IT 10103 IT 10103 Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology

CHAPTER 04CHAPTER 04

ComputersComputers

Basic Components needed for a functioning Basic Components needed for a functioning computercomputer

Basic ComponentsBasic ComponentsMotherboardMotherboard

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory (RAM)Memory (RAM)

Video Card/AdapterVideo Card/Adapter

Basic ComponentsBasic ComponentsHard DriveHard Drive

Optical DriveOptical Drive

Case Case

Power SupplyPower Supply

Basic ComponentsBasic ComponentsMonitorMonitor

KeyboardKeyboard

MouseMouse

Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS)

Floppy DriveFloppy Drive

Modern Computers Modern Computers ATX computers are the current standard ATX computers are the current standard

form-factor for PCsform-factor for PCs

The System Unit The System Unit

The Case that contains electronic componentsThe Case that contains electronic components

Mid-TowerMini-Tower

Desktop

Full-Tower

Micro-ATX

The Motherboard The Motherboard System Board – The main circuit board of the System Board – The main circuit board of the

system unitsystem unit

ASROCK “K7VT6“ ASROCK “P4V88 RAID

The Motherboard The Motherboard Motherboard ChipsetsMotherboard Chipsets

Those components that allow the motherboard Those components that allow the motherboard and other parts of a computer to function togetherand other parts of a computer to function together

AMDAMD INTELINTEL

ALIALI ATIATI

NVIDIANVIDIA VIAVIA

SISSIS

The Motherboard The Motherboard Some Motherboard ManufacturersSome Motherboard Manufacturers

ASUSASUS ASROCKASROCK

ABITABIT CHAINTECHCHAINTECH

GIGABYTEGIGABYTE AOPENAOPEN

INTELINTEL DFIDFI

MSIMSI ECSECS

SOYOSOYO JETWAYJETWAY

TYANTYAN PCCHIPSPCCHIPS

ALBATRONALBATRON SUPERMICROSUPERMICRO

The Motherboard The Motherboard MotherboardMotherboard

Key is to make sure your motherboard supports Key is to make sure your motherboard supports the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards you plan on the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards you plan on

usingusing

The Processor The Processor ““The Brains of the Computer”The Brains of the Computer”

ComponentsComponents

Control UnitControl Unit

Arithmetic & Logic UnitArithmetic & Logic Unit

The Processor The Processor Control UnitControl Unit

Reads & Interprets Program InstructionsReads & Interprets Program Instructions

Directs the Operation of the ProcessorDirects the Operation of the Processor

Controls the flow of programs and data into and Controls the flow of programs and data into and out of memoryout of memory

The Processor The Processor Arithmetic & Logic UnitArithmetic & Logic Unit

Arithmetic:Arithmetic:

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, DivisionAddition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Logic:Logic:

Comparisons (And, Or, Not)Comparisons (And, Or, Not)

The Processor The Processor Machine CycleMachine Cycle

FetchFetch

DecodeDecode

ExecuteExecute

StoreStore

The Processor The Processor FetchFetch

Calls an instruction into memoryCalls an instruction into memory

The Processor The Processor DecodeDecode

Figures out what the instruction is trying to doFigures out what the instruction is trying to do

The Processor The Processor ExecuteExecute

Does the decoded instructionDoes the decoded instruction

Add 2+2Add 2+2

The Processor The Processor StoreStore

Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by another instructionanother instruction

The Processor The Processor PipeliningPipelining

Executing multiple instructions at the same timeExecuting multiple instructions at the same time

FETCHFETCH DECODEDECODE EXECUTEEXECUTE STORESTORE

Instruction 1Instruction 1

Instruction 2Instruction 2

Instruction 3Instruction 3

Instruction 4Instruction 4

The Processor The Processor The System ClockThe System Clock

A Crystal Oscillator on the MotherboardA Crystal Oscillator on the Motherboard

that paces the machine cyclethat paces the machine cycle

The Processor The Processor Clock CycleClock Cycle

Measured in MHz or GHzMeasured in MHz or GHz

Megahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/secMegahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/sec

Gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/secGigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/sec

The Processor The Processor Clock CycleClock Cycle

One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the MHz or GHzMHz or GHz

Example: (800 MHz CPU)Example: (800 MHz CPU)

1/800,000,000 = 0.00000000125 or 1/800,000,000 = 0.00000000125 or

1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth)1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth)(1.25 billionths of a second)(1.25 billionths of a second)

The Processor The Processor Clock CycleClock Cycle

The shorter the clock cycle the faster the The shorter the clock cycle the faster the processorprocessor

The Processor The Processor Types of ProcessorsTypes of Processors

AMD Athlon X2 INTEL Core2Duo

The Processor The Processor CPU InstallationCPU Installation

ZIF Socket = Zero-Insertion Force SocketZIF Socket = Zero-Insertion Force Socket

The Processor The Processor CPU InstallationCPU Installation

Heat Sinks & FansHeat Sinks & Fans

The Processor The Processor Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing

Multiple processors work together to Multiple processors work together to complete a set of instructionscomplete a set of instructions

ControlCPU

CPU 01

CPU 02

Answer

The Processor The Processor Dual-Core ProcessorsDual-Core Processors

INTEL Core2DuoAMD Athlon X2

The Processor The Processor Data RepresentationData Representation

ANALOGANALOG

DIGITALDIGITAL

BINARY SYSTEM (2)BINARY SYSTEM (2)

The Processor The Processor Bit = 0 or 1Bit = 0 or 1

Byte = 8 bitsByte = 8 bits

Byte = Character (ABC, 012, etc)Byte = Character (ABC, 012, etc)

The Processor The Processor HertzHertz

a unit of frequency of electrical vibrations a unit of frequency of electrical vibrations equal to one cycle per second equal to one cycle per second

The Processor The Processor MHz – MegahertzMHz – Megahertz

Mega = MillionMega = Million

GHz – GigahertzGHz – Gigahertz

Giga = BillionGiga = Billion

THz – TerahertzTHz – Terahertz

Tera = TrillionTera = Trillion

INTELINTELPentium 3Pentium 3

CeleronCeleron

Celeron-DCeleron-D

Pentium-MPentium-M

Pentium 4Pentium 4

Pentium 4 Extreme EditionPentium 4 Extreme Edition

XeonXeon

ItaniumItanium

Core2DuoCore2Duo

AMDAMDAthlonAthlon

DuronDuron

SempronSempron

Athlon XPAthlon XP

Athlon MPAthlon MP

OpteronOpteron

Athlon 64Athlon 64

Athlon 64 FXAthlon 64 FX

Athlon X2Athlon X2

The Processor The Processor Where to find information about Processors:Where to find information about Processors:

www.amd.com

www.intel.com

www.newegg.com

www.mwave.com

www.pricewatch.com

MEMORY MEMORY Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory

(RAM)(RAM)

MEMORY MEMORY Kilobyte (KB/K) = 1,024 bytesKilobyte (KB/K) = 1,024 bytes

or 2or 21010

Megabyte (MB/M) = 1,048,576 bytesMegabyte (MB/M) = 1,048,576 bytes

or 2or 22020

Gigabyte (GB/G) = 1,073,741,824 bytesGigabyte (GB/G) = 1,073,741,824 bytes

or 2or 23030

MEMORY MEMORY Memory Speeds:Memory Speeds:

Millisecond = One-thousandth/secMillisecond = One-thousandth/sec

Microsecond = One-millionth/secMicrosecond = One-millionth/sec

Nanosecond = One-billionth/secNanosecond = One-billionth/sec

Picosecond = One-trillionth/secPicosecond = One-trillionth/sec

MEMORY MEMORY Most common form of memory isMost common form of memory is

Dynamic Random Access Memory Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) (DRAM)

MEMORY MEMORY Common RAM TypesCommon RAM Types

SDRAMSDRAM

DDR SDRAMDDR SDRAM

MEMORY MEMORY Common RAM TypesCommon RAM Types

DDR2 SDRAMDDR2 SDRAM

RDRAM (RAMBUS)RDRAM (RAMBUS)

MEMORY MEMORY Common DDR SDRAM TypesCommon DDR SDRAM Types

DDR Speed PC Rating

DDR 200 PC1600

DDR 266 PC2100

DDR 333 PC2700

DDR 400 PC3200

DDR2 400 PC3200

DDR2 533 PC4200

DDR2 667 PC5300

DDR2 800 PC6400

MEMORY MEMORY How Much RAM do I Need?How Much RAM do I Need?

256 MB Minimum for Windows XP256 MB Minimum for Windows XP

512 MB Minimum for Audio/Video Editing512 MB Minimum for Audio/Video Editing

1000 MB1000 MB Minimum for 3D Design/Animation Minimum for 3D Design/Animation

2000 MB for Windows XP x64 2000 MB for Windows XP x64

2000 MB for Windows Vista x322000 MB for Windows Vista x32

4000 MB for Windows Vista x644000 MB for Windows Vista x64

MEMORY MEMORY CACHECACHE

High Speed Memory that stores instructions High Speed Memory that stores instructions and data for frequent useand data for frequent use

MEMORY MEMORY L1 Cache – CPU - FastestL1 Cache – CPU - Fastest

8 KB to 128 KB 2-4ns8 KB to 128 KB 2-4ns

L2 Cache – Motherboard - SlowerL2 Cache – Motherboard - Slower

64 KB to 4 MB 3-6ns64 KB to 4 MB 3-6ns

L3 Cache – Motherboard – SlowerL3 Cache – Motherboard – Slower

256 KB – 4 MB 4-8ns256 KB – 4 MB 4-8ns

MEMORY MEMORY Read Only MemoryRead Only Memory

(ROM)(ROM)

Cannot EraseCannot Erase

Stores Permanent Data and InstructionsStores Permanent Data and Instructions

MEMORY MEMORY BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the built-in BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the built-in

software that determines what a computer can do software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a diskwithout accessing programs from a disk

MEMORY MEMORY Flash MemoryFlash Memory

Can be erased electronicallyCan be erased electronically

CMOS - Uses a Battery to retain dataCMOS - Uses a Battery to retain data

Also external form available:Also external form available:

Expansion SlotsExpansion SlotsExpands the capabilities of a computerExpands the capabilities of a computer

Adapter CardsAdapter CardsAdds new features to the computerAdds new features to the computer

Page 204Page 204

PortsPortsAllows connection of peripheralsAllows connection of peripherals

Page 206-210Page 206-210

BusesBusesAn electrical channel for the computer An electrical channel for the computer

components to communicatecomponents to communicate

BusWidth(bits)

Bus Speed(MHz)

Bus Bandwidth(MBytes/sec)

8-bit ISA 8 8.3 7.9

16-bit ISA 16 8.3 15.9

EISA 32 8.3 31.8

VLB 32 33 127.2

PCI 32 33 127.2

64-bit PCI 2.1 64 66 508.6

AGP 32 66 254.3

AGP (x2 mode) 32 66x2 508.6

AGP (x4 mode) 32 66x4 1,017.3

AGP (x8 mode) 32 66x8 2,034.4

PCI-X 64 133 1.06 GB/SecPeripheral Component Interconnect Extended

BAYSBAYSPage 212Page 212

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

Assignment # 02Page 223Page 223

True/False 1-12True/False 1-12

Page 224Page 224

Multiple Choice 1-14Multiple Choice 1-14

Page 225Page 225

Matching 1-10Matching 1-10

Short Answer 1-5Short Answer 1-5