MISSession 1

Syllabus coverage

• Basic Information Concepts and Definitions

• Need for Information and Information Systems (IS) in an organization

• Characteristics of Information and Organization with respect to organization form, structure, philosophy, hierarchy etc.

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• One of the great mistakes that organizations make is to value the technology over the process.

• This can lead to organizations investing heavily in systems that go beyond their needs and then failing to make use of them effectively.

• Information technology, on its own, will not create better information systems that enable organizations to function more effectively.

• Organizational cultures need to be changed so that the wider processes information management becomes a priority.

What is an MIS

• A management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage themselves efficiently and effectively.

• Management information systems are typically computer systems used for managing.

• The five primary components:

1. Hardware

2. Software

3. Data (information for decision making)

4. Procedures (design, development and documentation)

5. People (individuals, groups, or organizations)

Why Information Systems?

• Today it is widely recognized that information systems knowledge is essential for managers because most organizations need information systems to survive and prosper.

• Information systems can help companies extend their reach to faraway locations, offer new products and services, reshape jobs and work flows, and perhaps profoundly change the way they conduct business.

Why Information Systems?

Contd…

Emergence of the Global Economy

• Today, information systems provide the communication and analytic power that firms need for conducting trade and managing businesses on a global scale.

• Controlling the far-flung global corporation—communicating with distributors and suppliers, operating 24 hours a day in different national environments, coordinating global work teams, and servicing local and international reporting needs—is a major business challenge that requires powerful information system responses.

The Emerging Digital Firm

• The intensive use of information technology in business firms since the mid-1990s, coupled with equally significant organizational redesign, has created the conditions for a new phenomenon in industrial society—the fully digital firm.

• A digital firm is one where nearly all of the organization's significant business relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediated.

• Core business processes are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple organizations. Business processes refer to the unique manner in which work is organized, coordinated, and focused to produce a valuable product or service.

Example of Data transformation

Functions of an information system

A Business Perspective on Information Systems

• From a business perspective, an information system is an organizational and management solution, based on information technology, to a challenge posed by the environment.

• To fully understand information systems, a manager must understand the broader organization, management, and information technology dimensions of systems

Information systems are more than computers

Organizations

• Information systems are an integral part of organizations. Indeed, for some companies, such as credit reporting firms, without the information system there would be no business.

• The key elements of an organization are its people, structure, operating procedures, politics, and culture.

• Organizations are composed of different levels and specialties. Their structures reveal a clear-cut division of labor.

• Experts are employed and trained for different functions.

Org. - Major Business Functions

Management

• Managers perceive business challenges in the environment, they set the organizational strategy for responding and allocate the human and financial resources to achieve the strategy and coordinate the work.

• Management's job is to "make sense" out of the many situations faced by organizations and formulate action plans to solve organizational problems.

• They must also create new products and services and even re-create the organization from time to time.

Managerial roles and decisions vary at different levels of the organization

• Senior managers make long-range strategic decisions about what products and services to produce.

• Middle managers carry out the programs and plans of senior management.

• Operational managers are responsible for monitoring the firm's daily activities.

• All levels of management are expected to be creative, to develop novel solutions to a broad range of problems.

• Each level of management has different information needs and information system requirements.

Technology

• Platforms

• User Interfaces

• Hardware

• Internet

• Data Storage

• Netorking

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

Technical Approach

• The technical approach to information systems emphasizes mathematically based models to study information systems, as well as the physical technology and formal capabilities of these systems.

• The disciplines that contribute to the technical approach are computer science, management science, and operations research.

• Computer science is concerned with establishing theories of computability, methods of computation, and methods of efficient data storage and access.

• Management science emphasizes the development of models for decision-making and management practices.

• Operations research focuses on mathematical techniques for optimizing selected parameters of organizations, such as transportation, inventory control, and transaction costs

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

Behavioral Approach

• An important part of the information systems field is concerned with behavioral issues that arise in the development and long-term maintenance of information systems.

• Issues such as strategic business integration, design, implementation, utilization, and management cannot be explored usefully with the models used in the technical approach.

• Other behavioral disciplines contribute important concepts and methods.

• For instance, sociologists study information systems with an eye toward how groups and organizations shape the development of systems and also how systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations.

• Psychologists study information systems with an interest in how human decision makers perceive and use formal information. Economists study information systems with an interest in what impact systems have on control and cost structures within the firm and within markets