Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud Catania

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Clementina Agodi

FIRST experiment:

Fragmentation of Ions Relevants for Space and Therapy

11TH International Conference on NUCLEUS NUCLEUS COLLISIONSMay 27-June 1, 2012 San Antonio, TEXAS, USA

FIRST experiment at GSI

• Introduction

• The FIRST experimental set-up

• 12C Fragmentation measurements at GSI

• Summary & Perspective

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Hadrontherapy MotivationHadrontherapy MotivationLight ions advantages in radiation

treatments :

Better Spatial selectivity in dose deposition: Bragg Peak

Reduced lateral and longitudinal diffusion

High Conformal dose deposition

High Biological effectiveness

Treatment of highly radiation resistent tumours, sparing surrounding OAR

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CARBON IONS ADVANTAGESCARBON IONS ADVANTAGES

• Lower lateral and longitudinal diffusion vs. proton More precise energy deposition

• Optimal RBE profile - penetration depth position.

• Online PET for depth deposition monitoring

•Good Compromise between RBE and OER.

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DISADVANTAGES OF CARBON IONSDISADVANTAGES OF CARBON IONS

Nuclear Fragmentation of 12C beam in the interaction processes with: energy degraders, biological tissues

Further problem different biological effectiveness of the fragmentsMitigation and attenuation of the primary beam

Dose over the Bragg Peak :

p ~ 1-2 %

C ~ 15 % Ne ~ 30 %

Production of fragments with higher range vs primary ions

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Nuclear fragmentation and Models

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• Simulations with analytical codes are used to estimate how projectile fragmentation modifies dose distribution and biological effectveness.

• Such approach presents considerable uncertainty in the models implemented because of a reduced number of experimental data, both on the fragmentation cross sections and on the different quality of radiations biological effectiveness.

Most of these measurements are limited to yields or total charge fragmentation cross-sections (in water or tissue equivalent), while the needed measurements of high precision (ΔM/M) d2/ddE double-differential cross-section are scarce.

12C , E

12C , E'

,A,Z

',A',Z'

X,Ex,x,x

Y,Ey,y,y

NASA Space Radiation Program Goal:To live and work safely in space with acceptable risks from radiation

*Francis A. Cucinotta (NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center), private communication

Solar particle events (SPE)about 90% protons, E<1 GeV, about 90% protons, E<1 GeV, seldom but potentially seldom but potentially dangerous (highdose)eventsdangerous (highdose)events(generally associated with Coronal Mass Ejections from the Sun

Trapped Radiation:Van Allen belts (electrons, Van Allen belts (electrons, protons up to 600 MeV)protons up to 600 MeV)

Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)•2% electrons and positrons •98% particles :

87% protons •12% α particles•1% heavier ions (HZE particles)

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GCR reach earth rarely, but become relevant for exposure into interplanetary flights, that are the NASA future plans

The Space Radiation Environment

Space radiation risks assessment

Fe

Fe

C

C

Nuclear fragmentation measurements in Hadrontherapy and Space radiation risks assessment

Mixed fields of charged particles are present in astronauts environment and patients treated with carbon ions

Similar Nuclear Physics processes involved. Energy and mass range are very close Dose calculation and radiological risk assessment required

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Hadrontherapy Spatial vehicles shieldings

NASA completed a large database of nuclear fragmentation measurements (J.W.. Norbury and 1. Miller ,47th NCRP Annual Meeting ,Bethesda , MD , pp. 24 (2011)) and observed that there are ion types and kinetic energy ranges that are missing. In particular, DDCS measurements for light ions in the energy range of interest for hadron therapy applications are lacking.

The FIRST collaboration

INFN: Cagliari,LNF,LNS,Milano,Roma3,Torino: C.Agodi, G.Battistoni, M.Carpinelli, G.A.P.Cirrone, G.Cuttone , M.De Napoli, B.Golosio, Y.Hannan, E.Iarocci, F.Iazzi,

R.Introzzi, A.Mairani, V.Monaco, M.C.Morone,P.Oliva, A.Paoloni, V.Patera, L.Piersanti, N.Randazzo, F.Romano, R.Sacchi, P.Sala, A.Sarti, A.Sciubba, C.Sfienti, V.Sipala,

E.Spiriti DSM/IRFU/SPhN CEA Saclay, IN2P3 Caen, Strasbourg, Lyon: S.Leray, M.D.Salsac,

A.Boudard, J.E. Ducret, M. Labalme, F. Haas, C.Ray GSI: M.Durante, D.Schardt, R.Pleskac, T.Aumann, C.Scheidenberger, A.Kelic,

M.V.Ricciardi, K.Boretzky, M.Heil, H.Simon, M.Winkler University Sevilla & CNA: J.M. Quesada, A.Bocci, J.P.Fernandez-Garcia, M. I.

Gallardo, M.A. Cortes-Giraldo, M.A.G. Alvarez ESA: P.Nieminem, G.Santin

CERN: T.Bohlen

Fragmentation of Ions Relevants for Space and Therapy

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Fragmentation measurements at GSIFragmentation measurements at GSI LNSLNS

FIRST al GSI ( 1-14 August 2011)

Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and TherapyThe experiment at the SIS accelerator of GSI in Darmstadt, has been designed for measurements of ion fragmentation cross sections at different energies between 100 and 1000 MeV/nucleon.

Collected around 18 ml of events 12C+12C @400 Mev/A

Collected around 2 ml of events 12C+197Au @400 Mev/A

Projectile Fragmentation predicted by MC

Z>2 produced fragments approximately have the same velocity of the 12C beam and are collimated in the forward direction

Protons are spread out over a wide range of angle and energy Z=2 fragment are all emitted within 200 of angular aperture

Kinetic energy (MeV/nucl) Emission angle (Deg)

12C + 12C @ 400 MeV/A

FLUKAFLUKA

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The experimental set-up LNSLNS

Interaction Region + Magnet Large-detectors Region

KENTROS: Kinetic ENergy and

Time Resolution Optimized on

Scintillator

START COUNTER

BEAM MONITOR

VERTEX DETECTOR

All detectors of the IR have been tested in Catania at INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud with 80 MeV/A 12C or p Cyclotron beams and at the Beam Test Facility of the INFN Frascati National Laboratory with 510 MeV electron beam.

Target

Magnet

TPC MUSIC IVTOF WALL

VertexBmon

Start

The experimental set-up

Vertex Frags emissiondirection

Start start TOF and trigger

TOF WALL frags position & TOF, trigger

Beam mon Beam direction & impact point

Tagger Large frags: position, TOF, dE/dX

TPC MUSIC , dE/dx after bending

LAND2 low angle neutron

Land2

Setup redundancy allows calibration and systematic checks of the reconstructed fragment features: Z, A, , E.

Interaction RegionP Tagger Beam Veto

Start Counter

Standard deviation of the time difference between pairs of Start Counter PMT’s as a function of the run number

Trigger & TOF measurement: 150 micron thick fast scintillator, with radial fibers read-out.

Measured resolution was the order of 150ps

TARGET

BEAM

SC BM

Ptag

VD

scint

ε>99% for ALL the RUNS

Very Stable performance vs run number!

Max variation ~ 5 ps

Beam MonitorDrift chamber: measures the direction and the impact

point of the beam on the target . • 36 sensing wires

• 6 planes perpendicular to the beam•Ar-CO2 80/20 gas mixture @ 2.2 kV

TARGET

BEAM

SC

BMPtag

VD

Beam monitor event display for carbon ions traversing the detector

Beam monitor spatial resolution as a function of the distance from the cell center

Vertex Detector TARGET

BEAM

SC

BM Ptag

VD

Vertex Detector: track all the charged fragment just downstream the target, from 00 to 600.

Based on 4 planes of 2x2 cm2 active area, each made of two MIMOSA 26 silicon pixel detectors, 3mm spaced.

It can measure tracks with an angular resolution of about 0.3 degree.

KENTROS Kinetic ENergy and Time Resolution Optimized on Scintillator

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Detects large angle (50-900) slow protons (He). Measures TOF (expected t=250ps), E (expected E/E = 10%

Kentrosaurus :stegosauride family of late Jurassico.

EJ-200 fast scintillator ( decay time 2.1 ns, 10000 photons/MeV) read by AvanSiD (IRST/FBK) 4x4 mm2 active area SiPMBarrel external : diametero 74 cm, 50 scintillator modules 3,8 cm thick, parallel respect to the beam ; Barrel internal : scintillating fibers , 20 modules ( polar angles measurements). Big Endcap : a disk with internal and external diameter of 28 and 74 cm, 60 trapezoidal scintillator modules, 3.5 cm thick .Small Endcap : a disk with internal and external diameter of 10 and 30 cm, 24 trapezoidal scintillator, 3.5 thick.

KENTROS: proton taggerTARGET

BEAM

SC

BMPtag

VD

ADC counts

HeliumProton

ADC counts

Tim

e (n

s)

HeliumProton

p/He PID on Small Endcap:

no impact position used yet

Matching hits with vertex tracks improve both TOF & dE/dx measurements particle Energy.

VertexBeammonitor

TOF WALL

• Gives arrival time, dE/dx and impinging position of the fragments.

• Two walls made of 96 2x1x110 cm3 scintillators read by two PMTs, grouped in 8 slats unit.

Magnet

TPC TOF WALL

Land2

IR

Q1,t1

Q2,t2

• Calibration run at high statistic with no B field to align with vertex tracking.

• Calibration run with B field sweep with no target at high statistic to calibrate the vertical position

TOF WALL:data vs MC (FLUKA)

The TOFWALL standalone identify fragments

Experimental data are in agreement with MC

Magnet

TPC TOF WALL

Land2

IRTO

F-T tr

ig (n

s)

TOF

(ns)

dE/dx (MeV)dE/dx (MeVx100)

12C 400MeV/u on CDATA

12C 400MeV/u on CMC (FLUKA)

CBBeLiHep CBBeLiHep

Outlook on a ‘mission (im)possible‘

There is an interest in light ions use in hadrontherapy different form 12C

The FIRST detector can easily measure fragmentation cross sections d2/ddE by ions like Helium, Litium or Oxigen

7Li on 12C @250MeV/A

The experimental setup is also designed to be able to measure fragmentation cross section also with heavier ions like Fe @ 1GeV/A, that would be interesting for radioprotection in space. ESA and NASA are also interested in this measures.

The collaboration back up all these options: future largely depends on the GSI interest/possibility to pursue these measurements.

FLUKA MC

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Summary An international collaboration (France, Germany, Italy, Spain) has

been created to measure at GSI the d2/ddE fragmentation cross section of interest for hadrontherapy and space radioprotection

The detector is an evolution of a pre-existing setup, optimized for the detection of fragments with large angular acceptance and with an

accuracy at the few % level

Fragmentation data with 12C already taken in August 2011. Analysis ongoing

In next future the setup could be a facility to measure the fragmentation of light ions (He, Li, O projectiles) and/or of projectiles

(Fe) of interest for space radioprotection

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Perspective‘Health’ research bridging the gap between

science and policy ?

It is a good idea but we still have to improve it…

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Thank you very much for your attention !

eilbronn et al.12C Projectile Energy[MeV/N] Target

4He 100, 180 C, Al, Cu, Pb 12C 100, 180,400 C, Al, Cu, Pb20Ne 100, 180,400 C, Al, Cu, Pb28Si 800 C, Al, Cu, Pb HIMAC by Kurosawa et al.40Ar 400 C, Al, Cu, Pb56Fe 400 C, Al, Cu, Pb126Xe 400 C, Al, Cu, Pb20Ne 337 C, A, Cu and U BEVALAC by Schimmerling et al.93Nb 272 Al, Nb BEVALAC by Heilbronn et al.93Nb 435 Nb4He 155 Al NSRL by H155 Nb4He 160 Pb SREL by Cecil4He 180 C, H2O, steel, Pb

12C 200 H2O GSI by Günzert-Marx et al.12C 400 H2O GSI by Haettner et al.

Courtesy of M. Durante

What we already know: thick target measurement

Tentative & incomplete

list

A lot of integral measurements measurements

are already around.. But very

few for the correct triplet of projectile,target

and energy

What we already know: thin target measurement

Projectile Energy[MeV/N] Target

4He 135 C, Poly, Al, Cu, Pb 12C 135 C, Poly, Al, Cu, Pb Sato et al.

20Ne 135 C, Poly, Al, Cu, Pb 40Ar 95 C, Poly, Al, Cu, Pb

12C 290, 400 C, Cu, Pb 20Ne 400, 600 C, Cu, Pb Iwata et al.

40Ar 400, 560 C, Cu, Pb

4He 230 Li, C, CH2, Al, Cu, Pb 14N 400 Li, C, CH2, Al, Cu, Pb

28Si 60 Li, C, CH2, Al, Cu, Pb Heilbronn et al. 56Fe 500 Li, C, CH2, Al, Cu, Pb

12C 400 C, Poly Toshito et al.

12C 95 PMMA GANIL by Braunn et al.

only with detectors at ~ 0°

Courtesy of M. Durante

Tentative & incomplete

list

A lot of measurements on thin target are

already around.. but not wrt production angle and

energy

Emulsion Chamber: angle okE ~OK, low stat, no corr

angle ok & energy ok

Galactic Cosmic Ray *

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*Francis A. Cucinotta (NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center), private communication

GCR on Mars*

Dose eq. on EarthEarth: 10 mSv/dDose eq. on MarsMars: 100-200 mSv/d

Dose eq. on MoonMoon: 300-400 mSv/d Dose eq. from GCRGCR: 1 mSv/d

What should we know about 12C fragmentation?Datasets existing, but mainly on thick target or at 0 deg. New measurements now ongoing

or foreseen. The ideal data set should give:Production yelds of Z=0,1,2,3,4,5 fragments

d2/ddE with respect to angle and energy, with large angular acceptance For any 12C energy of interest (50-350 MeV/nucl)

Measurements on thin target of all materials crossed by C beamDetect the correlation between emitted fragments

12C , E

12C , E'

,A,Z

',A',Z'

X,Ex,x,x

Y,Ey,y,y

Not possible a complete DB of measurementsWe need to train nuclear interaction models (MC!!) with the measurements!!

Carbon Ions 12C advantages :

12C disadvantages :

Dose over the Bragg

Peak :p ~ 1-2 %C ~ 15

% Ne ~ 30 %

• More precise energy deposition• Optimal RBE profile - penetration depth position.•Good compromise betwenn RBE and OER• Online PET for depth deposition monitoring

• Production of fragments with higher range vs primary ions• Different biological effectiveness of the fragments•Mitigation and attenuation of the primary beam

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