Reconstructing the World & The Cold War’s Fiery Start: 1944-61’ (at least

w/me, but really to 89’? 91’? Present?)

It seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something

44’: Harry Truman, the A-bombs, and the 46’ Atomic Energy Act?

Or, 43’ and FDR at Tehran; W. African campaign?

Or, how about 1919, the White Army in Murmansk and Archangel?

So, Where do We Begin?

The Soviet Dream 20 mil. dead, 2 devastating

wars Satellites, buffers, spheres of

influence, and a cordon-sanitaire

The American Vision A free world based on

democratic principles Open markets and free people

Get Ready for the Clash of the Titans!

The New World, but for Whom?

44’: Bretton Woods, NH – IMF & World Bank (we’re taking charge!) Currency regulated based on the $

standard Development funds for “third-world”

countries 45’: S.F., CA (we rule!) – the U.N.

Charter N.Y. HQ set up; Big 5 Security

Council Peace-keeping, world wars never

again, WHO, etc. How about nukes?

48’: Israel and the 15 min. window

1944+ - New Int’l Ties/Frames/Paradigms (we no longer hate the world!)

World Bank HQ; D.C.

Nuremberg Trials (45’-6) 12 of 22 lynched?

Reparations vs. Rehabilitation/Reconstruction Austria & Germ. divided into 4

military zones (Fra., G.B., U.S., S.U.)

S.U. also receives Poland and Hungary

48’: Berlin cut off (Send in the bombers! For food?)

49’: Airlift ended, both Germ. gov’ts formalized

The Cold War is here to stay

What do We do w/Germany?

46’: George Kennan, Containment, & the Long Telegram (8k words!) from the Soviet embassy Article X The S.U. - paranoid, nationalistic,

aggressive, & expansionist by nature Contain their movements at every

opportunity 47’: The Truman Doctrine (new

doctrine, but the same themes) Official econ./pol. aid to anyone

resisting armed minorities or outside pressure

47’+: Let’s play dominoes!

Friend/Foe: What do We do w/the Soviet Union?

Civil war: monarchists (N.) v. Greek Communists (S.) Puppetmaster Josip Tito (Yugo.,

not S.U.) 47’: G.B. K.O. (way to go Mr.

Heasman) Mar. 12, 47’- Truman’s request

for $400 mil. to “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures…”

The dominoes at work Polarization of the world? Too

harsh? Competition the only true path?

Case Study #1: Greece & Turkey (Let the Proxy Wars Begin!)

ELAS Soldiers (Comm.)

I’d be happy too…

Truman & Euro. Interests Sec. of State George Marshall

offers aid at Harvard Commencement (47’) – P.R. move of the century

Paris meeting immediately $13 bil. over 4 yrs to 16 countries Approved in 48’ after Czech. coup

Euro. Prosperity (Ita. & Fra. Commie party , econ. output in W. Euro. pre-war lvls)

48’: Smith-Mundt Act Voice of America, Radio for Europe Information Agencies & Museums

Now, What do We do w/the Rest of Europe?

49’: The Official End of Isolationism Signing of NATO to

unify W. Euro. w/U.S. (orig. 12)

Military defense pact (promised military aid, attack on one is attack on all)

Militarized & polarized a large portion of the world

Soviet Response? Warsaw Pact

A Ring to Bind Them All (Really a Pact)

Japan & MacArthur (the hope of the East) 46’ - New Constitution

Prohibited arms buildup, U.S. would be shield, ceremonial emperor, U.S. funds reconstruction

Japan becomes a superpower; credit – USA (point for us!)

49’ - The “Fall” of China Mao v. Jieshi ($510 mil. for the

leader of Formosa?) ~1/4 of world pop. “lost” Immediate Soviet ties Non-recognition until 73’

Let’s Not Forget Asia

Emperor Hirohito and the Big Mac

China goes Red Soviets go atomic! 52’ – Forced Hydrogen Bomb

dev. (9x power) Nuclear Fallout, the “Un”Lucky

Dragon, & the Atoll Islands 53’ - Soviets go hydronic? Houston, we’ve reached MAD

54’: 8K Nukes & Beyond! 57’ ICBM w/H-bomb capacity

dev. by S.U. How do you learn to love the

bomb? Dr. Strangelove (64’)

49’ (A Bad Year) & the Nuclear Race

First Soviet Test, aka Joe #1

An H-bomb at work

47’: The Nat’l Security Act CIA formed

Int’l AND domestic spying/operations

Dept. of Defense formed New Sec. of Defense & civilian

heads of Air Force, Navy, etc. Nat’l Security Council

formed (the new braintrust) 48’: Selective Service

reinstated (happy 18th men!)

The Fiery (not Cold) Domestic Front: Militarization & Fear

38’: HUAC formed to investigate “un-Amer. activities) Led by Richard Nixon (crook?) (CA-S) Paranoia, blacklisting, & the Hollywood 10

Amer. fears - spies, espionage, commies, books, homosex. (the new witch hunt) McCarren Int’l Security Bill (50’)

Over Truman’s veto Arrest of suspicious w/o evidence in

emergencies (familiar?) Julius & Ethel Rosenberg (53’)

‘47: Truman’s Loyalty Program Loyalty Review Board & oaths (~8k fed.

casualties) Expanded to state & local lvls

UC and CSU protests

The Hunt Begins: Second Coming of the Red Scare

46’: Lowly Wisc. Jr. Senator (R!) Aggressive, paranoid, abrasive,

manipulative, & all-around fun-loving guy

Devils w/in the Walls: capitalizing on Hiss-Chambers (50’) case Wheeling, WV (50’) – “I have in

my hand…” an envelope of commies w/in the state dept. 205 574

Attacking Dean Acheson & George Marshall

Kept by Rep. for pol. value (reasserting authority)

The Greatest of Them All: Joseph McCarthy

Vs.

Good ole-fashioned American patriotism! The drafting of aide

Schine - you don’t mess w/the army

The power of television and blundering fools (clips!)

54’ censure 3 years to cirrhosis and

death

What Finally Took McCarthy Down?

45’: Korea split at 38th parallel w/Japanese surrender (N. accepted by S.U., S. by U.S.) Both out by 49’

Jun. 25, 50’ - Kim il Sung rolls S. against Syngman Rhee w/Soviet tanks

Action now = less aggression later, right? (Truman acts!)

U.N. declaration w/Kim as aggressor (capitalizing on the Soviets’ absence, score!)

MacArthur (Inchon, stalemate, stupidity, no sub. for victory, see you later!)

NSC-68 Civilization at stake defense spending 4x ($50 bil.), 3.5 mil.

servicemen Tying together of industry, economy, & military

53’: Treaty & Casualties (nukes in action, $10 bil. drain, 30k dead Amer., 17k U.N. casualties, 2 mil. dead Koreans

FTW?

Case Study #2: Korea

Ho Chi Minh’s nat’lists v. Japan in WWII Indep. of Dem. Rep. of

Vietnam (45’)? All men created equal? (Not on France’s watch! Or ours!)

54’: Dienbienphu & our $1 bil. investment

Separation at the 17th (Minh in Hanoi, Diem in Saigon)

56’: No elections for you! 61’: 675 “advisers” in

waiting

Case Study #3: Stirrings in Indochina

vs.

vs.vs.

vs.

48’: Truman v. Dewey v. Thurmond v. Wallace? The New Deal v. Elitism v.

Dixiecrats & Sectionalism (here we go again…) v. Progressivism (pfft)

52’: Ike v. Adlai Stevenson (Truman out b/c of MacArthur) Commander of Allied troops, 1st

NATO troops Attacked Dems. as soft (epic fail

in Korea) Trump!

48’ and 52’: 2 Elections & the Passing of the Torch

vs.

Ike wanted a thaw, feared overextension, cut costs 55’ Geneva Summit Open Skies? (Not on

Khruschev’s watch!) 53’ E. Germ. protest, 56’

Hungarian freedom fighters Sec. of State John Dulles

S.U. military adv. (1 mil. strong!)

Massive retaliation, boldness, brinksmanship

Take that China and Soviet Union!@#

Ike & His Cronies (Restraint v. Rampaging)

Why can’t we be friends?

If we attack them here…

Truman & Pres. Weizmann

Ixnay on Israel (I blame Mr. Heasman again)

53’:Coup in Iran Nationalization of oil fields

(Kremlin influence?) Get out Mossadegh! Welcome

Shah Pahlevi! A legacy of hate & distrust

56’: Egypt, Nasser, the Nile, & the Suez Canal No oil for you!

Forced withdrawal of Fra., G.B., and Israel

57’: Ike Doctrine – aid to any M.E. nation threatened by communism

Problems in the Middle East

Prime Minister Mossadegh

The Shah, good-looking fellow, isn’t he?

54’: CIA in Guam Nationalization of Amer. fruit

fields & receiving Soviet funds Get out reform-minded,

democratically elected Guzman! 59’: Castro in Cuba

Ousting of Amer. friendly Batista

Expropriation of Amer. property sugar imports more expropriation 61’ end of diplomacy

60’: Org. of Amer. States in Costa Rica & $500 mil. for Latin America

Not enough to sweeten the bitter mouths

Yet More Problems in Latin America (Investments v. Nationalism, pfft)

CIA leader Allen Dulles, sound familiar?

Side note - Ike trounced Stevenson again in 56’ w/Nixon as VP (w/e)

Oct. 4, 57’: Sputnik I launched w/H-bomb capacity Nov. – first dog cosmonaut w/nuclear

chew toy! U.S. response – the infallible Vanguard

Missile, NASA, 58’ Nat’l Defense Act Funding to college students and

math & sciences in schools 59’: Khruschev in N.Y. and

Maryland (Camp David) Lowering the Russian #’s, dealing

with Berlin 60’: All is well - see you in Paris in

May! Perhaps not…U-2, Gary Powers, &

plausible denial

U-2: It’s Not a Beautiful Day

Laika, seriously, the actual dog

USA! We’re number 1!

61’: Ike’s Exit -Warnings of the Military Industrial Complex Power of the military to affect domestic &

foreign affairs due to tying of military to society & econ.

Unions targeted & expelled (11 from CIO)

Blacks, Homosexuals, Latinos attacked for ties to labor & anti-gov’t criticisms (WEB Du Bois, Oppenheimer)

MAD, nuclear fallout, paranoia, arms race

Who is to blame?

Legacies of the 50s: Warnings and Casualties

Always remember ladies and gentlemen: Duck and Cover! Or purchase yourself a

swanky new fallout shelter to protect you from nuclear bombs (of course they work; don’t be silly; why else would 1/20 Americans have/make one?).

One Last Note!