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Basic Concepts of Information Technology

Chapter one : Introduction to Data and Information Chapter two: Computer systemsChapter three: Problem SolvingChapter four: Data processing Chapter five : Data Presentation Chapter six: Computer Networks

Chapter Seven : Internet and Web

Information Technology (IT)

Information technology and business are becoming inextricably interwoven. I don't think anybody can talk meaningfully about one without the talking about the other.”Bill Gates

Terminology•Hardware

Physical parts of the computer•Software

Programs for the computerWritten commands that tell a computer what tasks to perform

•NetworkA system of computers, peripherals, terminals, and databases connected by communication lines.

oLAN—local area networkoWAN—wide area network

•InternetElectronic information networks that carry audio, video, and computer data.

Concepts of Information and Communication TechnologiesIntroduction

Here we aimed to introduce you the basics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in terms of computer hardware, software, and networks and to uses of ICT in our daily lives. Computers process data to give us information. In other words: Input (Data) Process (Data) Output (Information)

WHAT IS INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY?

Information technology is the study of engineering computer applications to support the operation of an organization: operating, installing and maintaining software and data.

SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF IT•Education•Healthcare•Governance•Business•Design and manufacturing

DEFINATION

Computer:The Computer is an electronic device that can perform activities involves Mathematical, Logical and graphical manipulations. Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function altogether as a system.In other words:

Input (Data) Process (Data) Output (Information).It performs the following three operations in sequence.1. It receives data & instructions from the input device.2. Processes the data as per instructions.3. Produce output information in a form that humans can understand. 2. Information system: is a system that uses information technology to capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate, or display information used in one or more business processes. 3. The Processors: which are required to convert the input data into machine language and to convert the output generated by the computer into human readable form, are known as input and output inter phases? Such as (AMD, Intel, IBM, Motorola, Cyrix, Texas Instruments).4. Data: Are collection of raw facts, figures & symbols.Ex:Names of students and their marks in different subjects listed in random order.5. Information's: Are the data that are processed & presented in an organized manner.Ex:When the names of students are arranged in alphabetical order, total and average marks are calculated & presented in a tabular form, it is information6. Program: A set of instructions that enables the computers to perform a given task.7. Buses: The channel or path that lets the parts of a computer communicates with each other. Q\ why use a computer: Answer: Used as a data processor.

IS Vs IT

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

are used to build

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Computer-based Information SystemAn Information System is an organized combination of (people, hardware, software, communication networks, procedures and the data resources) that collects, transforms and disseminates information in an organization.

The Main Abbreviation OF COMPUTER

•C Commonly•O Operated•M Machine •P Purposely •U used for•T Training •E Education &•R Research

COMPUTER Types (By Size)

Super Computer

Main Frames

Laptop Computer

Mini Computer

Pc or Micro computer

PDA and I Pad

SCIENTIFIC, ENGGINEERING and

RESEARCH

GAMES AND INTERTAINMENT,

RECORDS, ANALYZE DATA, STORE PICTURES

AND MUSIC, TRACK FINANCES.

BUSINESS, MEDICINE, INFORMATION, EDUCATION

COMMUNICATE WITH OTHERS; CONNECT TO THE INTERNET, A NETWORK THAT LINKS COMPUTERS AROUND THE WORLD.

1 -Supper computer: Is high capacity and often used for research, weather for cutting, oil exploration.

2- Main frames computer: they are Rom –sized high speed very power full and used in banks, governments departments and large organization.3- mini computers : Do the same jobs as a mainframe but on a smaller scale. TheyAre used by medium - sized companies , such as accounting where the personal computers would be not inadequate.4- personal computers ( PC ) : Are small enough to fit on top of a desk in office and home and are designed for individual user.5- Laptop Computers: It is small and portable . It has a small screen and a small keyboard.6- Palmtop Computers: It is a hand – held computer which is called Notepad.7- Network Computer: A large PC – type computer called server is connected to smaller PCs called clients to or terminals. The client is a monitor with a keyboard and a small box contain CPU and the main memory without hard disk.

Q\ what means that when you say the speed of the internal clock a 3.0GHz?

(Ref.2 , page 31) Q\what means that RAM is volatile? (Ref.2,page 33)Q/ USB is the preferable method for connecting the new device. Why? (Ref.2 page 34)

Advantages of computers(Computer's Performance): There are some factors which affect the computer performance, they are:1. High speed فائقة Computers have the ability to perform routine tasks at a:سرعةgreater speed than human beings. They can perform millions of calculations in seconds.2. Accuracyدقة:Computers are used to perform tasks in a way that ensures accuracy. 3. Storageتخزين:Computers can store large amount of information. Any item of data or any instruction stored in the memory can be retrieved by the computer at lightning speeds.4. Automation االلي Computers can be instructed to perform complex: التشغيلtasks automatically ( which increases the productivity).5. Diligence اجتهاد: Computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with the same accuracy without getting tired.6.Versatility الحركة Computers are flexible to perform both simple and :طالقةcomplex tasks.7. Cost effectiveness التكلفة حيث من Computers reduce the amount of :الفعاليةpaper work and human effort, thereby reducing costs.

Limitations of computers:1. Computers need clear & complete instructions toper form a task accurately. If the instructions are not clear & complete, the computer will not produce the required result.2. Computers cannot think.3. Computers cannot learn by experience.A computer system has only four basic components: •Input•Output•Storage data.•Peripherals devices

Generation of computers:Generation Component Used

First generation ( 1946 -1954 ) Vacuum tubesSecond generation (1955-1965 ) TransistorsThird generation (1968 -1975 ) Integrated Circuit ( IC )

Fourth generation ( 1976 – 1980 ) Very large Scale Integrated Circuit VLSIFifth generation (1980 till today ) Ultra Scale Integrated Circuits(ULSI)

Micro Processor (SILICON CHIP)

The components of a computer system are:1- Hardware: physical components which can be touched and seen like. (Screen – Cable – Keyboard – Case – (System Box) - Printer…..2- Software: A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it. Such as word processing, Computer games and Graphics programs.There are two kinds of software:A-system software: is the software which is used by the computer or operates a computer system such as: operating systems,programming languages and translators.•Operating system software:is a group of programs written in computer language and acts as a translator between you and your computer, helping you perform such tasks as creating file, running programs and printing documents. You cannot use a computer without an operating system. They have two parts: Kernel and Shell., like (Winds, DOS, Linux ,Unix , OS/2)B-Applications software: they are the software’s that are used by users like: (Word processors, excel, power point, Access, computer – aided design (cad)).3- User: A person who uses the software on the computer to do a task.4. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) user interface that uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system

ORGANIZATION OF COMPUTER (How Does a Computer Work)

Memory :Is the part of the computer that temporarily stores applications , documents , and stem operating information.

*Power Supply:Changes the normal household electricity into that computer can use. * Hard Disk (HD):Is a fixed storage device, which can store quite large quantity of information. A bit of information equals either zero (0) or one (1).The standard in 2011 was between 20- 120GB. (is a generally non removable disk holds data in form of magnetized spots).*Motherboard or system board:is the main circuit board in the system board (case).

PERIPHERALS DEVICESThe device which are communication between the computer and the outside world, are called as peripheral devices.Computers components according to their factions:1.Input Unit: This group consist of devices that that allow people to put data into the computer in a form the computer can use, like (Keyboard.-Mouse. - Scanner. Mike-. -camera).

Mouse: is a hand-held input device that is moved on a small flat surface and control the movement of the cursor (Pointer Is a symbol (usually an arrow) that moves around the screen as you move your mouse)

on the monitor ,it has 2 buttons on its top : a. Left click (L.C): Is the main button click on the left hand side on the mouse (clicks mean quickly press and release the button), and is used to enter commands to the computer.b. Right click (R.C): Is the secondary button on the right hand side on the mouse. And is used to display the available options of the clicked area.

Pointer: Is a symbol (usually an arrow) that moves around the screen as you move your mouse.

Optical mouse: Is another advanced pointing device that uses a light emitting component instead of the mouse ball. The mouse cannot be used for entering data; it is only useful for selecting the options on the screen. Output Unit:This group consist of devices that translate the information’s processed by computer into a form that humans can understand, like :(Monitor &Screen – Printer – Headphone – Speaker-Date show).

3 .Central Processing Unit (CPU):Is the central electronic chip attached on the motherboard that determines the processing power of the computer

and it has three basic parts :Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and controls the speed of those operations.Registers or Immediate Access Memory: Are high speed storing allocation stores data temporarily that are used by ALU.Central Unit: Tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s. It directs the electronic signals between main memory, input devices and output devices.

4 -Memory unit: they are of two types:A- Primary: main memory, (RAM , ROM) , B- Secondary memory.A-Primary: main memory:1-RAM ( Random Access Memory):Is memory where data and programs are stored temporarily until they are no longer needed and RAM is volatile , while the data on it can be reached by the user and the user can edit them and these data will be lost on your computer so it need hard disk to save them. 2-ROM( Read Only Memory):Is the main memory but with very small capacity it keeps instructions, which make the computer work. When turning it on .It is not volatile and the computer (user) cannot write on it .

B- Secondary Memory ( Storage devices) or secondary storage systems:

It include the disks and other storage media to store data permanently like.(Hard Disk , CD ( Compact Disk) , DVD ( Digital Versatile Disk ), USB Flash Drives, Floppy , Zip Disk, Magnetic Tape ).

Computer uses several different types of memory. They are- :• INTERNAL MEMORY Main memory ( RAM ) Cache memory•EXTERNAL MEMORY Secondary memory

MAIN MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY

RAM is volatile.It is temporary memory.It has limited storage capacity.It is very expensive.It is not portable.

Memory Capacity1. Each 0 or 1 is called a bit, which is short for binary digits. A

group of eight bits is called a byte.2. Data transformation rates are often given in bit per second

(bps). Memory is typically measured in megabytes. Bytes are commonly used to measure data storage.

3. why is 1kB commonly said to be 1024 bytes instead of 1000 bytes

How Computer Memory Is Measured(Memory measurement units)Character 2n Equals to Byte 1Character 23 8 Bit 1 Byte 512 word 210

1024 Byte 1kilobyte

220 1024 kilobyte 1Megabyte

230 1024 Megabyte 1 Gigabyte

240 1024 Gigabyte 1 Terabyte

250 1024 TB 1 Petabyte (PB)

260 1024 PB 1 Exabyte (EB)

270 1024 EX. 1 Zettabyte (ZB)

280 1024 YB. 1 Yottabyte (YB)

Common Number Systems

System Base Symbols

Used by

humans?

Used in computers?

Decimal 10 0 ,1 … ,9 Yes No

Binary 2 0 ,1 No Yes

Octal 8 0 ,1 … ,7 No No

Hexa-decimal 16

0 ,1 … ,9,

A, B, … F

No No

Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)Decim

alBinary

Octal

Hexa-decimal

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

2 10 2 2

3 11 3 3

4 100

4 4

5 101

5 5

6 110

6 6

7 111 7 7

Decimal

Binary

Octal

Hexa-

decimal

8 1000 10 8

9 1001 11 9

10 1010 12 A

11 1011 13 B

12 1100 14 C

13 1101 15 D

14 1110 16 E

15 1111 17 F

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

16 10000 20 10

17 10001 21 11

18 10010 22 12

19 10011 23 13

20 10100 24 14

21 10101 25 15

22 10110 26 16

23 10111 27 17

Quick Example2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base

Decimal to Decimal Weight

Base

12510 => 5 x 100 = 52 x 101 = 201 x 102 = 100

125

What is a Computer Network?The communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices. Used to share hardware, programs, and databases across the organization.

• The computer can be geographically located anywhere. A resource may be:•A file•A folder•A printer•A disk driveOr just about anything else that exists on a computer

Advantages of Networking•Connectivity and Communication •Data Sharing •Hardware Sharing •Internet Access •Internet Access Sharing •Data Security and Management •Performance Enhancement and Balancing •Entertainment

Network ProtocolsTCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Is the only protocol you need to worry about?

Why Networks?Resource Sharing

Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)Software (application software)

Information Sharing

Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)

Search Capability (WWW)

CommunicationEmailMessage broadcast

Remote computingDistributed processing (GRID Computing)

What Equipment is needed?•Network adapter w/ driver disk•Hub, or switch, or router•Network cable

How many kinds of Networks? Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify networks in different ways:

1-Based on Transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables and Wireless ) Two main categories:

Guided ― wires, cablesUnguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar

2-Based on Network size geographical distributions: LAN , WAN, CAN, TAN and MAN

3-Based on Management method: Peer-to-peer and Client/Server

4-Based on Topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring and Mesh

Fundamental Network ClassificationsBased on Network size geographical distributions

Local Area Network (LAN)A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, School, computer laboratory, or office building using network media.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKA metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network in which two or more computers or communicating devices or networks which are geographically separated but in same metropolitan city and are connected to each other are said to be connected on MAN.

Wide Area Network (WAN)A wide area network (WAN) isa network that covers a broad area (i.e., any Telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries) using private or public network transports.

Computers: Clients and Servers•In a client/server network arrangement, network services are located in a dedicated computer whose only function is to respond to the requests of clients.

Based on Topology (connectivity):The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other

devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions•Bus Topology (can be both logical and physical)

•Star Topology (physical only) Hub

•Ring Topology (can be both logical and physical)

•Mesh Topology (can be both logical and physical)

•Bus TopologyCommonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable.

•Star & Tree Topology Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more computers may send message at the same time •Ring Topology•A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node.

Single ring Dual ring

•Mesh Topology The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance. Like those used by banks and financial institutions. Mesh topology is expensive and difficult.

INTERNETThe Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.

USES OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY1. COMMUNICATION2. RESEARCH3. DISTANCE EDUCATION4. BOOKING E- TICKETS5. PLAYING GAMES6. DOWNLOADING7. CHATTING8. TWITTER9. E – COMMERCE10. BLOGGING 11. SOCIAL NETWORKING12. ENTERTAINMENT13. E – GREETINGS14. LISTEN SONGS

Intranets and Extranets•Intranet – An internal networking system within a company

They function like the InternetThey are for internal use only and are not available to those outside the company

•Firewall – Software used to screen incoming data•Extranet – An intranet that can be used by outside sources who access it over the Internet

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in our livesThe internet has becomes an essential part of our lives. Today, just about everyone is using the internet to: 1. Apply for jobs or schools2. Fill out government forms3. Check bank accounts4. Communicate with family, friends and co-workers5. Do research6. Learn new skills7. Read news8. Watch videos9. E-Mail and Virtual communities

ONLINE & OFFLINE DATA•The data which is directly transferred to the computer is known as online data.

•The data which is not immediately transferred to the computer is known as offline data.

General Concept•WWW: The Web (World Wide Web) as a way to access information over the internet. Consists of information organized into Web pages containing text and graphic images. •Hyperlink: underlined or highlighted words that can be used to view another document or Web page.•Web browser: display a Web document and enable users to link to other Web pages.•Web site: is a collection of related Web documents that are made available to the public.•Home page or Index page: is the first page of a Web site displayed to you when opening your browser.•Uniform Resource Locator (URL):is the unique address used to distinguish web pages from each other and it is used to access a web page.•Internet Service Provider (ISP):is a company that provides Internet access for customers. (examples: Comcast, Qwest, AOL)

•Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): is the language used to build web pages. •Protocol: is a set of instructions or commands that is used to communicate or transfer data between the computers that are connected to the network in general. Such as (Ethernet, Local Talk, Token Ring, FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).

URL Consists of the components shown:

Your computer

Internet

ISP

URL

http//:Protocol

identifies the means of access

www.yahoo.com/

Server contains the

domain name of the Web server

help/

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)•FTP is a part of the Internet that enables client computers to transfer files.•Transferring files from an FTP site to the client is known as downloading.•Transferring files from the client to an FTP site is known as uploading.•Clients may store files on an FTP site’s server.

shop/

Path identifies the location of the

document

shop-01.html

Resource specifies the filename of the resource

How to connect to the Internet•Three main ways to connect to the Internet

•Dial-Up•High Speed/DSL (Asymmetric digital sub scribal line ) •Wireless Connection (Wi-Fi)

Your Computer FTP ServerDOWNLOAD UPLOAD

Browsing the Web•To access a Web page, you can do any of the following:

1. Click a hyperlink.2. Type a URL in the Address box.3. Click a button on the Links toolbar.4. Use the Back and Forward buttons.5. Use a Web site’s navigation aids.6. Use the History list.7. Use the Favorites or Bookmarks list.

Common Web Browsers•Safari: for Apples/Macintosh•Internet Explorer: for Windows only•Google Chrome: created by Google•Mozilla Firefox: works on Mac & PC

Searching Websites for Information1. Search Engine: is a program that helps you to find the

information you are looking for on the internet. Such as ( Google , yahoo, My Way…etc).

2. Several methods can be adopted or used to search for the information you want:

3. To use instant search box 4. Use the address bar 5. To use a search engines 6. To search according to file format7. To search according to date

Difference between browsing and searching Browsing : A browser is software that supports the http. Such as Internet Explorer, Netscape, Mosaic, Lynx and others. Searching : when you select a topic from the index and open the book to the indicated page, you re searching.Finding Information on the Web•Ways to find information on the Web:

Browse or surf the Web – This involves linking from one Web page to another, and so forth.Search the Web – This method involves using search engines to locate Web pages with the information you’re looking for.Subject guides – Web pages are grouped under headings.

•You can find information by two basic means.•Search by Topic and Search by keywords.

E-Mail: Staying in Touch•E-mail: an electronic message transmitted over a network from one user to another.•E-mail is short for electronic mail.•It’s the most popular of the Internet services.•Messages are sent and received in a few seconds.•Attachments such as photos, music files, and any document may be sent with the message.•Free Email Account Providers:(Yahoo , Microsoft’s Hotmail ,Google’s Gmail•E-mail system consists of two programs (User agents and Mail delivery systems). With the Internet, mail delivery within the system is controlled by a program called (Simple Mail Transport Protocol (STMP).•Productivity Tool: Calendar and Address book

Format: consist of Username@Provider’s domainEx. peter101@yahoo.com

Getting To Yahoo Mail

ISPInternet

Starting Your Mail

Popular Internet services include:E-mailWorld Wide WebFTPUsenetListservsInstant messagingInternet Relay ChatInternet telephonyHow Email is Exchanged Between Computer SystemsSome methods and services exist to help find email addresses, but none of them are guaranteed to produce satisfactory results every time. A few of them are listed here. •Ask! Call or write to ask for an email address. This is usually the easiest method. •Check for an email address on a resume business card, stationery, or a Web page. •Look at the return address in the From:,Return-Path:, or Reply-To: email headers. •Send email to postmaster@domain-name.•Consult some directories for collections or lists of email addresses or Web pages. Several of these are available on the Web: Changing password on yahoo mail?•Sign in to your Yahoo! mail account. •Click the gear icon on the top right of the page. (option)•Click on account information. Then it will have you enter your password again to verify you are you •Enter your password and click "Continue." •Click the Change Password link, located near the top of this page. •Enter your Current Password in the space provided. •Type your New Password. Click the "Save" button to put your new password into effect

Sample Questions ExamQ2 ) What is software ?

Answer: It is any program you use on your computer

Q1 ) Give 4 drawbacks of neglecting your computers' maintenance

Answer:1. Some file may become damaged2. System crashes will be more frequent3. Data can be lost permanently4. A virus may infect the system5.

Q3) What is a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)?

Answer :It is a hand held device that can store names, addresses and download e-mail

Q4 ) State which of the following list is NOT an example of hardware (General)

Answer :1. Printer 2. scanner 3. windows Vista4. Database Management software5. CPU6. Mouse 7. Accounting applications 8. Web browsing application9. ROM

Q5) Which computer part manages almost all of the computers' calculations and tasks?

Answer: (Central Processing Unit)

Q6) What is a motherboard?Answer:

Is the main circuit board of the computer which allows most of the computer parts to attach to it

Q7 ) What is meant by volatile memory ?

Answer: A memory that loses its data once the computer is shut dawn.

Q8 ) What does NIC stand for?Answer:

Network Interface Card

Q9 ) State the 5 stages of the software development cycle?

Answer: Investigation - Analysis – Design- Implementation - Review

Q10) An NIC will not have any effect on computer performance except when the computer is

Answer: When the computer performs a task that requites use of the computer network

Q11) What dose CPU stands for? Answer:

Central processing Unit

Q12) Which computer part allows the computer to handle sounds that are being output by the computer or input into the computer?

Answer: Sound Card

Q13) The general rule is that the higher the CPU speed the __ the

PC. Answer:

faster

Q14) Give 5 examples of application software?

Answer: Spreadsheet applications, Desktop publishing applications, Database Management software, accounting applications, Web browsing applications

Q15) What does a graphics card allow you to do?

Answer: Is a device that makes the computer display information on a monitor

Q16) Give two examples of optical storage?

Answer: DVD and CD

Q17) Which computer part has the single largest effect on the computers' performance?

Answer: The CPU

Q18) Which device allows the user to use his finger to select options instead of using a pointing device such as a mouse?

Answer: Touch screen

Q19) Which type of CD can be written to and erased repeatedly?

Answer :CD-RW

Q20) The CPU is divided into two parts which are:

Answer: Arithmetic Logic Unit +control unit+memory storage

Q21) Which of the following is not an output device?Keyboard, Scanner, Printer, Joystick, Monitor, plotter, speakers, microphone, touchpad

Answer:Keyboard, Scanner ,Joystick , microphone, touchpad

Q22)Give 4 functions of an operating system: Answer:

1. It controls the different peripherals and storage units

2. It allows programs to be loaded and run3. It organizes memory and processing time

between programs4. It responds to user instructions and deals with

errors

Q23) What is a small portable computer that can run on batteries as well as main power, and is intended to be used by a user on the move?

Answer: Laptop computers

Q24) How many bits are there in one byte? Answer:

8bit

Q25)How many bytes are in a kilobyte?Answer:

(=1,024) bytes

Q26) Which computer part is referred to as ‘volatile memory?

Answer :RAM

Q27)How can you use RAM to improve your computer's performance?

Answer:Increase the size of RAM

Q28)Which part of the computer stores most of the user's data?

Answer: Hard disc

Q29) Which of the following is an input dives1. Monitor2. Trackball3. Joystick4. Printer5. Scanner 6. Microphone 7. Speakers 8. Touchpad9. Plotter10. Keyboard11. Light pen

Answer :

Trackball ,Joystick , Scanner ,Microphone , Touchpad, Keyboard, Light pen

Q30)which computer parts is non-volatile memory whose contents cannot be modified?

Answer :ROM

Q31)Which part of the computer performs all arithmetic and logic operations that are to be done by the CPU?

Answer :ALU

Q32) GUI stands for: Answer:

Graphical User Interface

Q33) What does the following describe? It's a machine that carries out a set of instructions called programs to manipulate data and do a large variety of tasks

Answer :Computer

Q34)What the abbreviation IT stands for?Answer :

Information Technology

Q35)What does the following describe? It's considered the brain of the computer. It is the part of the computer where calculations and instructions take place

Answer :CPU

Q36)What is the output device?Answer :

Device that allows information to be displayed from the computer

Q37) What is the storage device?Answer:

Device that allows information to be stored

Q38)What does the following describe?''They are hardware devices that are attached to the CPU and work under its control.''

Answer :Peripherals

Q39)The speed of a processor is measured in ... ……..

Answer :Megahertz

Q40)The equipment in a computer System is called..……………

Answer: Hard ware

Q41)A computer system is a combination six elements:

Answer: hardware, software, data, information, people, procedures, communication

Q42) The four general operation that all computers perform that

Answer: Input, processing, output, storage

Q43)perform common tasks as coping the contents of one disk to another and formatting disk.

Answer: Utility program

Q44)Examples of general purpose application software are ……..

Answer: word, database, communication and graphic

Q45)The CPU has two fundamental parts Answer:

CU, ALU

Q46) Which of the following is not a common stage of the software development cycle? Investigation, Desk clean up, Design, Implementation, Analysis

Answer: Desk clean up

Q47) What is GHz?Answer:

Gigahertz, generally abbreviated GHz, refers to frequencies in the billions of cycles per second range. Giga is the standard multiplier for 1 billion, and Hertz is the standard unit for measuring frequencies, expressed as cycles or occurrences per second. One GHz is equivalent to one thousand megahertz (MHz Q48) What is the Best Way to Transfer Information from One Computer to Another?puter to Another?Answer:When you purchase a new computer, there are many types of files you may want to move from your old machine. Most users will want to transfer digital photos and mp3 music from one computer to another. However, you may also wish to transfer information such as emailsettings, contacts, Internet favorites, user accounts, and software program configurations to your new computer. •Internet connection, email •Using a CD burner or a DVD burner •Using a portable hard drive,• Use an Ethernet cable Q/

Q49/ Multiple choose. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the Question: 1.Mega Bytes equal …….A. 1024 Mega Byte B.1024 Bit C.1024 Kilo Byte D.1024 Byte2. …….. Is an input output deviceA. laser printer B. Touch screen C. touch pad D. Monitor3. Which one of the following is not software?A. touch pad B. word processor C. Presentation D. Paint4. ……. Is not an output device.A. Digitizing table B. monitor C. printer D. sound card5. The memory speed is measured in ……A. MB B. KM C. GHZ D. Bit6. The …….. is fast. A. Parallel B. serial port C. p s /2 D. USB port

Q50/ Choose the ''True'' or ''False'' for the following 1. One type of main memory system is ramming.2. Binary system has only one digit3. Data transmission rates are often given in bit per second.4. Plotter is not specialized external out put devices.5. Parallel port uses a 9 pin connector.6. Ctrl +left click used to select several objects.

Q51/ Mention the steps of:1. Find out how much disk space remains on disk2. Search for all document file.3. What is the step to format the floppy Disk?4. Restore a file and folders in the recycle bin.5. Disk Defragment.6. Set the printer as default printer

Q52/ Count only 1. Type of mouse2. The main physical components of a computer3. Type of port 4. Type of operating system

Q53/ Write the correct phrase or sentence for the given abbreviations.(Answer Only 6) 1. RAM2. CPU:3. ASCII: American Standard code for information interchange. 4. PDA: Personal Digital Assistant5.LCD6. DVD:7. SCSI: Small Computer System Interface 8. VGA: Video graphic adapter

Q54\ Complete the following statements you organize your answer as follows The object of a computer system Answer: To process (convert) data in to informationThe components of computer system:Answer:•Hardware (input, CPU, output, storage).• Software• Data /information• People (users, profession).• Procedures (guidelines)• Communication.7- Letters, digits, and special symbols such as (? And &) are calledAnswer: Characters8- A data led written description of programming cycle and program test results is called Answer: Documentation 9. The faster the CPU, the ………….. Programs can process computationsAnswer: quicker 10. How much is 1 byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, etc11. A microprocessors speed depends on the …………………., …………Answer: word size, clock speed 12. Binary digit is Answer: zero, one 13. Clock speed are expressed in …………. or …………….Answer: MHz, GHz

Computers software

System Applications Software Software

Operating software general purpose Specifications purpose applications Utility programs software (custom software) Language translations (0,1) General purpose

Graphics

Analytical Graphics (bar,line,pie) Presentation graphics

A-End user 1- Telephone line ModemB-secondary storage 2-Immediate vaultsC- Row data 3- Semi permanent datad -Desktop publishing 4- not executable EE- pseudo code 5- text graphicF- Master file 6- Input (c)G- on line processing 7-Tape DiskH-To use communication

Q55/Match the following phrases you write only number of phrases

Q56/ Why use •Storage Device : it saves data and programs2. Computer:used as a data processor(Student training ,Finance , Education Writing, Management ,Programming ,Language translation, Satellite communication Medical operation, Traffic control , Military purposes , Office work , Home 3. Cpu:it is the 'compute' in computer 4.Control Unit: •To read and interpret program instructions.•To direct the operation of internal processor components.•To control the flow of programs and data in and out of RAM. 5. RAM: •Temporary storage of data•Allows computer fast access to data while performing a task

Q57/a-List the type of the following

•Processor Manufacturers•American Micro Devices (AMD) •Intel •IBM •Motorola •Cyrix •Texas Instruments •Removable media devices•CD (compact disc)

1.CD-ROM Drive2.CD Writer .

•DVD (digital versatile disc)1.DVD-ROM Drive2.DVD Writer3.DVD-RAM Drive -

•Blu-ray Disc1.BD-ROM Drive .2.BD Writer

•HD DVD•Floppy disk•Iomega Zip drive•USB flash driveSecondary storage

Hard disk3. Communication Devices

Mobile adapted telephones E-mailTelecommunications devicesNetworking devicesModem (Modulator/ Demodulator)

4. CPU ComponentsExecution Core (s) Data Bus Address Bus Math Co-processor Instruction sets / Microcode Multimedia extensions Registers Flags Pipelining Memory Controller Cache Memory (L1, L2 and L3)

5. Hardware of a modern Personal Computer•Monitor•Motherboard•CPU•RAM•Expansion cards•Power supply•Optical disc drive•Hard disk drive•Keyboard•Mouse

2. Computer Specification : Speed , Capacity , RAM (Random accesses memory), Processor 3. Motherboard: is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports.

b-What is the Difference between •soft copy & hard copy Soft copy:

1.The output on a monitor2.output ( the results of processing) 3.is a temporary copy that can not be handled physically 4.Such as (monitor).

Hard copy: •printers produce or printed output•can be physically handled, folded , and so on •is a permanent copy that can be handled physically •such as (printer)•CD and DVD CD •Refers to compact disc•It can save 600-700 MB data•They are used especially for multimedia programs. (Sounds, pictures, films, etc.). •CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.•CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.DVD •Refers to digital versatile disc•stores up to 12 times as much information from cd•It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage. •DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.•DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.•DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.

Q58\ LEST (the Computer Health and Environmental)Things computer like:• Good ventilationتهوية • Clean environment• Stable, vibration free surface•Use screen filter•Use moving chairsThings computer don’t like:• Dust• Drinking and eating over the keyboard• Heat, Cold or Moisture• Don’t place objects on top of monitors.• Don’t place floppy disks near monitors.•Do not leave wires lying across people ways

Q59\ the role of Systems SoftwareAnswer: interface between users, application software and hardwareQ\what kinds of user interface?•Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) user interface that uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system•MS-Windows and the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS) interface are widely used GUIsQ\steps to make successful computer application•Understand the Problem برمجته المراد النظام وفهم دراسة•System Analysis الحالي النظام تحليل•System Design الجديد النظام تصميم•Implementation النظام برمجة•Testing الجديد النظام اختبار•Documentation التوثيقQ\How to Display Information about files•My computer •View •Options•Chang Folder •View•Check show hidden files , folders and drive

Q59\ ICT stands for: Answer: Information and Communication TechnologyQ\the internet has becomes an essential part of our lives. Today, just about everyone is using the internet to:•Apply for jobs or schools•Fill out government forms•Check bank accounts•Communicate with family, friends and co-workers•Do research•Learn new skills•Read news•Watch videos•E-Mail and Virtual communities

Good Luck