21

Istanbul University from the Establishment in 1453

by Fatih Sultan Mehmed to Atatürk‟s University

Reform in 1933

Prof.Dr.Dr.Arslan Terzioğlu

I. INTRODUCTION

2003 is a very important year for it is hosting very important

events: one of the crucial events of the past millennium; the conquest

of Istanbul and the 550th anniversary of the establishment of Istanbul

University by Fatih Sultan Mehmed; the 80th anniversary of the

establishment of the Turkish Republic and the 70th anniversary of the

university reform in 1933 by Great Ataturk. Today, by the opening of

this international symposium, we will enlighten scientifically the

relations between one of the Europe‟s oldest universities; Istanbul

University’s past and the European Universities.

The Ottoman Turkish Empire was realm on 3 continents during 14th

,15th and 16th centuries. One of the reasons for this success, that this

huge empire‟s government was putting emphasis on science, technique

and young generations who would be directing the culture. The empire

was applying a multidirectional educational system. We can classify

Ottoman educational system under four dots.

1. Settlement of the universities (medreses) to educate kadı

(lawman), doctors, mufti, nişancı (Grand Chancellor),

teachers, who were civil servants at the level of civil

citizens. These universities were similar to the ones that

were established under the realm of Sultan Alparslan, the

Emperor of the Great Seljuk Empire at 11th century. Medrese

were settles in Iznik, Bursa, Edirne, and other cultural

centers(1), which have the qualifications of the Seljuk‟s

Nizamiye Universities that are considered as the first state

universities.

2. A disciplinary education based on master- learner

relationship for rasing up young talented staff on art and on

other subjects about business in the guilds like Ahilik

Association, Sedefkarlar Karhanesi, Necceran-ı Mimaran

Karhanesi(2).

3. The educational support for Ottoman army in technical

professions on military basis.

4. For the sake of the future of the empire, maintaining the

education for qualified and sophisticated young politicians

and government men at military palace universities and

schools like Enderun-u Humayun, at the palaces of Ottoman

Emperors in Istanbul and Edirne(3).

Rather than the influences of ancient Sumerian, ancient Egypt,

Museion and its library which was built in Hellenistic era in

22

Alexandria in 331 B.C, Gondeshapur medicine school that has been

established in 350 A.C, the school of science for the name of Bayt al-

hikma in Abbasid period in Baghdad at 830 A.C; the influence of

Qarahanid, Gaznawid and Seljuk Turks were dominant in this wide range

education system.

According to some science historians, Nizamiye University that

has been established in Baghdad by Seljuk Turks, was the oldest state

University in the world.

Another important point is the book of Keykavus bin Iskender „s

book that he wrote in 1082 in early Seljuk Turks realm. The book was

in Persian and named as Qabusname. This deontological book recommends

some piece of works and books that will be useful in medicine

education at hospitals and universities. It put emphasis on Galenos

Sitte Aşere and Hippocrates‟ Aforizmaz (4). After Keykavus bin

Iskender, again in Seljuks era, Nidhamii Aruzi, in his book Chahar

Maqala, counts Er- Razi‟s Hunayn bin Ishaq‟s and Ibn Sina‟s (Avicenna)

Qanun (5), beside the work of Galenos and Hippocrates. Depending to

this point, it is seen that in 12th century, in Seljuk medicine

education, Avicenna‟s Qanun was dominant. It‟s a fact that it is

reflected to Europe. The important works that shape and classify the

scşence and medicine in Europe were Hunayn bin Ishaq‟s Medhal fi‟t–

Tıbb (in Latin; Isogoge in artem - 9th century) and al – Farabi‟s (A.C

950) Kitab-ül Ihsa‟il – ulum on declaring of the sciences.

According to this and other related information, if we look at

Schipperges‟ list, depending on his researches on the books of

Europe‟s medicine schools like Salerno, Montpellier and Paris in the

middle era and Renaissance; we see the influence of Seljuk

universities and hospitals not only on medicals and hospital

architecture, but also medicine education (Table II).

This influence was so great that in the classification of

medicine and medicine education in Europe; Hunayn b. Ishaq‟s

classification was taken as basis. Prof. Dr. Schipperges‟ researches

declare it as below.

Table I:

Ars medicina (articella)

Theorica

Practica

Naturalia

(Physiology)

Nonnaturalia

(Dialectic)

Praeternaturalia

(General

Pathology,

Aetiologie

Symtomatologie)

Diaeta

Pharmacia

Chirurgia

1- Elemanta

2-

1- Aer (Air)

1- Morbus

2-Causa

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Temperamenta

3- Humores

4- Membra

5- Virtutes

6- Actiones

7- Spiritus

Additiva

1- Aetates

2- Colores

3- Figures

4-

Sexualitas

2- Motus et quies (Movement and Resting)

3- Cibus et potus (Eating and Drinking)

4- Somnus et vigilia (Sleeping and

Awakening)

5- Excreta et retenta (Excretory and

Saturation)

6- Affectus animi (Affection of Soul)

(occasio)

3- Signum

The examinations of the doctors were done by the high civil

servants called muhtesip, which were equal to vezirs in Seljuk. In

Ottoman Empire there were “ihtisab”s servants who were responsible of

these exams.

Prof. H. Schipperges put out the fact that, this control

mechanism in Seljuk is seen in Catholic Spanish cities under the name

of Hermandades, Communidades, Germanias(8).

As we pointed out before, the medicine of the Europe of Hunayn

bin Ishaq, er – Razi, İbn Sina, Galenos and Hippocrates of Seljuk. In

addition to this; long before Friedrich the II‟s Constitutiones

Medicinales in 1231; we see a PhD thesis in medicine, submitted to

Adudi Hospital in Baghdad in Seljuk era in 1178. One of the copies of

this thesis is held in Hagia Sophia Museum today. All these lead to

the conclusion of the importance of the influence of Seljuk‟s

universities and medicine schools on Salerno Medicine School.

Schipperges point out that; Friedrich‟s Constitutiones Medicinales

(1231) was put into legislation in Seljuk‟s era with the influence of

Islam rather than the applications of health institutions of Arl,

Marcillia, Northern Italy and Germany with the influence of Roman and

Byzantium tradition. This shows the influence level of Seljuk (9)

while Seljuk education system was acting a dominant role on European

Universities of Renaissance; at the center of Byzantium, Istanbul, the

first university was established under the name “Katholicon Mouseon”

in 1400 by Byzantium Emperor Manuel II (1391 – 1425) located around

Kariye Mosque. At the establishment of this university, French and

British universities were taken as example(10).

Another important point to show the Seljuk influence is this; in

Paris University (establishment in 1254) the student were classified

into 4; according to their nationalities as: natio gallicorum, natio

picardorum, natio normanorum, natio anglicorum. 30 years bedore this;

in Mustarsirriye university (established in 1232 in Baghdad at Seljuk

era) which considered as the second university for medicine education;

there was same kind of division between students according to their

religion(11).

The Byzantium Emperor Manuel the 2nd‟s university was placed in

Prodromos Petra Monastry at first ; and then moved to Ksenon Tou

Kralou Hospital which was established in 1296. Hence this university

was giving education heavily on medicine. The last president (rector)

of this university was Joannes Argyropoulos (on duty between 1410 –

1448) who returned from Paduva University at 1444. A miniature from ;

Oxford (cod. Barroci 87 Folio, 33v) shows the portrait of the person

and a part of the mentioned medicine faculty(12).

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II. THE CONQUEST OF ISTANBUL AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A

UNİVERSİTY İN ISTANBUL

Fatih Sultan Mehmed conquered Istanbul at 29th of May 1453 at a

very early age. He decided to make this city; Ottoman Empire‟s and

even Eupope‟s one of the very important cultural center(12a). So he

gave pace to structural organizations. He established the first

Istanbul University in Molla Hüsrev Medrese in the rooms of Hagia

Sophia, and the medrese of Molla Zeyrek in Pantokrator Monastry.

Histrorical data and the resources give us information about this

subject: on Hagia Sophia Medrese, we see information in Taşköprüzade‟s

eş – Şakaik. More detailed information is in Ebû Behrâm ed-Dimashkî‟s

translation of Atlası Minor. He gives information about Istanbul

University: Fatih Sultan Mehmed; by arranging a special budget for the

students that were going to have education; established a high school

(equal to university); at the north of Hagia Sophia(12b). This is

before the construction of the old palace (1454). The establishment of

the Istanbul University at Hagia Sophia is declared in Fatih

foundation documents.

The papers of Fatih Foundation, at the realm of Sultan Murad the

3rd, and the translations of these documents, mentiones the university

of Fatih at Zeyrek(13). In addition to this; the copy of eş–Şekaik,

page 53 of Halil Hamid Pasha Library, nb. 327 in Isparta gives

information.

Table II

THE BOOKS OF MEDICINE EDUCATION OF FATIH'S UNIVERSITY IN ISTANBUL

(BASED ON SELJUK MEDICINE EDUCATION) AND OF EUROPEAN MEDICINE

FACULTIES

SELJUKS (XI.-XIV.century) EUROPE (Salerno, Montpellier, Paris)

(XII.-XVI.yüzyıl)

1st Year

Hunayn b.Ishaq: al-

Mesa‟il fi‟t-tıbb

Hunayn b. shak: Medhal

fi‟t-tıbb

Hippocrates: Aforizmalar

(Fusul-ü Bokrat)

Hippocrates: Maü‟s-Şair

Nişabûrlu Nili’nin bu üç

eser hakkında yazdığı

şerhî

1st Year

Hunayn b.Ishaq (Johannitus): Isagoge in

artem parvam Galeni

Hippocrates: Aphorismen

Hippocrates: Prognostikon

Hippocrates: De regimine acutorum

(Constantinus Africanus tercümesinden)

2nd Year

er-Razi: Kitab at-tıbb

al-Mansuri

Galenos: Summeria

Alexandrinorum

(Galenin 16 Makalesi =

2nd Year

er-Razi (Rhazes): Liber de medicina ad

Almansorem

Galenos Summeria Alexandrinorum

(Montpellier de 1308 de)

Galenos: De malicia complexionis

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Sitte Aşer li-Calinus)

Galenos: Teşrih-i Büzürk

Tabit bin Kurra’nın

Zahire‟si

Ebu Bekir Ecvinî’nin

Hedayası

Ahmed Ferec’in Kifâyesi

yahut Ehliyesi

Seyyid İsmail Cürcani:

Zahire-i Harzemşahî

Sehlî Mesili’: Sad Bab

De complexionibus

De ingenio sanitatis

De simplici medicina

De morbo et accidenti

De crisi et critis diebus

3rd and the other

following years

er-Razi: Kitab al-Hâwi

Ali Abbas el-Majusi:

Kitab al-Mûlûkî

İbn Sina: Kanun fi‟t-Tıbb

3rd and the other following years

er-Razi (Rhazes): Liber Continens

Haly Abbas: Liber regius (Translation of

Constantin Africanus)

İbn al-Jazzar: Viaticum (Translation of

Constantin Africanus)

Avicenna (İbn Sina): Canon medicinae (In

Paris, after 1330)

Montpeiller 16th century

In 17th century in Vallodolid,Avicenna (Ibn

Sina) Department has been establihed.

Fatih Sultan Mehmed, not only established Istanbul University in

Monasrty of Pantakrator dedicated to Molla Zeyrek. In this university,

Seljuk university system was being applied. The establishment was lead

by one of the famous scientists Molla Hüsrev. Fatih Sultan Mehmed was

also made brought the science men to Istanbul that that have

contributions to Renaissance; but had to escape from Europe because of

the conservative Catholis pressure and racist understanding in 15th

century. The scientists from Italt and Spain, such as doctors like

Ephraim bin Sandschi, Maestro Jakobo; artists, Gentile Bellini, Matteo

de Pastis; architect Antonio Filarete(14). Fatih also added to his

university these names; Greek rooted Georgios Amuritzes, who wanted

protection from Fatih after the conquest of Trabzon; Ali Kuşçi from

Semerkant; Ahmet Kutbeddin (later he was going to be the chairman of

the medicine school of Fatih‟s University) and Altunizade, Ahi Çelebi,

Beşir Çelebi from Iran(15).

By these contributions; Fatih Sultan Mehmed established the

first university; including astronomy and medicine; all positive and

applicational sciences were being thought, just like the first state

university of the world; Nizamiye Medresesi, established by Seljuk in

Baghdad in 1067, other Seljuk universities and the hospital that was

established by Yıldırım Beyazid in 1396 at Bursa(16). Fatih has given

importance to positive sciences. An example of this is Ali Kuşçi. He

26

had copleted his education in Semerkant Observation House under the

supervision of his master Uluğ Bey. Ali Kuşçi was visiting Istanbul

as a consulate, but Fatih insisted him to stay in Istanbul and be a

lecturer in his University. He was earning 200 akçe per day as his

service as a professor. This amount of money had never been given to

anyone until Ali Kuşçi(17). Some of the lectures that Ali Kuşçi gave

aat the first university of Istanbul; today can be found in Inebey

Libarary in Bursa. (nr. 24, hand written copies). Hagia Sophia Museum

has the “Muhammediye” which is dedicated to Fatih Sultan Mehmed. It

was written on astronomy and mathematics in Arabic. His second book

was in Persian in hand written form. (nr. 2733)(18).

One of our previous Rectors of Istanbul University Prof. Cemil

Bilsel (who also wrote the history of our university) declares that

“After Fatih conquered Istanbul, in Zeyrek and in Hagia Sophia (at the

university that he established), there was literature and Islamic law

education in Turkish and medicine education began with literature and

law(18a).

We have proofs for this claim. At the last period of Seljuks,

there was Amasya Hospital and Medical School established in 1308.

After 14 years of lecturing and medical practice, in 1465, Sharaf ad-

din Sabuncuoğlu wrote his famous book “Cerrahiyetü‟l Haniye” in

Turkish with surgery paintings. Later he came to Istanbul to present

his book to Fatih Sultan Mehmed. Under his masteries, we see Muhyiddin

Mehi. (later he became palace physician) and Ghıyas Ibn Muhammed

Isphahani (he was also Safawid palace physician in Persian) raised

up(18b).

According to this, at the time Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1453,

there was medicine education in the rural – prince (şehzade) city

Amasya. We can accept that there was medicine education in this first

university of Istanbul. The reason for this, in addition to Prodromos

Petra Monastry, the left parts of the Byzantium University, were

located in Ksenon Tou Kralou Hospital. The Byzantium University was

established by Manuel the second in the earlies of 1400). It is known

that the last president of this Byzantium University was Joannes

Argyropoulos, who returned from Paduva in 1444. He was a professor,

first in Florence than in Roma Universities before the conquest of

Istanbul(19). In addition to these there was a hospital in Pantokrator

(which can be considered as the first step of Istanbul University).

This hospital was established in 1204 but plundered by the crusaders.

According to some sources, it‟s been possible that, there would be a

medicine education in the remained parts of this hospital(20).

Following the first establishment, there were hospitals and medreses

in Fatih Külliyesi. In this multipurpose mosque, there was also

medicine education in addition to other sciences. We see this

information written in Fatih Foundation documents(21).

According to the old sources, in addition to Molla Hüsrev

Medrese in Hagia Sophia rooms and Molla Zeyrek Medrese in Pantakrator

27

Monastry, Fatih Sultan Mehmed has also given the start of the

establishment of the two new universities.

1. The University in Fatih Külliyesi (completed in 1470). In

this university, there were education of almost all sciences,

including medicine(21a).

2. Palace University called Enderun-u Hümayun. This university

was settled in Topkapı Palace, which was called Saray-ı

Cedid-i Âmire, between 1462 – 1478(22).

1. Fatih established the university and named with his own name:

Fatih Külliyesi. This university is the basis of today‟s

Istanbul University. The content and the schedule of the

courses were organized by Ali Kuşçi and Molla Hüsrev. This

fact was declared in Ayvansaraylı Hüseyin Efendi‟s book

called Haikat‟ül Cevami. The schedule was transferred from

Kanun-u Talebe-i Ulum(23).

According to Prof. Süheyl Unver: “Unfortunately we don‟t have

the completed one. If this is really “the order of

universities” (Medreseler Nizamnamesi) written by Molla

Hüsrev, with the approval of Ali Kuşçi, this piece of work is

very valuable. The language is the language of the period

which makes us believe that this is the original(24).

According to Sami History, the program of the universities

was organized as first college and the second college by Ali

Kuşçi(25). This will considered as a proof for the claim that

was mentioned above(26).

2. Fatih Sultan Mehmed established palace school in the old

palace which has been built after the conquest of Istanbul He

also established “Enderun Teşkilatı” in Topkapı Palace (that

was established as Saray-ı Cedid-i Âmire between 1462 –

1478). In Topkapı, there was also a palace school and Enderun

was the highest level of it(27). During the wars of Belgrad

and Bogdan; the Enderun School members and graduates acted

like Fatih‟s guards; and died for him in order to protect

him. Fatih Sultan Mehmed saw this deication and put more

emphasis on Enderun. He increased the number of people who

were studying in Enderun; and Enderun took a public identity

just like palace university(28). Fatih ordered to educate

civil servants for every level needs of government. This

information is placed in old sources like Tarih-i Ata(29).

According to Tarih-i Ata, in Enderun School, there were

cources like “Gypsy Life and Civilization, Public Services,

Politics, Art of War, Astronomy, Natural Sciences, and other

arts and sciences including medicine(30). The graduates were

getting diplomas with Sultan‟s monogram on it(31).

28

Alberto Bobovio‟s book in Italian “Saray-I Enderun”. It is

written that in Enderun University, there were not only

religious and philosophy sciences, Turkish, Arabic, Persian,

music and other arts, there were but also the education of

mathematics, technical and medical sciences. There were also

qualified Turkish and Jewish lecturers(32).

These universities and schools about Istanbul University in

Fatih time, followed by the big university, built by Sinan the

Architect in Süleymaniye Külliyesi, in Kanuni Sultan Suleyman era.

There was medicine education in Süleymaniye Hospital (which‟s

construction was completed at 14th of May, 1557) and in schools of

medicine(33). As Katip Çelebi puts in his work called Mizan‟ül Hak,

the Ottoman Empire‟s going backwards began with not paying attention

and importance to natural sciences in 17th century after Kanuni(34).

III. THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN MEDICINE EDUCATION OF

ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY

Turkey, either on technical or scientific terms was taking

Europe as example. At the beginning of the 17th century, Ottoman palace

doctors were translating the famous works of their European colleagues

in Istanbul; and by the help of translators of the Pashas in Vienna.

This might lead us to the point that Turkish medicine was becoming

European. In fact the real European attempts were achieved under the

realm of Sultan Selim the 3rd, and Sultan Mahmut. At the 2nd at the

beginning of 19th century, Sultan Selim III, has accomplished the

modernization of the navy along with the army. The law that was made

at 17th of February 1805, callede “Bahriye Kanunnamesi” declared that ,

in Istanbul Navy (Tersane-I Amire), a modern medicine center should be

established to raise doctors and surgeons. First, a hospital called

Spitalya has opened at 9th of January 1806; then Tıbhane (or Tabibhane)

has opened following to this. It has military basis. All this

information gained from archieves(35).

The hospitals were closed due to the Kabakçı case at 25th May

1807 which led to the dismiss of the Sultan Selim III; and the

following rebellious act Alemdar Mustafa Paşa case at 14th/15th of

November 1808. The hospital buildings were completely burnt down in

July 1822(36).

Chief Physician (Hekimbaşı) Mustafa Behçet Efendi, according to

some sources , who were supposed to has his medicine education in

Venice, offered to establish a modern medicine school to Sultan Mahmud

II. This proposal was accepted by the Sultan and the new medicine

school was established as Tıbhane-I Amire and Cerrahhane-I Amire at

Tulumbacıbaşı Konağı in Şehzadebaşı at 14th of March 1827(37). This

school can be considered as the step in the development of Mekteb-I

Tıbbiye-I Adliye-I Şahane. The latter was established at 17th of

February 1839 in Galatasaray by the orders of Sultan Mahmud II. The

29

lecturers, like Dr. Bernard from Vienna were giving lessons in this

academy(38).

30

IV. FROM THE IMPERIAL MEDICAL SCHOOL (MEKTEB-I TIBBIYE-I

ADLIYE-I ŞAHANE) IN GALATASARAY - ISTANBUL TO DAR‟UL –

FUNUNU OSMANI FACULTY OF MEDICINE

At the end of year 1838, the school moved to „Enderun Agaları

Mektebi‟ near Galatasaray Imperial Medical School and got the name of

“Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane. The principal was Dr. K. A.

Bernard (1808 – 1844) from Vienna. Ziver Paşa wrote a poem about the

establisment of the department to the door of the school. This poem

was placed in Ziver Paşa‟s master work(27). He gives date for the year

but no specific month of day.

Mevki‟nde kıldı ihya Padişah Tıbhaneyi

1254

Fenn-i ebdan saye-i Şahide bulsun iştihar

1254

(Here is a calculation of ebced which means that the first

mnemonic formula of Arabic letters according to their numerical value.

Elif 1, be 2, jim 3, dal 4)

In the history of Ata, year is given as 1839, but again there is

no exact date(39).

In the archieves that we found in Haus, Hof and Staatsarchiv of

Vienna in 1989, it‟s declared that Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane has

opened with, first formal than religious ceremony at 17th of February

1839. After that with another new ceremony at 11th March 1839, the

education has begun(40). Another important point is, in both of these

ceremonies, Sultan Mahmud the second made a speech called Nutk-u

Humayun and this speech was published in the 5th of May 1872 dated and

1460 numbered issue of Takvim-i Vekayi; but nne of these are mentioned

in these sources(41).

At the end of the education year of Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane,

Sultan Abdülmecit honered and came to the final examinations that were

done at 22th of November 1840. This information is in Berliler

Medicinische Central Zeintung, issue dated 27th of November 1840(42).

After French Revolution, French became a favorite language

trougt out the Europe. In this Galatasaray Medicine School, the

education language was also French. It is important to emphasis the

point that while all the lecturers were from Vienna, why French

language was being choused. Along with Vienna Medicine School,

Josephinum was opened at 7th of November 1785 in Vienna. This school

was based on military and surgery medicine and was very famous in

Europe. It has impacts on the famous military medicine school Academia

Chirurgica Regia in Copenhagen established in 1797 and Berlin military

medicine school Pepinier(43). In addition to this, the Ottoman

diplomat Mehmed Vahid Efendi, mentiones about the military medicine

31

school Josephinum with admiration in his book Sefaretname, which was

translated to French later. He made his observations through his visit

in Vienna between 1st-17th of February 1807. He adds in his book that;

although Paris has this kind of institution; it was none better than

the one established in Vienna(44).

The director from Vienna, Dr. Bernard, organized the medicine

school at Galatasaray as taking Josephinum Vienna as example. He

established a botanic garden and made brought a gardener called Skalak

from Vienna(45). Galatasaray Mekteb-I Tıbbiye-I Sahane has a rich

library of 1300 medcicine books and mineral collection in 1842(46). Dr

Bernard was lecturing on surgery and inner diseases. The clinic

lectures were given at five patient yards of Mekteb-I Tıbbiye-i

Şahane. At school, also midwifes were raised and injections were done

free. Dr. Bernard declared that, the medicine school was giving

education for 4 years of preparation and 4 years of medicine

education. This declaration was placed in the rapport called “Rapport

sur les truvaux de l‟Ecole de Medicine de Galata-Serai”(47) in Journal

de Constantinople et des interet Orientaux, dated 26th of September

1843; and in the news of Klenckes Allgemeiner Zeitung German

Magazine(48) in 1844. The preparation school‟s lectures were; zoology,

mathematics, geography painting, calligraphy, Ottoman History,

Turkish, Arabic, and also, M.Guerrieri was giving Latin language

lectures.

In 20th of July 1842 dated Allegemenie Medicine Central Zeitung,

it is written that last week an application medicine school called

“Hospital d‟Instruction” was established in Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane.

The hospital consisted of inner diseases, surgery and eye clinics of

50 beds each(49).

There were similarities between the Galatasaray‟s education

program and the one of Josephinum – Vienna, which was being applied

till 1822 and endures for 5 years (50).

According to Allgemeine Medicinische Central – Zeitung’s 3rd of

December 1845 dated, 97th issue (sp. 776); 22th of Nov. 1845 dated news

declares that the new director Ismail Efendi (took the duty 14 years

ago) said that the preparation and the medicine education of the

school raised to 5 years each; so the complete education was totally

raised to 10 years. Dr. K.A. Bernard, after the intense work of

lecturing and management, died from Pyamie a result of Phlegmone in

his neck at the age of 36 at 2nd of November 1844. He buried in Maria

Draperis Church’s cemetery (51) Till the day he died, he wrote lots of

books in French, for his students. He wrote books on botanic,

Auskultation and Perkussion and as a result of his disease in his

eyes, he wrote a book on Bursa thermal waters after his visit for

healing(51).

The book was in French and after this he is known as the first

establisher of Balneology in Turkey. His book, published in 1844,

Pharmacopea Castrensis Ottomana, considered as the first

32

pharmacological work of Turkey. In addition to this, under his

supervision, the publishing of “la Gazette Medicale de Constantinople”

began. After his death, according to Ottoman sources in 1846, but

according to Wurzbach, in 1847, Doctor Sigmund Spitzer from Vienna

became the manager of Galatasaray Medicine School(52). Spitzer played

an important role in the education of dissection of the corpses. He

sent four successful students of the seniors to Vienna to give their

Medical Doctor exams in order to prove that Galatasary Medicine School

was giving qualified European education. In 1848, these students had

succeeded in their exams and became doctors of Vienna Medicine

Faculty(53). One of these students Musa Arif Bey, became Mekteb-i

Tıbbıye Nazırı(54) after a very profession life. Another student of

these group, Stephan Aslanian Pasha became a lecturer in Mekteb-I

Tıbbiye-I Şahane(55).

With the examinations in Vienna, the medicine school in

Galatasaray has proved its quality. During the management of Spitzer;

the school continued to live its golden age that began with Dr.

Bernard. The Sultan declared that, the Medicine School has turned to a

faculty called Darulfünun-u Tıbbıye-I Şahane(56). If we examine the

diplomas, we see that the institution name was written as “Faculté de

Medicine de Constantinople” (Istanbul Medicine Faculty) This is just

like the diplomas of European Universities, giving the doctors the

rights and privilidges of being doctors and surgeons with the words:

“docteur en Medicine et en Chirurgie”(57).

At the 11th of November 1848, after the burnt of the building at

Galatasaray, “Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane” moved to Kumbarahane

barracks. After 18 years in this building, the school had had to move

into the city walls of Topkapı Palace, because of the Cholera

epidemic. (The Kumbarhane Barracks were turned to cholera hospital.)

The military medicine school‟s managerial parts moved to red barracks

in Gülhane; the classes moved to Gergeroğlu Konağı in Hasköy. In 1874,

there was a return to Galatasaray, then back to Demirkapı in 1876 and

the management part moved to Kuleli(58)(59).

V. FROM DARÜ‟L FUNUN-U OSMANİ MEDICINE SCHOOL TO ISTANBUL

MEDICAL FACULTY OF ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY

Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Askeriye-i Şahane joined with Mekteb-I

Tıbbiye-I Mülkiye-i Şahane at the building Haydarpaşa(60) with the

recommendations of the head master Prof. R. Reider Pasha. The school

got the name of Darulfünun-u Osmani Medicine Faculty in 1909(61) and

important impacts on Turkish Medicine.

The building at Haydarpaşa, opened at the birthday of abdülmecid

the 2nd. In the planning of this building, we see Italian architects

Valauri and D‟Aranco and also the very important contributions of

Reider Pasha. He recommended to construct pavilion system, the patient

pavilions were built as the ones in Hamburg‟s Eppindorf Hospital‟s

33

Curschman type pavilions; and the main conference hall was built as

the auditorium of Leipzig‟s Surgery Clinic(62).

The lecturers of the military school came together and wrote a

letter to ministry of military at 23rd of July 1908, at the

establishment of constitutional government; asking for better

conditions for the academy. The ministry of military made the

declaration that the development of the school had being left to the

school itself. At the first meeting of the related issue; the decision

of the unifying the military and the civil medicine school had taken.

At the mentioned time, the lecturers of the civil medicine

school, Cemil, Ziya Nuri and Süleyman Numan Pashas thought that, this

kind of reform could be applicable in the civil medicine school; so

they decided to transform the civil medicine school to medicine

faculty. Both civil medicine school and Şam Mekteb-I Tıbbiye began to

give education under the supervision of ministry of education. After

being a faculty, the beginning of this institution is taken as 1st of

November, 1908. (63) This medicine school which was one of the schools

of Darulfunun-u Osmani, now referred as medicine faculty; and with

total acceptation teacher of surgery clinic, Muşir Cemil Pasha became

the Dean of this faculty(64).

The last general meeting of the lecturers of this medicine

school at Kadırga was 29th of June, 1909 and the decision for a break

till 1st of September 1909 had taken(65).

The lecturers of the military medicine school didn‟t approve the

transform of this medicine school to faculty at Kadırga.

The military medicine school joined to medicine faculty in term

of financial basis after the Minister of Finance Cavit Bey passed the

budget of 1909 of military medicine school to medicine faculty(66).

Although the academic staff problem hadn’t being solved; at 5th of

September 1909, the commission decided to give the clinics of the

military school and the building at Haydarpaşa to Darulfünun-u Osmani

Medicine Faculty. All the equipment of the building had passed to the

control of Ministry of Education and the students of the military

medicine school had the obligation of staying in the parts that were

left to them.

The Darülfünun-u Osmanî Medicine Faculty, settled in Haydarpaşa,

organized according to the order of the Medicine Faculty of Lyon in

France and served for Turkish Medicine until the university reform of

Ataturk in 1933.

With the beginning of the World War I, all the staff of the

faculty had joined to the army, so the faculty couldn‟t be opened.

Hospital with 1500 beds had turned to a military hospital. In 1916,

the faculty began to give education and for the short terms, it

graduated doctors for Turkish army. For some reasons, for a short

while, the faculty moved to the old Turkish Doctors Association

building in Cağaloğlu in 1917. The last graduates of the faculty began

34

their internship at the various hospitals in Istanbul from 1925 and

then.

The developments such as the acceptance of the female students

began in 1922, just before the Republic. In 1924 – 1925 education

semester, F.K.B. class had being opened(67).

In Ataturk time, with the efforts of the time‟s Minister of the

Education Dr. Reşit Galip, the university reform has taken into

consideration with the law numbered 2252, at 31st of May 1933. At the

same year’s 31st July, Dar’ül-Funun has being closed and at 18th of

November 1933 Istanbul University has been established. In this way,

Istanbul University reborn in the university(68).

As mentioned before, in 1848, the students of the Mekteb-i

Tıbbiye-i Şahane had taken the exams in Vienna Medicine Faculty and

graduated as the doctors of the mentioned schools. After this The

Sultan gave order for turning the medicine school to medicine faculty

with the name Darülfünun Tıbbiye Şahane. On the connection, a brief

summary of Darülfünun will be necessary.

VI. FROM DARÜ‟L–FÜNUN ERA TO ISTANBUL MEDICAL FACULTY OF

ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY

In Mahmud the 2nd era, Mekteb-i Maarif-i Adli has being

established. In 1845, the idea of the establishment of Daru‟lfunun has

appeared. (69)

1. At 21st of July, Daru‟lfunun has being established. Italian

architect Fossati, completed the construction of Daru‟lfunun

building near Hagia Sophia in 1868. The principal of the

Mekteb-i Osmani in Paris Hoca Tahsin Efendi became the

principal of Daru‟lfunun. After a short time, the school

dismissed.(70)

2. Daru‟lfunun Osmani, has being opened at 20th of February 1870

by the Minister of Education Safvet Pasha. Hoca Tahsin Efendi

became the principal and the program consist of :

35

1 – Philosophy and Literature

2- Law

3- Natural Science and Mathematics(70a)

3. At Galatasaray Mektebi Sultanî, Daru‟lfunun-ı Sultanî has

being established. In this instution, departments were:

1- Literature and Philosophy

2- Law

3- Natural Sciences

after 1881, there is no source or data about this school(71)

4. Daru‟lfunun-ı Şahane, has being opened at today‟s Kız Lisesi

at 1st of September 1900 and departments were:

1- Teology

2- Mathematics

3- Literature and Philosophy(72).

In addition to this; at the building settled in 1903 at

Haydarpaşa, Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane and Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i

Mülkiye unified under the name of Daru‟lfunun-u Osmani

Medicine Faculty, in 1909.

5. At 20th of April 1912, in the Minister of Education Emrullah

Efendi era, with a program, Istanbul Daru‟l Funun has been

established. At 7th of October 1925, with Istanbul Daru‟l

Fununu Talimatnamesi, it gained and legal and scitific

identity(73).

Dar‟ul-Funun has being closed and Istanbul University has

been established depending on the law 2252 at 31st of May

1933(74).

Istanbul Daru‟l Funun Medicine Faculty was operating in the

building that was constructed according to the ideas of Prof. Dr.

Reider Pasha. The medicine faculty moved to the clinics at Çapa,

Gureba and Cerrahpaşa in the European side. 42 German professors, who

were running away from the Hitler Germany, placed with the lecturers

who left the faculty with 1933 reform. In this action, there were two

important names; Swiss pedagogy pfrofesor Malche and German pathology

professor Schwartz. Only in Istanbul Medicine Faculty, there were 19

German medicine professor have worked as clinic and institute director

between 1933 and 1945. In addition to these, the very important

Turkish lecturers as Akil Muhtar Özden, Mazhar Osman, Hulusi Behçet,

Tevfik Salim Sağlam Paşa, Neşet Ömer (who were very famous in their

fields) have worked as academic staff in Istanbul University Medicine

Faculty.

Thus, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, became one of the very

important medicine faculties of Europe after Ataturk‟s university

reform in 1933(75).

36

VII. CONCLUSION

Finally, it is important to emphasis one more thing: The Jewish

scientists had a crucial role in European Renaissance with their

translations of the Islamic works to Latin. Because of the

conservative Catholic and racist attitudes, there was the dismiss of

these scientists from Italy and Spain in 15th century. After the

conquest of Istanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmed established a university in

Istanbul, 550 years ago; and he gathered around very important Jewish

doctors like Maestro Jacobo ran away from Italy (later he became

Muslim and got the name Yakup Pasha) and Spanish Ephrahim b. Sandschi.

Later he added artists, Gentile Bellini, Matteo de Pastis from Italy;

architect Antonio Filarete; Greek rooted Georgios Amuritzes, who

wanted protection from Fatih after the conquest of Trabzon; Ali Kuşçi

from Semerkant; Ahmed Kutbeddin from Persia (later he was going to be

the chairman of the medicine school of Fatih‟s University with a very

high a salary of 20,000 Akçe) and Altunizade, Ahi Çelebi, Beshir

Çelebi from Anatolia. There are very important similarities between

the first creator of the Turkish Renaissance Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟s

work and the university reform of Atatürk in 1933.

At the 550th anniversary of our university‟s establishment, we

like to present our respect and thanks to our establisher Fatih Sultan

Mehmed and Atatürk, who made us one the best universities of Europe

with the university reform he made 70 years ago.

REFERENCES

(1) Uzunçarşılı,İ.H.: Osmanlı Devletinin İlmiye Teşkilâtı. Ankara 1965, p.1-3;

Baltacı, Cahit: XV.-XVI. Asırlarda Osmanlı Medreseleri. İstanbul (1976)

p.15-16,46,47; A.Adnan Adıvar: Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim. İstanbul (1970),

p.12,13,38-41.

(2) Evliya Çelebi: Seyahatname. Publisher: Z.Danışman, İstanbul (1962), vol.2,

p.301-303; Erdenen, Orhan: “Eski Mimarlarımızın Yetişmeleri”, Mimarlık,

32, 1966, p.20. Erdenen, Orhan: “Osmanlılarda Mimarlık Teşkilâtı”, Hayat

Tarih Mecmuası, 2/12, 1967, p.47.

(3) In Emin Bey: “Tarihçe-i tarik-i tedris,” İlmiye Salnamesi, İstanbul 1334

H., p.642-646 claims that one of the medreses in Süleymaniye mosque

settled only for mathemathics education. Mehmed Ali: Aynî. Daru’lfünun

Tarihi, İstanbul 1927, p.3 and Uzunçarşılı İ.H.: Osmanlı Devletinin İlmiye

Teşkilâtı Ankara 1965, p.34 claim that one of the mentioned high schools

left for natural sciences. But there is no data about these in the

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architecture and engineering in Süleymaniye Complex, see Ergin, Osman:

Türk Maarif Tarihi. İstanbul 1977, c.1-2, s.147,148,152; Erdenen, Orhan:

“Eski Mimarlarımızın Yetişmeleri” Mimarlık, 32, 1966, p.20.

(4) Keykâvus b. İskender b. Kâbus b. Veşmgir b. Ziyâr: Kâbusnâme. Mercimek

Ahmed‟s translation. İstanbul (1978), p.2, 59-61.

37

(5) Nizamii Arûzî: Çehar Makale, Tıb İlmi ve Meşhur Hekimlerin Mahareti.

Translated by. A. Gölpınarlı, ed. Süheyl Ünver. İstanbul 1936, p.17-18.

(6) Schipperges,H: Arabische Medizin in lateinischen Mittelalter. Heidelberg-

New York 1976, p.105-106.

(7) Schipperges,H: op. cit ., p.105-109.

(8) See Baltacı,Câhid: XV-XVI. Asırlarda Osmanlı Medreseleri. İstanbul 1976,

p.58.

(8a) Schipperges,H: Arabische Medizin im lateinischen Mittelalter. Heidelberg,

New York 1976, p.107-118.

(9) Schipperges,H: 1976, p.125-126; Hein, Wolfgang-Hagen u. Sappert, Kurt: Die

Medizinalordnung Friedrichs II. Eutin 1957, p.13, 101; Hein, W. H. und

Sappert, K.: Zur Datierung der Medizinalordnung Friedrich II. Dtsch.

Apotheker-Ztg. 1955, Geschichtsbeilage Nr. 2.

(10) Birchler-Argyros, Urs Benno: Byzantinische Spitalgeschichte. Ein

Überblick. Historia Hospitalium, Heft 15, 1983-1984, p.73-75.

(11) Mazaherî, Ali: Ortaçağda Müslümanların Yaşayışları, Trc. Bahriye Üçok,

İstanbul 1972, p. 167-168; Rückbrod, Konrad: Universität und Kollegium.

Baugeschichte und Bautyp. Darmstadt 1977, p.10, 11, 26.

(12) Birchler-Argyros, Urs Benno: op.cit., p.73-74.

(12a) Kritovulos: İstanbul‟un Fethi. Translated by: Karolidi, İstanbul (1967),

p.119.

(12b) Üniversite Kütüphanesi, Yıldız Nr.1522; Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi,

Nr.2994.

(13) See Bilsel Cemil: İstanbul Üniversitesi Tarihi. İstanbul 1943, p.8; See

Ünver, Süheyl: Fatih, Külliyesi ve Zamani İlim Hayatı. İstanbul 1946,

p.9,11,13.

(14) Babinger, Franz: Jaqûp, ein Leibarzt Mehmed‟s II. Roma 1951, p.87-88.

(15) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Türk-İslam Hastaneleri ve Tababetinin Avrupa‟da Tıbbi

Rönesansı Etkilemesinden Türk Tıbbının Batılılaşmasına. İstanbul 1992,

p.17.

(16) See Terzioğlu, Arslan: Gründungsurkunden der Seldschukischen und

Osmanischen Krankenhäuser. Kunst des Orients, Bd.X 1/2, 1976, p.149-150.

(17) Tarih-i Nişancı Paşa:Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi kısmı, Nr.2185;

Ünver, Süheyl: Türk Pozitif İlimler Tarihinden Bir Bakış. Ali Kuşçi,

Hayatı ve Eserleri, İstanbul 1948, p.17-18.

(18) See Ünver, Süheyl, op. cit., p.69-70.

(18a) Bilsel, Cemil: İstanbul Üniversitesi Tarihi. İstanbul 1943, p.90.

(19) See Lampros, S: Agyropouleria (Agyropoulos). Verlag Sakellarios, Atina

1910.

(20) See Eyice, Semavi: Über die byzantinischen Krankenhäuser. Historia

Hospitalium, Heft 15, 1983-1984, p.150-152. See., Isparta, Halil Hamid

Paşa Library. Nr. 327, copy of eş-Şekaiki Numaniye , Fol. 53.

(21) Terzioğlu, Arslan: op cit. Kunst des Orients, Bd.X 1/2, 1976, p.149-150.

38

(21a) See İlmiye Sahnamesi, İstanbul 1334, p.645; See Terzioğlu, Arslan:

op.cit., p.150.

(22) See Terzioğlu, Arslan: Saray-ı Humâyûn‟da Teknik Eğitim. Tarih ve Toplum.

(23) Yaltkaya, Şerefeddin: Tanzimattan evvel ve sonra medreseler. Tanzimat I,

İstanbul 1940, p.463-464.

(24) Ünver, Süheyl: op.cit., p.18-19.

(25) Sami Tarihi. İbrahim Müteferrika tab‟ı, fol. 90.

(26) Ünver, Süheyl: op. cit., p.19.

(27) Baykal, İsmail H.: Enderun Mektebi Tarihi. İstanbul 1953, vol.1,

p.18,26,30,48,49.

(28) Ali Seydi Bey: Teşrifat ve Teşkilatımız. İstanbul 1972, p.130.

(29) Tayyârzâde Ahmed Ata: Tarih-i Ata. İstanbul 1874-1876, Vol.1, p.39,40.

(30) Tayyârzâde Ahmed Ata: op. cit., p.39,40.

(31) Tayyârzâde Ahmed Ata: op. cit., Vol.1, p.40; Bkz. Miller, Bernatte: The

Palace School of Muhammed the Conqueror. Cambridge 1941, p.36.

(32) Alberto Bobovio: Serai Enderum. Das ist İnwendige Beschaffenheit der

Türkischen Kayserl: Rezidenz zu Constantinopoli… Wien 1667, p.2,3,

(33) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Mittelalterliche islamische Krankenhäuser. Diss. TU -

Berlin 1968, p.171; Ünver, Süheyl: Fatih, Külliyesi ve Zamanı İlim Hayatı,

İstanbul 1946, p.20; Barkan, Ömer L.: Süleymaniye Cami ve İmareti İnşaatı,

Vol.1, Ankara 1972, p.78.

(34) Katip Çelebi: Mizanü‟l-Hak fi İhtiyari‟l-Ahakk. Ed.: O.Şaik Gökyay,

İstanbul 1980, p.21.

(35) Başbakanlık Arşivi, Cevdet Bahriye Tasnifi Nr. 1252.

(36) Saffet: Bahriye tarihimizden filâsalar. İstanbul 1329, p.30.

(37) For further information see. Uzluk, Feridun: Türk Tıbbiyesinin 748.

yıldönümü dolayısı ile Hekimbaşı Mustafa Behçet. Ankara (1954).

(38) For further information see. Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine

Ausstrahlung. Apotheker Journal, Heft 4 (1986), p.42-47.

(39) Ahmed Sadık Ziver Paşa: Âsâr-ı Ziver Paşa-Divanı ve Münşaat. Bursa 1313 H.

(1895), p.198-99.

(40) Terzioğlu, Arslan: İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Tarihçesi. İst. Tıp Fak Mecm.

Vol.63, Nr.2, Supplementum 2, 2000, p.66.

(41) Terzioğlu, Arslan: op.cit., p.68.

(42) Berliner Medicinische Central Zeitung. IX Jg., 48.Stück; 27 November 1840,

Sp.959.

(43) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine Ausstrahlung. Apotheker

Journal. 8 (1986), p.42.

(44) Vahid Efendi: Sefaretname-i Seyyid Mehmed Emin Efendi. El yazma nüshası.

Süleymaniye Bibliothek, Esat Efendi Küt. İstanbul, Nr. 2277, varak 8 a, 8

b; Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine Ausstrahlung. Apotheker

Journal, 8, (1986), p.42-43.

39

(45) Başvekâlet Archiv: 1844 (1260 H.) Tarihli İrade Defteri; Neuburger, Max:

Österreichische Ârzte als Pioniere der wissenschaftlichen Medizin und

Sanitätswesens in der Türkei (1839-1856). Wiener medizinische

Wochenschrift 67 (1917), p.1685-1686.

(46) Wurzbach, Constant von: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich.

Bd. 1, Wien 1856, p.323.

(47) Bernard, K.A.: Rapport sur le truvaux de l‟Ecole de Medicine de Galata-

Sérai. Journal de Constantinople et des intéréts Orientaux, 26. Sept.

1843, p.22.

(48) Allgemeine Zeitung für Militärärzte, herausgegeben von Ph. F.H.Klenckel.

2. Jg. Braunschweig 1844, p.141, 142, 159-160, 165-167.

(49) Stern, Bernhard: Medizin., Aberglaube und Geschlechtsleben in der Türkei.

Bd. 1, Berlin 1903, p.55-56.

(50) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine Ausstrahlung. Apotheker

Journal, 8 (1986); p.44-46.

(51) Allgemeine Medicinische Central – Zeitung, XIV.Jg., 97. Stück, 3 December

1845, Sp.776.

(52) Rigler, Lorenlz: Nekrolog (für Dr.Joseph Wartbhichler). Wiener

Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2 Jg. Nr.39, (1852), Sp.678.

(52a) The grave of Dr.Bernard is found by the art historian Prof.Semali Eyice

in 1952. See. Eyice Semai: Mekteb-I Tıbbiyenin İlk Müdürü Dr.Bernard‟ın

Mezarı. Tarih Dergisi, Bd.2, 1952, p.71-76.

(53) Neuburger, Max: op. cit., Sp. 1688; See Ünver, Süheyl: Tıp Tarihimiz

Yıllığı I. İstanbul 1966, p.48; Wurzbach, Constant von: op.cit., Bd.36,

p.195.

(53a) See. Sonntagsblättern Wiener Boote Nr.2, 1848.

(54) Ünver,A.Süheyl: Osmanlı Tababeti ve Tanzimat Hakkında Yeni Notlar.

Tanzimat I, Istanbul 1940, p.943.

(55) Mezbur, Artin: Ermeni Hekimler (Universitaire) (1688-1940). İstanbul 1950,

p.108-115.

(56) Özbay,Kemal: Türk Asker Hekimliği Tarihi ve Asker Hastaneleri. Vol.2,

İstanbul 1976, p.57.

(57) Terzioğlu, Arslan: İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Tarihçesi. İst. Tıp Fak. Mecm.

Vol.63, Nr.2, Supplementum 2, 2000, p.16.

(58) See A.Z.: Notice sur l‟Ecole de Médecine de Constantinople. Gazette

Medicale d’Orient, No.12 (1871), p.192; Ünver,Süheyl: İstanbul Tıp

Fakültesi (1827-1934). 107 Yılda Geçirdiği Çığırlar. Dirim, Vol.10, 1-2

(1935), p.16.

(59) Terzioğlu, Arslan: op.cit., İst. Tıp Fak. Mecm. Supplementum 2, 2000,

p.71.

(60) Unat, Ekrem Kadri, Samasti,Mustafa: Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye. İstanbul

1990, p.8.

(61) Unat, Ekrem Kadri ve Samasti Mustafa: op.cit., p.76.

40

(62) Rieder, Robert: Für die Türkei. Bd.2, Die neue Militärmedizinische. Schule

Haidar-Pascha. Jena 1904, p.XII, XVIII, XX.

(63) See. Darülfünun-u Osmani Tıp Fakültesi Cemiyet-i Muallimin Mukerrerat ve

Zabıt Defteri. 24 Şevval 1326, 5 Teşrinisani 1324 and 18th of November

1909. İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Department of History of Medicine

Library.

(64) Unat, Ekrem Kadri: Kadırga‟daki Tıp Fakültesi. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi

Dergisi, Vol.12, Nr.:2, 12 Nisan 1981, p.211.

(65) Unat, Ekrem Kadri: op. cit., p.218.

(65a) Topuzlu, Cemil: İsbitbad-Meşrutiyet-Cumhuriyet Devirlerinde 80 Yıllık

Hatıralarım. İstanbul 1951, p.90-100.

(66) Unat,Ekrem Kadri, Samasti,Mustafa: Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye, İstanbul

1990, p.77.

(67) Tis Medicine School in Haydarpaşa is declared as Medicine High School in

10th of October 1919 dated Darülfünun-u Osmanî Nizamnamesi.(See. Düstur,

Second order, Vol 11, p.401). The law about İstanbul Darülfünunun

Şahsiyesi Hükmiyesi is accepted at 21st of April 1924 and here also, the

medicine faculty is referred as medicine high school. (See. Zabıt

Ceridesi: Vol 8, p.1098-1106). At the first years of the republic, on the

diplomas,it is written as İstanbul Darülfununu Tıp Medresesi (medical

high school); after the Alphabet Revolution in 1929, on the diplomas, it

is written as Istanbul Darülfununu Tıp Fakültesi (medicine faculty).

(68) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Tıbbına ve Tıp Eğitimine Kısa

Bir Bakış, İstanbul 2003, p.22-25.

(69) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: Daru‟l-fünûn Tarihi. Ed.: Metin Hasırcı, İstanbul

(1995), p.36-38.

(70) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.40-46; Aslanapa, Oktay: İstanbul Darüfünun

ve Üniversite Binaları Tarihçesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Vol.I, İstanbul

(1983), p.38-39.

(70a) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.50-56; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.39.

(71) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.57-58; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.39-40.

(72) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.59-61; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.39.

(73) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.61-62; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.42-43.

(74) Terzioğlu,Arslan: Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Tıbbına ve Tıp Eğitimine Kısa Bir

Bakış. İstanbul 2003, p.22-25.

(75) Terzioğlu,Arslan: op. cit, p.34.

METNE AİT RESİMLER / PICTURES RELATED TO TEXT

41

42

İstanbul‟un fethi esnasında Osmanlı Türk ordusunun konumunu gösteren bu orjinal resim

Voyage d‟outremer de Bertanton de la

Bronnuière‟den alınmıştır (Francesco Gabrieli (Ed.): Histoire et civilisation de L‟Islam

en Europe (Bruxelles 1983), s.16).

The painting shows the position of the Turkish army during the conquest of Istanbul.

This picture is taken from Voyage d’outremer de

Bertanton de la Bronnuière. (Francesco Gabrieli (Ed.): Histoire et civilisation de

L’Islam en Europe (Bruxelles 1983), p.16).

43

Selçuklu hastane ve tıp okulları ile Avrupa tıp fakültelerinde eserleri ders kitabı

olarak okutulan İbn Sina (Avicenna), Hippokrates ve

Galenos (İbn Sina‟nın el-Kanun fi‟t-tıbb eserinin 1608‟de Venedik‟te basılan Latince

tercümesinin kapak sayfasından)

Hippocrates, Galenos and Avicenna whose books were being used for the medicine education

in Seljuk and European medicine schools

and hospitals (This painting is the cover page of the Latin translation (published in

1608 in Venice) of Avicenna’s book el – Kanun fi’t-tıbb)

44

Tıbbi eserleri Selçuklu hastane ve tıp okulları ile Avrupa tıp fakültelerinde ders

kitabı olarak okutulan Huneyn bin İshak, Ali Abbas el Mecuzi

ve onların eserlerini Latinceye tercüme eden Constantin Africanus (Huneyn İbn İshak‟ın

Omnia opera Ysaac adıyla latinceye

tercüme edilen eserinin Lugduni 1515 baskısından)

Huneyn bin Ishak and Ali Abbas el Mecuzi whose books were being used for the medicine

education in Seljuk and European

medicine schools, faculties hospitals. Next to them, there is Constantin Africanus who

translated these books to Latin (This painting

is from the Latin translation of Huneyn ibn Ishaq’s book Omnia Opera Ysaac (published

in Lugduni, 1515)

45

İstanbul‟da Bizans Üniversitesi‟nin son rektörü Johannes Argyropoulos sağ elinde

rektörlük asası ile, arkada ise tıp ağırlıklı bu

Bizans Üniversitesi‟nin yerleştiği Kseno tou Kralou hastanesi görülmekte (Bu resmin

orjinali Oxford Bodleian Library,

Ms. Barroci 87, fol. 33v).

46

The last rector of the Byzantium University, Johannes Argyropoulos with the rector stick

in his hand. At the back; Kseno Tou Krolou

Hospital (in which this medical basis university is settled) is seen (the original

painting is in Oxford Bodleian Library,

Ms. Barroci 87, fol. 33v.)

47

Schedel‟in “Dünya Tarihi” (=Weltchronik) eserine göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed

Sultan Fatih Mehmed II., (Nach der Schedelschen Weltkronik, Blatt CCLVII.)

48

Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in elçi kabulünü (16. yy. ikinci yarısı) gösteren Cima da

Conegliano‟nun bu tablosu Zürich‟te özel bir

koleksiyondadır (Bkz. Chastel, André: Italienische Renaissance. Die Ausbildung der

grossen Kunstzentren in der Zeit von

1460 bis 1500. München (1965), s.15-18, Abb.17)

Fatih Sultan Mehmed’s acceptance of the messengers (the second half of the 16th

century). The painting of Cima da Conegliano.

This painting is held in a private collection in Zurich (Chastel, André: Italienische

Renaissance. Die Ausbildung der grossen

Kunstzentren in der Zeit von 1460 bis 1500. München (1965), p.15-18, Abb.17)

49

Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in Gentile Bellini tarafından yapılan portresi

The portrait of Sultan Mehmed painted by Gentile Bellini.

50

Ayasofya Camii müze yapılınca esasını Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in yaptırdığı medresenin ahşap

kısımlarıyla birlikte yıkılmadan önce

alınmış resmi. Şimdi bundan hiç bir eser kalmamıştır (A. Süheyl Ünver‟den)

The picture of the Istanbul University (medrese) of Fatih Sultan Mehmed, in wood

construction, just before the destruction.

It demolished when Hagia Sophia was turned to a museum (from A. Süheyl Ünver)

51

Ayasofya Camii müze olunca, bugün temelinin ve hiçbir taşının bir hatırası kalmadan

ortadan kaldırılan

Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in yaptırdığı medresenin esas planı (A. Süheyl Ünver‟den).

The plan of the Istanbul University (medrese) of Fatih Sultan Mehmed.

There is nothing left when Hagia Sophia was turned to a museum (from A. Süheyl Ünver)

52

1453‟de Ayasofya ve kuzeyindeki İstanbul Üniversitesi‟nin kurulduğu medreseyi gösteren 1574

tarihli bu suluboya

resmin aslı Cambridge, Trinity College, Ms Freshfield 0.17.2 fol.20‟dedir.

Water colored that shows Hagia Sophia and the medrese that Istanbul University was established in

1453. The original paintingfrom 1574 is in Cambridge, Trinity College, Ms. Freshfield 0.17,2

fol.20.b

53

Ali Kuşçi Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟e yazdığı matematik kitabını sunarken.

Ali Kuşci eseri Fatih‟e sunduktan sonra eğilerek elini öpmektedir (Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi

Hazine K. N. 1263‟de kayıtlı,

Taşköprülüzade Ahmet Efendi‟nin Şekayiki Nu‟maniye eseri tercümesinde ressam Nakşî bey

tarafından yapılmıştır.)

Ali Kuşçi, presenting his book to Fatih Sultan Mehmed. After his presentation, he kisses

his hand (as a sign of respect)

(stored as K.N. 1263 in Topkapı Palace. This painting is in Taşköprüzade Ahmet Efendi’s

book eş-Şekayık-i Numaniye,

created by the artist Nakşi

54

Son Bizans Üniversitesi‟nin yakınında bulunan Chora Manastırı

The position of the Chora Monastery, which is close to the last Byzantium University

55

Bizanslı hekim Nikolaus Myrepsos (13.yy), Pantokrator Hastanesi‟nde hasta kabulü

esnasında

(National Bibiothek Paris MS Grec 2243)

Doctor Nikolaus Myrepsos from Byzantium (13th century), during his acceptance of his

patients in Pantakrator Hospital

(National Bibliothek, Paris, MS Grec 2243).

56

İstanbul‟daki Pantokrator Hastanesi‟nin planı (Orlandos‟a göre)

The plan of the Pantakrator Hospital in Istanbul (according to Orlandos)

57

İstanbul‟daki Bizans ve Osmanlı dönemi hastane ve tıp okulları

The Byzantium and Ottoman eras hospitals and medicine schools in Istanbul.

58

İstanbul Üniversitesi‟nin açılışını gösteren ünlü ressam Şeref Akdik‟in bu

tablosunun aslı

İ.Ü. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Deontoloji ve Tıp Tarihi Anabilim Dalı

FATİH KÜLLİYESİ

Devrinin resim usulünce bir hatıra olarak çizilmiştir (Dr. A.S. Ünver)

Fatih’s Complex in Istanbul (drawn according to the time’s painting understanding, as a souvenir)(Dr.

A.S. Ünver)

59

İstanbul‟da Fatih Sultan Mehmed Hastanesi (A. Süheyl Ünver‟den)

The Medical School and Hospital Fatih Sultan Mehmed’s (from A. Süheyl Ünver)

Tetimme Medreses

60

Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in İstanbul‟da 1470‟de inşa ettirdiği Fatih Külliyesi‟nde Fatih

Hastanesi‟nin konumu

The position of the Fatih Hospital in Fatih’s Complex in Istanbul (1470)

Karadeniz Medreses

Cami

(Mosque) Hastane

(Hospital and

Medical

School)

Tabhane

(Hospiz.)

Akdeniz Medreses

Tomb of

Fatih

Tetimme Medreses

61

62

63

64

Topkapı Sarayı‟nın Alman mimarı Wilhelm Dilich tarafından yapılan ve 1606‟da Kassel‟de

yayınlanan planı ve görünüşü.

Sağda Nr.18 ile gösterilen Enderun Hastanesi solda ise Nr.6 ile gösterilen yerin üst

tarafında görülen kule,

Hekimbaşı kulesi ve saray eczanesi. Üstte orta avlunun sol köşesinde ise Helvahane

görülmekte.

The plan of the Topkapı Palace drawn by German architect Wilhelm Dilich and published in

1606 in Kassel.

At the right there is Enderun Hospital shown by nr. 18 and at the left there is Tower of

Chief Physician and

palace pharmacy shown by nr.6. at the top, in the middle Helvahane (pharmacy of court).

Enderun

Hospita

l

65

66

Alberto Bobovio‟nun 1665‟te yazdığı Saray-ı Enderun adlı İtalyanca eserin British

Museum‟daki el yazma nüshasının kapağı

(üst-solda) ve 1667‟de Almanca tercümesinde Saray Üniversitesi‟nden bahseden sayfası

The cover of the hand written copy of Alberto Bobovio’s book Saray-i Enderun. (in

Italian, 1665, top-left) and the page

that mentiones palace university (in German. 1667)

67

Alberto Bobovio‟nun 1665‟te yazdığı Saray-ı Enderûn isimli İtalyanca el yazma eserdeki

Topkapı Sarayı‟nın ve

bu sarayın girişinde sağ tarafta bulunan Enderun Hastanesi‟nin planı. 50. Enderun

Hastanesi, 51. Hastanenin idari amirinin dairesi,

52. Analar denilen yaşlı kadın hastabakıcılar, 53. Hasoda‟ya ait hastane, 54. Hazine

Odası‟na ait hastane, 55. Büyük Oda‟ya ait hastane,

56. Seferli Odası‟na ait hastane, 57. Küçük Oda‟ya ait hastane, 59. Hadımağaların

hastanesi, 60. Enderun Hastanesi‟ne giriş,

68. Hastane hamamı.

The plan of the Topkapı Palace and Enderun Hospital (in Italian, Alberto Bobovio);

Saray-i Enderun (hand written). 50. Enderun Hospital,

51. The part of the manager of the hospital 52. Nurse’s aides called mothers (they

washed dothes of ones from Enderun)

53. The hospital that belongs to Hasoda (Hall of the Royal Chamber) 54. The hospital

that belongs to Chamber of Treasury

55. The hospital that belongs to Büyükoda (Great Chamber), 56. The hospital that

belongs to Chamber of Campaign.

57. The hospital that belongs to Küçükoda (Little Chamber) 59. The hospital that

belongs to Hadımağaları (Euruchs)

60. The enterance of the Enderun Hospital 68. Hospital Bath

68

Hünername‟de Topkapı Sarayı‟nda Enderun Hastanesi‟nin girişinde hadım ağaları ve hasta

arabasını gösteren minyatür

(Hünername, Topkapı Sarayı Hazine Kütüphanesi Nr. 1523)

The miniature that shows the hadımağaları (euruchs) and patient chart at the enterance

of the Enderun Hospital

(Hünername, Topkapı Palace, Treasury Library, Nr.1523).

69

Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman‟ın İstanbul‟da yaptırdığı ve içinde Tıp Medresesi ile uygulama

hastanesinin de bulunduğu

Süleymaniye Külliyesi önünde gösteren bu resim, o devirde İstanbul‟da bulunan Melchior

Lorich tarafından yapılmıştır.

1559‟da yapılan bu resmin aslı Londra‟da British Museum‟dadır.

Sultan Süleyman, in front of Süleymaniye Complex. This Complex has mosque, medicine

school and an applicational hospital.

This painting is done by Melchior Lorich who was visiting Istanbul at that era, in 1559.

The original painting is in

British Museum, London.

70

The Medecine

School

71

72

İstanbul‟da Galatasaray‟da tesis edilen Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane‟nin 17 Şubat 1839‟da

dini ve

mülki törenle açılışını bildiren 20 Şubat 1839‟da İstanbul‟daki Avusturya

Büyükelçiliği‟nden Stürmer imzası ile

Prens Meternich‟e gönderilen rapor (Aslı Viyana‟daki Haus-Hof und Staatsarchiv‟dedir).

The report, dated 20th of February, 1839, with the signature of Stürmer from Austria

Embassy in Istanbul; sent to Prince Meternich.

The report gives information about the opening of Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane and the

opening ceremonies

(The original is in Haus – Hof und Staatsarchiv, Vienna)

73

74

Darülulum el-Hikemiyye Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane Tıp ve Cerrahi doktoru diploması,

22 Şabat 1268 (11 Haziran 1852), 40x56 cm., 1826 Edirne doğumlu Michel N.Didymos‟a

verilmiştir (Aslı Prof.Dr.Turhan Baytop

koleksiyonundadır)

Diploma of surgeon and doctor of the Imperial Medical Faculty Istanbul (Mekteb-i

Tıbbiye-i Şahane) (11th of June 1852; 40x56 cm).

Given to Michel N. Didymos, born in Edirne in 1826. (Private collection Prof.Dr.Turhan

Baytop)

75

Prof.Dr.Robert Rieder‟in tavsiyesi üzerine paviyon sisteminde İtalyan mimarlar Vallauri

ve d‟Aranco tarafından planlanan

Haydarpaşa‟daki Darülfünun-u Osmani Tıp Fakültesi‟nin umumi vaziyet planı

The plan of Darul Funun-u Osmani Medicine Faculty in Haydarpaşa, which was drawn by the

Italian architects Vallauri and

d’Aranco with the recommendations of Prof.Dr.Robert Reider