

    traducco

    traduci

    traduce

    traduciamo

    traducete

    traducono

    Past participle: condotto Past participle: tradotto

    Other verbs that are conjugated similarly include: produrre (to produce)and ridurre (to reduce)

    84. AIRPORT & TRAIN STATION

    airport l'aeroporto luggage cart il carrello

    arrival l'arrivo luggage rack la reticella portabagagli

    ATM il bancomat luggage tag l'etichetta del bagaglio

    baggage allowance la franchigia bagaglio non smoking non fumatori

    baggage carousel il nastro trasportatore one-way ticket il bigliettodi sola andata

    baggage check il controllodei bagagli passenger il passegiere

    baggage return il ritirobagagli passport il passaporto

    baggage/luggage il bagaglio platform la piattaforma

    bathroom la toilette railroad car il bagagliaio

    boarding pass la carta d'imbarco railroad coach/car la carrozza / il vagone

    border la frontiera railway la ferrovia

    bus stop la fermata dell'autobus reservation la prenotazione

    canceled cancellato round-trip ticketil bigliettodi andata e

    ritorno

    car rental l'autonoleggio seat il posto

    checked baggage il bagaglioda registrare security gates i varchi di sicurezza

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    compartment loscompartimento sleeping car la vettura letto

    connection la coincidenza smoking fumatori

    currency exchange l'ufficiocambio stop la fermata

    customs la dogana subway la metropolitana

    delayed ritardato suitcase la valigia

    departure la partenza taxi stand il posteggiodei taxi

    dining car il vagoneristorante telephone il telefono

    entrance l'entrata ticket il biglietto

    excess baggage il bagaglioeccedente ticket collector il controllore

    exit l'uscita ticket office la biglietteria

    flight il volo time table l'orario

    gate l'uscita to validate (ticket) convalidare

    hand luggage/carry on il bagaglio a mano train il treno

    information booth l'ufficio informazioni train station la stazione

    left luggage lockersil depositobagagli

    automaticovisa il visto

    lost and found office l'ufficiooggetti smarriti waiting room la sala d'aspetto

    85. LOCATION & DIRECTION

    above sopra here qui / qua

    abroad all'estero in in

    across from di fronte a in front of davanti a

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    against contro in the middle of in mezzo a

    along lungo inside dentro

    among tra / fra near vicino a

    anywhere / wherever dovunque next to / beside accanto a

    around intorno a nowhere in nessun

    at / to a of di

    at home in casa


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