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Q1. - What is VALVES/VACUUM TUBES..?Ans.-Alternatively referred t as an Ele!trn t"#e r Valves$ a Va!""% t"#e &asfirst devel'ed #y (hn A%#rse )le%in* in 1+, and is a *lass t"#e that hashad all *as has #een re%ved !reatin* a va!""%. Va!""% t"#es !ntainele!trdes fr !ntrllin* ele!trn fl& in early !%'"ters that "sed the% as a

s&it!h r an a%'lifier. Tday$ va!""% t"#es are n ln*er "sed &ith !%'"tersand have #een re'la!ed #y the transistr.

Q.-What is a transistr? & it is %re effi!ient than Valves?Ans.-A transistr is a se%i!nd"!tr devi!e "sed t a%'lify and s&it!h ele!trni!si*nals and '&er. 0t is !%'sed f a se%i!nd"!tr %aterial &ith at least threeter%inals fr !nne!tin t an eternal !ir!"it. A vlta*e r !"rrent a''lied t ne'air f the transistr2s ter%inals !han*es the !"rrent fl&in* thr"*h anther 'airf ter%inals. Be!a"se the !ntrlled 3"t'"t4 '&er !an #e hi*her than the!ntrllin* 3in'"t4 '&er$ a transistr !an a%'lify a si*nal. Tday$ s%etransistrs are 'a!5a*ed individ"ally$ #"t %any %re are f"nd e%#edded in

inte*rated !ir!"its. A transistr a!ts as a s&it!h &hi!h !an 'en and !lse %anyti%es 'er se!nd.0t is %re effi!ient than valves #e!a"se it has %re effi!ien!y t d %re &r5&ith the less a%"nt f ti%e and less in si6e.

Q7.-What is an 0C?Ans.-An inte*rated !ir!"it r %nlithi! inte*rated !ir!"it 3als referred t as 0C$!hi'$ r %i!r!hi'4 is an ele!trni! !ir!"it %an"fa!t"red #y the 'atterned diff"sinf tra!e ele%ents int the s"rfa!e f a thin s"#strate f se%i!nd"!tr %aterial.

Additinal %aterials are de'sited and 'atterned t fr% inter!nne!tins#et&een se%i!nd"!tr devi!es.

0nte*rated !ir!"its are "sed in virt"ally all ele!trni! e8"i'%ent tday and haverevl"tini6ed the &rld f ele!trni!s. C%'"ters$ %#ile 'hnes$ and therdi*ital a''lian!es are n& inetri!a#le 'arts f the str"!t"re f %dern s!ieties$%ade 'ssi#le #y the l& !st f 'rd"!tin f inte*rated !ir!"its.

Q.-What is a %i!r'r!essr? 9a%e the !%'anies &hi!h %a5e%i!r'r!essrs?

Ans.-A %i!r'r!essr in!r'rates the f"n!tins f a !%'"ter2s !entral'r!essin* "nit 3C:U4 n a sin*le inte*rated !ir!"it 30C4 r at %st a fe&inte*rated !ir!"its. 0t is a %"lti'"r'se$ 'r*ra%%a#le devi!e that a!!e'ts di*italdata as in'"t$ 'r!esses it a!!rdin* t instr"!tins stred in its %e%ry$ and'rvides res"lts as "t'"t. 0t is an ea%'le f se8"ential di*ital l*i!$ as it hasinternal %e%ry. Mi!r'r!essrs 'erate n n"%#ers and sy%#ls re'resentedin the #inary n"%eral syste%.The advent f l&-!st !%'"ters n inte*rated !ir!"its has transfr%ed %derns!iety. ;eneral-'"r'se %i!r'r!essrs in 'ersnal !%'"ters are "sed fr!%'"tatin$ tet editin*$ %"lti%edia dis'lay$ and !%%"ni!atin ver the0nternet. Many %re %i!r'r!essrs are 'art f e%#edded syste%s$ 'rvidin*di*ital !ntrl f a %yriad f #

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'hnes and ind"strial 'r!ess !ntrl. C%'anies %a5e %i!r'r!essrs are-0BM$ 09TEL$ AM=$ S>9$ :$ M>T>@>LA$ SAMSU9;$ et!.

Q.-0n &hi!h fields M090 M0C@> C>M:UTE@S are "sed?Ans.-M090 C>M:UTE@S are "sed in :@>CESS C>9T@>L$ =ATA

MA9A;EME9T$ C>MMU90CAT0>9S$ et!.M0C@> C>M:UTE@S are "sed in TET E=0T0>9$ S:@EA=SEET:@E:A@AT0>9$ ;@A:0CS =ES0;9$ ACC>U9T09;$ =ATABASEMA9A;EME9T $et!.

QD.-Why SU:E@ C>M:UTE@ is na%ed s.?Ans. -Be!a"se f lar*e si6e$ *reat effi!ien!y$ fast s'eed and "sed fr 'lenty f&r5 in lar*e !%'anies.

QF.-What are the li%itatins f !%'"ter syste%?Ans. - the li%itatins f !%'"ter syste% areG-1. 9 Self 0ntelli*en!e. 9 )eelin*s/E%tins7. 9 Self Care. 9 Learnin* :&er . 9 =e!isin Ma5in*D. Create La6iness in "%ansF. =e!rease !"risity a%n* h"%ansH. 0t ta5es ne a&ay fr% s!iali6in* &ith thers in 'ersn.+. Bein* n a !%'"ter t %"!h !an als lead t anti-s!ial #ehavir and

de'ressin.1,. Ca"se f !ar'al t"nnel syndr%e and ther re'etitive strain disrders$#a!5 'ain and eye strain.

11. S'endin* t %"!h ti%e 'layin* nline *a%es r !hattin* ver the!%'"ter instead f readin* #5s$ ta5in* &al5s$ and din* h%e&r5$et!.