It Snot Inevitable - Cloud Object Storage | Store & … Basics (previous thoughts) • Isolate and...
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Feline URI: It Snot Inevitable! Dr Ann Enright - Cat Protection Society of Victoria Dr Cynthia Karsten - UC Davis Koret Shelter Medicine Program
Transcript of It Snot Inevitable - Cloud Object Storage | Store & … Basics (previous thoughts) • Isolate and...
Feline URI: It Snot Inevitable!
Dr Ann Enright - Cat Protection Society of VictoriaDr Cynthia Karsten - UC Davis Koret Shelter
Medicine Program
Session Outline• Feline URI
– What we thought– What we’ve come to understand
• Cat Protection Society– Initial situation– Changes Introduced– Disease incidence– Adoption rates– Current situation– Challenges
• Final Thoughts/Discussion
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Lots to get through…but we’re going to be just as smart as our cats by the end of it
URI Basics (previous thoughts)
• Isolate and treat at first sneeze– Always antibiotics– Lysine
• Quarantine for 2 weeks to make sure they don’t break with URI
• It’s not if a cat will get URI…it’s when• Focus on control through sanitation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
At best, modest benefits have been reported for vaccination, while no preventive benefit was found for lysine supplementation. This suggests that other preventive measures, potentially applied at a shelter rather than individual level, may be more successful in preventing this common condition. Although most cats enter shelters free of clinical signs of respiratory disease, the frequent carrier state for many of the respiratory pathogens means that cats are likely to enter shelters infected and potentially infectious to others [3, 27]
URI Basics (updated!)
• Not a vaccine controllable disease complex– No sterile immunity– Intranasal vaccines may or may not help
• Not really airborne – Think fomites and…
• STRESS!• Movement• Housing
– Biggest revelation…
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This study demonstrated that although periodic introduction of pathogens into shelter populations may be inevitable, disease resulting from those pathogens can be largely mitigated by good management practices. Housing and care of cats, particularly during their first week of stay in a shelter environment, significantly affects the rate of upper respiratory infection. For instance, although airborne transmission is thought to be unlikely for feline URI, air quality likely has an impact on the risk for this disease [34, 35]. Air exchange rates, population density, and even cage size and design will all impact air quality at the level of a cat’s nose, and as such, would need to be specifically measured at each shelter and in each cage type.
Drumroll…
Two or fewer housing moves during the first week of stay
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Prior to the start of the study, shelters completed a 47-question online survey to establish shelter baselines for housing, management and environmental factors. Monthly updates were received via email from each shelter’s veterinarian to report any major changes from the baseline data provided in the survey for housing, management, or the environment that occurred in the shelter during the 12-month study period. The variables that showed highly significant protective effects on adult URI incidence were: two or fewer housing moves during the first week of stay. Moving from intake to holding to adoption. Many shelters tend to have poor housing in the back – no one sees it – and nicer housing in adoption. Likely cats are most stressed right when they come in and so we need to invest in good housing from intake. More ideally – use direct kenneling for cats. Allow them to stay in the same cage/housing unit for their entire stay. Moveing a cat out for cleaning is considered a move – yet another reason for compartments.
Drumroll…
>8 ft2 (0.74m2)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
There were no significant associations of the proportion of pathogens present in cats at intake on shelter URI incidence rates Although it might be expected that control of URI is more challenging at larger shelters, intake number was not associated with any increased risk of URI amongst the shelters in this study. This is encouraging, as it suggests that URI can successfully be controlled at shelters spanning a range of sizes, not just at small shelters or those that strictly limit intake. However, the range of intake for shelters in this study was between ~ 700 – 4500 cats. It may be that greater differences would be found in much smaller or much larger shelters.
Portals!
Portals!
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Portals!
9
Portals!
10
Housing!
TriStar
Shor-line®
Necessary?
What’s the risk?
Let folks interact!
Not just the cage• Noise level
– Nature = 20-40 dB– Shelters/lab environment > 100dB– Discourage conversations in cat rooms– White noise– No dogs!!!
• Natural light– Cycles important too
• Temperature– 30-38 degrees C/86-100 degrees F
• Odor– Avoid citrus, alcohol, other cats, dogs
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Keep rooms around 75 degrees and give them tools to stay warm. If cats can’t get warm cannot transition from REM to non-REM sleep USDA low end is 22 degrees C
Not just the cage
• Control of their environment• Predictability
– Averse things are not as bad if predicted• Traffic patterns
– Shouldn’t be a main thoroughfare• Monitor
– Food intake– Defecation– Behavior
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Consistent caregiver – who knows how to approach cats! Training needs to be provided Put wet food and dry food in separate bowls – helps with monitoring. Want cats eating at least 50% of what is offered. Need to be measuring food. Are they using the litter box? Look at behavior – do they transition from hiding to perching, are they affiliative?
What exactly is C4C?• Variably defined/understanding• Per ASV Guidelines:
– Every sheltering organization has a maximum capacity for care, and the population in their care must not exceed that level.
• A management model that helps shelters better meet the needs of the animals in their facilities
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Although Capacity for Care has been variably defined (Swanson, 2015), for the purposes of this paper, the definition developed by CHFS will be used: Capacity for Care (C4C) is a management model that helps shelters better meet the needs of the animals in their facilities. It creates the conditions necessary to provide shelter animals with five essential freedoms thereby improving the welfare of individual animals.
Capacity for Care
• Cultural shift• Right sizing the shelter• Factors to consider:
– Staffing level/training– # of humane housing units– Average LOS– The total number of reclaims, adoptions,
transfers, releases, or other outcomes
What C4C Really Means
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Cat’s cage had to be cleaned multiple times a day – this cat was not on the adoption pathway. When moved to a larger cage with a place to hide – the cat was able to show who he really was. We set our shelters up to succeed when we let the animals in the shelter succeed.
Bit about me:
Fremantle WA
My next project
Won’t: Jump out a of plane Swim with sharks Run for fun
Dr Ann Enright2008 Murdoch, Perth WA
Cat Haven WA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Firstly: Thank you for getting up early and coming here to hear how we managed to conquer ‘cat flu’ 2 way learning opportunity Hope you find it interesting and are able to take away some ideas that will help you in your shelter. Interest in shelter medicine in final yr rotations – 1 mth shelter rotation – RSPCA & Cat Haven Translator
Intro to Shelter Medicine
• UF Graduate Cert in Shelter Medicine• Expo 2016 – fellowship talks• Started 2 wk locum position Feb 2016• Full time 4 Aug 2016 – still there! • Kitten season Oct - May
Cat Protection Society of Victoria
• Cat only shelter• Started 1947• Not for profit, open admission• Permit 300 cats on site• 2 Council contracts• Current annual intake ≈ 1,500/yr• Rehome ≈ 85%• Euthanasia ≈ 15%
– Ill health & temperament only
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Mention other shelter options in Melbourne, rspca, lort smith, Lost Dogs’ Home, APS etc No TNR or limited
What greeted me:Rows & rows of cages full of cats & kittens…
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Probably the worst place I’ve worked in Temporary facilities Rebuilding new facilities
Cats & Kittens on Site2015 2016
Dec Jan Feb
Entering 93 122 120
Adoptions 96 108 71
Balance -3 + 14 + 49
Plus previous month
142 139 + 153
Total 139 153 202
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Know your local circumstances that impact your shelter activities: eg ↓ adoptions in Feb directly linked to ‘return to school’ post summer/xmas holidays – can better plan promotions
Fellowship Project
• Why focus on URI?!?!• Sick cats everywhere
– Disease incidence approx 90%
• Doxycycline & tricin everywhere• “Always done it this way”
Fellowship Gems
1. Identified our ‘capacity for care’* number– Mantra ’66’
2. Housing is critical 66* http://sheltermedicine.com/library/resources/capacity-for-care-c4c-magic-number-calculator
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Mantra – would repeat this every time the numbers got close to 60. Managed to keep the number of animals on site to somewhere b/n 50 – 70 One week had a massive influx of kittens, pushed on site numbers to 90 – started with matra, foster care engaged, numbers back to low/mid 60s next week
On Site NumbersAdoption Driven Capacity (ADC) -
71 adoptions in Feb ‘16
71 / 30 days/month = 2.4 cats/day2.4 cats x 28 days (LOS) = 67 cats on site
ADC Comparison
ADC Example 1 Example 2
Cats Adopted/month 71 105
/ 30 days month 71/30 = 2.4 cats per day 105/30= 3.5 cats per day
Cats per day x LOS 2.4 x 28 days 3.5 x 28 days
Number on site 67.2 cats / day 98 cats / day
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Or could work to shorten LOS…
Play-Around™ Shor-line
Housing is critical!
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Public able to open condo doors to interact with cats/kittens
Changes Introduced
AIM ↓ URI
1. Animal related2. Foster care programme3. Veterinary
Goal: One way flow through shelter
• Supervisor/vet weekly meeting• Created simple cage cards• Rounds – Monday & Thursday
Presenter
Presentation Notes
One way flow:to make sure animals don’t back track, ‘stagnate’ in pens & get sick post sx, in shelter have approx 1 wk shelf life before deteriorate, cf in the home, usually don’t get sick Cage card - had nothing -easily & quickly assess individual animal status Rounds – Monday to review weekend adoptions Thursday to plan for weekend Available pens – 2 pens free, 2 sx no free pens, no sx
Animal RelatedImmediate Changes:
• Available for adoption:– After 1 vaccine, esp kittens– Completing medication course
↑ flow through shelter↓ length of stay (LOS)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Introduced these things within first few weeks of being on site
Cats & Kittens on Site2015 2016
Dec Jan Feb
Entering 93 122 120
Adoptions 96 108 71
Balance -3 + 14 + 49
Plus previous month
142 139 + 153
Total 139 153 202
Animal Related con’t:
• Managed intake – Surrender appointments
• Surrendered fractious cat– Call owner (reclaim)
• Consultant behaviourist• ↓ surrender hold from 8 days to 48 hrs
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Fractious cat – surrendered but asked not to put cat down – call and advise can’t help the cat in the shelter situation 60-70% of time O reclaimed Behaviourist – helped promote and rehome longer term residents 8 days – 48 hrs = immediate reduction in LOS by 6 days
Animal Related cont:
• 10+ yrs pre-adoption health assessment – in house urine sample
→ possible adoption pathway
• Provide special diets at cost
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Increase distance b/n – sick compromised those next door
Foster Care Programme
• Started foster care programme• Foster to adopt• Advertising blurb on vaccination card
All these little things led to...
• ↓ LOS• Hardly any URI (≈90% → 2%)• Ran out of cats/kittens mid kitten season
→ Able to transfer cats in x 3!• Didn’t require additional investment ($$)
– Staff buy in
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BIG results!!!!
Cats & Kittens on site2015 2016 2017
Dec Jan Feb March Dec Jan Feb March
Entering 93 122 120 97 146 107 116 126
Adoptions 96 108 71 73 107 125 105 78
Balance -3 + 14 + 49 +24 +39 - 18 +11 +48
Plus previous month
142 139 + 153 +202 +16Inc 8 transfer in
+55 +37 Inc 14 transfer in
+48
Total on site 139 153 202 226 55 37 48 9627 to fostercare
69
Veterinary • Available adoptions pens → sx rate
• Public “Snip ‘n’ Chip” programme
• Additional veterinary staff– Public surgeries
Future Challenges• Communication• Getting the right team
– Dead wood
• Enrichment programmes• Policies & procedures• February = ↓ adoptions (end school hols)
– Know local community influences
In Summary – What Worked
• #1 - ↓ number of animals on site!!Know Your Capacity for Care
66!
• Improved Housing• Adoption Pathways• Foster Care Programme• Managed Intake
