Ci(t)

v(t)

R

I

i(t)

v(t)

t

v

i

i(t)L

v(t)

+ -

f

XC

R

I

i(t)

v(t)

f

XL

complex circuit

simple circuit

vs

Z1

Z3Z2

1

2 3

vs

Z1

Z4

1

4

vs Z5

5

vTH

ZTH

Z3

3

vs

R1

R3C2

1

2 3

vs

R2R3

C11

2 3

vs

R1

L2

C3

XL

R

XC

vs

3

1

2

vs

R

C

R

C L RL

vS

1

2 3 4

source load

RLvS

i

Sourceemf + internal resistance

load

RL

vS

i

r

RL

vS

vRL

RL

iiRL

RL

PPRL