ISSUES ON CONFLICTS MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANISATION by Thomas Appiah Kubi Asante

7/23/2019 ISSUES ON CONFLICTS MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANISATION by Thomas Appiah Kubi Asante

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J]PJTR ECHCKJEJHR GNHWZIREndfij? 0422 ==3 46; . 0:21 007 :7: . 0403 42; 4;=

JEG

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JIFW

RMJ

RMJ

Rmfw dnnl gnhwfwrw na afqj gmcprjtw chb fwrcfintjb rn ejjr rmj hjjbw na Zhfqjtwfrvw r z b j h r w w r z b v f h k g n h a i f g r w )cbefhfwrtcrntw) echckjtw) j}jgzrfqjw chbcii rmnwj fh ijcbjtwmfp pnwfrfnhw rn dzfib cmjcirmv ntkchfcrfnhci ktn{rm rmcr {fiimjip ec}fefjb chb cgmfjqj rmj nqjtciiknciw na rmj ntkchfcrfnh(

Rmfw dnnl ecljw jcwv zhbjtwrchbfhk nawnej na rmj gnhrjepntctv fwwzj nagnhaifgrw wzgm cw ejchfhk) rmjntv na

gnhaifgr) mn{ rn wrfezicrj gnhaifgr) pnwfrfqj chb hjkcrfqj jaajgrw nagnhaifgr( Rmfw dnnl fw rmjtjantj) {tfrrjh {frm rmj cfe na echckfhkgnhaifgrw fh ch ntkchfcrfnh( Gnhaifgrw gch dj knnb) dcb chb zkiv

bjpjhbfhk nh mn{ vnz mchbij fr(

Cggntbfhk rn Lftgmnaa chb Cbcew -36=4&) rmjtj ctj anzt bfwrfhgrgnhaifgr gnhbfrfnhw) f(j() mfkm wrtjww jhqftnhejhrw) cedfkznzw tnijwchb tjwpnhwfdfifrfjw) ezirfpij dnww wfrzcrfnhw) chb ptjqcijhgj nacbqchgjb rjgmhninkv( Kjhjtciiv) rmjtj ctj bfqjtwj fhrjtjwrw chbgnhrtctv qfj{w djmfhb c gnhaifgr) {mfgm ctj tjqjcijb {mjh pjnpijinnl cr c ptndije atne rmjft qfj{pnfhr cinhj( Gnhaifgr fw chnzrgnej na ntkchfcrfnhci fhrtfgcgfjw) fhrjtcgrfnhw chbbfwcktjjejhrw( Fr gch dj wjrrijb dv fbjhrfavfhk chb hjzrtciffhk rmjjrfninkfgci acgrntw( Nhgj gnhaifgr fw gnhgizbjb) fr gch ptnqnlj cpnwfrfqj gmchkj fh rmj ntkchfcrfnh(

Cw vnz tjcb rmfw dnnl chb ecwrjt rmj wlfiiw wzkkjwrjb rmjtjfh) vnz

{fii dj cdij rn rclj gmctkj na chv gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnh rn cgmfjqj rmjnprfeze(


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J]PJTR ECHCKJEJHR GNHWZIR

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FWWZJW NH GNHAIFGR ECHCKJEJHR FH CHNTKCHF_CRFNH?

RMJ KNNB) RMJ DCB CHB RMJ ZKIV

Gnpvtfkmr 4034

Antj{ntb Dv Ptna( C( V( Szcwmfkcm

Cii tfkmrw tjwjtqjb( Hn pctr na rmfw pzdifgcrfnh ecvdj tjptnbzgjb) wrntjb fh tjrtfjqci wvwrje ntrtchwefrrjb fh chv ante nt dv chv ejchw)

jijgrtnhfg) ejgmchfgci) pmnrngnpvfhk) tjgntbfhk ntnrmjt{fwj) {frmnzr ptfnt pjtefwwfnh(

Pzdifwmjb dv? J}pjtr Echckjejhr Gnhwzir) Cggtc

j}pjtrekr==@kecfi(gnej}pjtrekr==@vcmnn(gne

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RMJ GNHAIFGRW RMJ GNHAIFGRW

f ff


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fff fq

nhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw mcqj djgnej cienwr ch jqjhr na jqjtvefhzrj na nzt ifqjifmnnb jhbjcqntw( Rmfw fw c tjijqchrannb ant rmnzkmr( Fh rmfw pzdifgcrfnh) Et( CwchrjG

pcfhwrclfhkiv bfwgzwwjb qctfnzw cwpjgrw na gnhaifgr chb gnhaifgrechckjejhr( Rmjv fhgizbj? bjafhfrfnhw chb pjtgjprfnhw Gnhaifgr fw cgmctcgrjtfwrfg na mzech j}fwrjhgj( Fr fw pctr na rmj bvhcefg naifaj rmcr btfqjw zw fhrn rmj azrztj( Mn{jqjt) fr hjjbw rn djechckjb gnhwrtzgrfqjiv( [mjh cwwngfcrjb {frm qfnijhgj)bjwrtzgrfnh chb lfiifhk) fr fw hn inhkjt c mjcirmv pctr na ifqfhk(

Qfnijhr gnhaifgr wniqjw aj{ ptndijew) gtjcrjw echv) chb dtjjbwentj zhmjcirmv gnhaifgr rn gnej( Gnhaifgrw rmcr ijcb rn qfnijhgjwmnzib dj cqnfbjb cr cii gnwr fh nzt wngfjrfjw chb ntkchfcrfnhw(

Gnhaifgr mcw gmctcgrjtfwrfgw na frw n{h) chb fr fw pnwwfdij rnchcivj frw wrtzgrztj chb djmcqfnt( [mjh gnhaifgr fwzhbjtwrnnb) fr+w jcwfjt rn afhb {cvw rn ptjbfgr fr) ptjqjhr fr)rtchwante fr) chb tjwniqj fr(

Jijejhrw na Gnhaifgr

Ntkchfcrfnhci gnhaifgrw zwzciiv fhqniqj rmtjj jijejhrw) {mfgmmcqj rn dj cpptnptfcrjiv ecrgmjb rmtnzkm hjgjwwctvntkchfcrfnhci cttchkjejhrw fh ntbjt rn tjwniqj rmj gnhaifgr

-Rzthjt chb [jjb) 36=7&( Rzthjt chb [jjb gicwwfafjb rmje cw?Pn{jt) Ntkchfcrfnhci bjechbw chb [ntrm(

Pn{jtfw rmj gcpcgfrfjw chb ejchw rmcr pjnpij mcqj crrmjft bfwpnwci rn kjr {ntl bnhj( Pn{jt fhgizbjw

dzbkjrctv bfwgtjrfnh) pjtwnhci fhaizjhgj) fhantecrfnh)


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7 2

rfej) wpcgj) wrcaa wfj chb bjpjhbjhgj nh nrmjtw( Fa zwjbjaafgfjhriv) pn{jt gtjcrjw ch crenwpmjtj nagnnpjtcrfnh) dzr gch kjhjtcrj gnhaifgrw {mjh efwzwjb)

{frmmjib nt cecwwjb(

Ntkchfcrfnhci bjechbw ctj rmj pjnpij+wj}pjgrcrfnhw tjkctbfhk c pjtwnh+w ond pjtantechgj(Zwzciiv wzgm j}pjgrcrfnhw ctj mfkm) chb eclfhk rmjetcrmjt zhtjcifwrfg( [mjh rmjwj j}pjgrcrfnhw ctj hnraziafiijb) pjnpij ajji bfwmjctrjhjb) chktv) ijr bn{h ntgmjcrjb( Gnhwjszjhriv) gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw gch ctfwj(

[ntrm tjajtw rn c pjtwnh+w wjia%jwrjje( Pjnpij {chr rnptnqj rmjft {ntrm fh rmj ntkchfcrfnh( Wzpjtfntw gnhrtnijepinvjjw+ pcv) pjtantechgj tcrfhk) pjtantechgj chbcpptcfwci) jrg( Mn{ ezgm na rmjwj ctj tjgjfqjb dv c

pjtwnh tjaijgrw rmjft {ntrm( Ch fhbfqfbzci ecv ciwn ajjiinww na {ntrm fa wnej dcwfg hjjbw ctj hnr aziafiijb(Kjhjtciiv) gnhaifgrw ctfwj atne efwecrgmjw djr{jjhpn{jt) ntkchfcrfnhci bjechbw chb ajjifhkw napjtwnhci {ntrm(

Rmj bfaajtjhgjw djr{jjh gnepjrfrfnh chb gnhaifgr

Gnepjrfrfnh zwzciiv dtfhkw nzr rmj djwr fh pjnpij) cw rmjvwrtfqj rn dj nh rnp fh rmjft afjib) {mjrmjt fh wpntr) gneezhfrv

caacftw) pnifrfgw nt {ntl( Fh acgr) acft chb atfjhbiv gnepjrfrfnhnarjh ijcbw rn hj{ wpntrfhk cgmfjqjejhrw) wgfjhrfafg fhqjhrfnhwnt nzrwrchbfhk jaantr fh wniqfhk c gneezhfrv ptndije( [mjhgnepjrfrfnh djgnejw zhatfjhbiv nt dfrrjt) gnhaifgr gch djkfh)chb rmfw gch dtfhk nzr rmj {ntwr fh pjnpij(

Fh rmj {ntlpicgj) c wfepij bfwcktjjejhr djr{jjh rjceejedjtw) fa zhtjwniqjb) ecv jwgcicrj fhrn cqnfbchgj)fhcdfifrv rn {ntl rnkjrmjt) qjtdci cwwczirw) chbtjwjhrejhr( Fh rmj {ntwr gcwjw) fr ecv ciwn ijcb rn mnwrfifrvchb jqjhrzci wjpctcrfnh atne rmj ntkchfcrfnh( Rmjtjantj) fr fw

fepntrchr rmcr rmj gnhaifgr dj tjwniqjb cw wnnh pnwwfdijEfhljw -3662& bjifdjtcrjb aztrmjt rn j}picfh rmcr gnhaifgrw nhrjcew ctj fhjqfrcdij< mn{jqjt) rmj tjwzirw na gnhaifgr ctj hnrptjbjrjtefhjb( Gnhaifgr efkmr jwgcicrj chb ijcb rnhnhptnbzgrfqj tjwzirw) nt gnhaifgr gch dj djhjafgfciiv tjwniqjbchb ijcb rn szcifrv afhci ptnbzgrw( Rmjtjantj) ijcthfhk rnechckj gnhaifgr fw fhrjktci rn c mfkm%pjtantechgj rjce(

Cirmnzkm qjtv aj{ pjnpij ecv kn innlfhk ant gnhaifgr) entjnarjh rmch hnr) gnhaifgr tjwzirw djgczwj na efwgneezhfgcrfnh

djr{jjh pjnpij {frm tjkctb rn rmjft hjjb) fbjcw) djifjaw) knciw)

nt qcizjw(

Gnhaifgr echckjejhr mcw rn bn {frm rmj ptfhgfpij rmcr ciignhaifgrw gchhnr hjgjwwctfiv dj tjwniqjb) dzr ijcthfhk mn{ rnechckj gnhaifgrw gch bjgtjcwj rmj nbbw na hnhptnbzgrfqjjwgcicrfnh( Gnhaifgr echckjejhr fhqniqjw cgszftfhk wlfiiwtjicrjb rn gnhaifgr tjwnizrfnh) wjia%c{ctjhjww cdnzr gnhaifgrenbjw) gnhaifgr gneezhfgcrfnh wlfiiw) chb jwrcdifwmfhk cwrtzgrztj ant echckjejhr na gnhaifgr fh vnzt jhqftnhejhr( Rmj

{ntb gnhaifgr fw c {ntb rmcr gczwjw enwr na zw c ktjcr bjktjj nabfwgneantr) chkjt) atzwrtcrfnh) wcbhjww) chb pcfh( Fr fw c

wfrzcrfnh rmcr pjnpij chb nt ntkchfcrfnh {nzib {fwm rn cqnfbfh rmjft bcfiv ifqjw chb cgrfqfrfjw(


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: 1

Pn{jtPn{jt fw rmj cdfifrv nt gcpcgfrv rn bn wnejrmfhk nt rn gnhrtnichb fhaizjhgj {mcr nrmjtw bn( Fr bjrjtefhjw {mn ecljwbjgfwfnhw chb {mcr bjgfwfnhw ctj ecbj( Pn{jt fw narjh wmn{h

{mjhr{n nt entj pjnpij fhrjtcgr( [j rjhb rn rmfhl na pn{jt

cw djinhkfhk rn pzdifg afkztjw {mneclj bjgfwfnhw) wzgm cwpnifrfgfchw chb bftjgrntw na gnepchfjw( Rmjwj pjnpij narjhmnib c inr na pn{jt gnepctjb {frm rmj pjnpij rmjv tjptjwjhr ntrmj pjnpij {mn{ntl ant rmje chb dzv rmjft ptnbzgrw( Rmjtjctj ciwn bfaajtjhgjw fh pn{jt fh jqjtvbcvtjicrfnhwmfpw( Antj}cepij) ckj) kjhbjt) jbzgcrfnh) ifrjtcgv chb ingcrfnh gchfhaizjhgj rmjcenzhr na pn{jt {j mcqj nt rmj cenzhr na pn{jtrmcr nrmjt pjnpij {fii tjgnkhfj(Rmjtj gch dj echv wnztgjw napn{jt( Ant j}cepij) pn{jt gchhnr hnr ozwr dj efifrctvwrtjhkrm( Fr gch fhgizbj enhjv) hjr{ntlw) fhantecrfnh)czrmntfrv) lhn{ijbkj) wjgztfrv chb cggjww rn tjwnztgjw(Jqjtvnhj mcw pn{jt rn wnej bjktjj(

N{jhw -3664& wcfb rmcr rmj wrcrj na +pn{jtijwwhjww+ nggztw{mjh pjnpij bnhnr rmfhl rmjv mcqj pn{jt) {mjh rmjv gchhnrzwj rmjft pn{jt) nt {mjh nrmjtw bn hnrtjgnkhfj rmjft pn{jt(Echv pjnpij icgl rmj gnhafbjhgj rn fhaizjhgj wfrzcrfnhw {mfgmrmjv djifjqj ctj nzrwfbj rmjft gnhrtni( Mjipfhk pjnpij rn kcfh cwjhwj na wjia%{ntrm chbwjia%gnhafbjhgj fw rmj aftwr qfrci wrjp fhrmj ptngjww na jepn{jtejhr( Cw pjnpij kcfh wzgmgnhafbjhgj)rmjv djgnej entj enrfqcrjb rn rclj cgrfnh chb {ntl rnkjrmjt

rn gmciijhkjpn{jt fedcichgjw(

Gnhaifgr fw azjiijb {mjh rmj dcichgj na pn{jt djr{jjh bfaajtjhrktnzpw gmchkjw nt fw qjtvzhjqjh( Pjtmcpw nhj ktnzp cdzwjwrmjft pn{jt) {chrw entj pn{jt nt ajctw inwfhk rmjftpn{jt(

Pjtmcpw chnrmjt ktnzp {chrw rn gmciijhkj rmnwj fh pn{jt fhntbjt rn feptnqj rmjdcichgj na pn{jt(Fr fw fepntrchr rn hnrjrmcr rmj {cv fh {mfgm pn{jt fw zwjb qctfjw( Fh c gnhaifgrwfrzcrfnh)pn{jt gch dj zwjb jfrmjt rn azji gnhaifgr nt rn mjip

dzfib pjcgj(Rmjtj ctj r{n rvpjw na pn{jt( Fr fw zwjazi rn

bfwrfhkzfwm djr{jjh rmj r{n bfaajtjhr rvpjw na pn{jt?

Mctb Pn{jt fw rmj cdfifrv rn gneechb chb jhantgj( Mctbpn{jt zwzciiv tjptjwjhrw pmvwfgci nt efifrctv pn{jt( Fr fwbnefhchr fh qfnijhr gnhaifgrw cw nppnwfhk ktnzpwwrtzkkij ant

qfgrntv(

Wnar Pn{jt fw rmj cdfifrv rn dtfhk cdnzr gn%npjtcrfnh( Rmfwrvpj na pn{jt fw qfrci antpjcgj dzfibfhk(

Antew na GnhaifgrMjiitfjkji) Wingze chb [nnbech -3664& gcrjkntfjb gnhaifgrwfhrn anzt dcwfg antew( Rmjwj ctj cw aniin{w?

c( Knci gnhaifgr? Rmfw fw c bjwftjb jhb wrcrjw nt ptjajttjb

nzrgnejw cppjct rn dj fhgnepcrfdij( Ant fhwrchgj) rmj

echckjejhr na Zhfqjtwfrv na Jbzgcrfnh) [fhhjdc ecv

bjwftjb rmcr fhgtjcwj fh jhtniejhr chb wgmnni ajjw {fii

jhcdij rmj Zhfqjtwfrv rn ptnqfbj szcifrv wjtqfgjw rn

wrzbjhrw chb tcfwj entj azhbw ant rmj Zhfqjtwfrv wn

ijgrztjtw wmnzib cktjj( Rmj ijgrztjtw ecv bfwcktjj nh

rmj ktnzhbw rmcr fr {fii fhgtjcwj rmjft {ntlincb fh rjtew

na ijgrztjt%wrzbjhr tcrfn(

d( Gnkhfrfqj gnhaifgr? Rmfw fw {mjtj fbjcw nt rmnzkmrw

ctj pjtgjfqjb cw fhgnepcrfdij( Ant j}cepij) rmj

Gmchgjiint na rmj Zhfqjtwfrv mcw c bzrv rn fhrjtqjhj


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; =

djr{jjh echckjejhr chb wrcaa nh c hj{ ptnenrfnh

wvwrje rmcr rmj wrcaa qfj{w cw hnr knnb( Rmj gnhgjth na

rmj Gmchgjiint {nzib dj mn{ rn tjwniqj rmj fepcwwj(

Mn{ mj tjszjwrw echckjejhr rn tjqjtwj rmjft bjgfwfnh)

{mfgm rmjv ctj hnr tjcbv rn) chb mn{ mj {nzib gnhqfhgj

rmj wrcaa rn cggjpr rmj hj{ ptnenrfnh wvwrje) {mfgm

rmjv wjj cw zhcggjprcdij) ptnbzgjw c gnkhfrfqj gnhaifgr(

g( Caajgrfqj gnhaifgr? Rmfw bjciw {frm jenrfnhw nt

ajjifhkw rmcr ctj fhgnepcrfdij) rmcr fw) pjnpij djgnej

chktv cr nhj chnrmjt( Ant fhwrchgj) nh rmj hj{

ptnenrfnh wvwrje) rmj wrcaa {fii ajji rmcr rmj czrmntfrfjw

bfb hnr rmfhl cdnzr rmjft {jiactj dv fhrtnbzgfhk c pnifgv

rmcr bnjw hnr acqnt rmje chb rmjtjantj) rmjv djgnej

chktv( Rmj Zhfqjtwfrv czrmntfrfjw nh rmj nrmjt mchb

ecv dj chhnvjb {frm rmj {ntljtw zhfnh ant gmciijhkfhk

rmjft czrmntfrv(

b( Ptngjbztci gnhaifgr? Rmfw fw {mjtj pctrfjw bfaajt nh

rmj ptngjww na bnfhk rmfhkw( Ant j}cepij) fa rmj gmchhji

na gneezhfgcrfnh fh chv ntkchfcrfnh fw hnr ptnpjtiv

aniin{jb) c tjszjwr djfhk wnzkmr ecv dj gchgjijb nh rmj

ktnzhbw rmcr fr bfb hnr aniin{jb rmj ptnpjt ptngjbztj(

Wnztgjw na Gnhaifgr

Fa c echckjt fw rn echckj gnhaifgr) mj ezwr zhbjtwrchb frwwnztgj( [j gch jwrcdifwm rmtjj dcwfg wnztgjw cw wjechrfg)tnij) chbqcizjw cw pzr zp dv Lcmh -3612&(

Wjechrfgwnztgjw ctj rmnwj wrjeefhk atne wnej acfiztj fhgneezhfgcrfnh( Rtcbfrfnhciiv) wjechrfgw mcw rn bn {frm rmjejchfhk na {ntbw) dzr mjtj rmcr fw ozwr nhj pmcwj na frw tnij( [jzwj wjechrfgw rn pnfhr nzr c econt wnztgj na gnhaifgr cw rmjacfiztj na r{n fhbfqfbzciw rn wmctj aziiv rmj ejchfhk na c

gneezhfgcrfqj crrjepr( Rmj gczwjw ant rmj acfiztj ecv djrjgmhfgci ptndijew fh rmj gneezhfgcrfnh ptngjww -wrcrfg)afirjtw) dcttfjtw) chb rmj iflj&) nt rmjv ecv dj cgrzci bfaajtjhgjwfh pjtgjprfnh chb zhbjtwrchbfhk( Rmj tjwzir fw ch cdwjhgj nacktjjejhr? gnhaifgr(

Tnijwnztgjw ctj rmnwj rmcr tfwj nzr na rmj qctvfhk pjtgjprfnhwna pjnpij cdnzr rmj j}pjgrjb djmcqfntw na rmjewjiqjw chbnrmjtw( Echv na rmjwj gnej atne rmj wrcrzw chb pnwfrfnh ijqjiwfh ntkchfcrfnhw( Nrmjtw gnej atne rmj wrtzgrztjw chb

ptngjwwjw bjqfwjb dv echckjejhr rn ntkchfj {ntl) gmchhjijaantr) chb gnntbfhcrj cgrfqfrv( Tnij gnhaifgrw ctj ptndcdiv hnentj atjszjhr nt entj tctj rmch wjechrfg nt qcizj gnhaifgrw(Rmjv efkmr) fhbjjb) dj wn ginwjiv tjicrjb cw rn dj cdwntdjb fhrmnwj r{n wnztgjw( Tnij wnztgjw ecv dj jqfbjhgjb fh rmnwjwfrzcrfnhw fh {mfgm dnww chb wzdntbfhcrj wjje rn dj dzrrfhkmjcbw djgczwj jcgm pjtgjfqjw rmj tnij na rmj nrmjt fh ctjajtjhgj atcej bfaajtjhr atne ndwjtqcdij djmcqfnt(

Qcizjwnztgjw mcqj rmjft anzhbcrfnhw fh rmj fhbfqfbzcifwrfg

qcizj wjrw na pjnpij( Rmjwj qcizj wjrw tjcbfiv gnhrtfdzrj rnbfaajtjhgjw djr{jjh pjnpij djgczwj rmjv ctjbfaajtjhr( Rmjvgczwj jcgm na zw cr rfejw rn tjwpnhb nt djmcqj fh chzhj}pjgrjb echhjt djgczwj {j ctj djmcqfhk cw bfgrcrjb dv c

qcizj wjr hnr aziiv wmctjb dv nzt cwwngfcrjw< mjhgj) c wjhwj nh


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6 30

rmjft pctr na c bfaajtjhgj djr{jjh zw( Ch j}cepij ecv dj rmjgnhaifgrfhk qcizjw mjib dv Cft Antgj pjnpij cw rn {mcrgnhwrfrzrjw cggjprcdij mcft ijhkrm( Nhj wfbj bjechbwgnepifchgj {frm c pzdifwmjb wrchbctb {mfij rmj nrmjtbjechbw rn lhn{ {mv inhkjt mcft ezwr ejch bjktcbjb

pjtantechgj( [mcr fw jaajgrfqj fh nhj qcizj gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhecv hnr dj fh rmj hj}r( Echckfhk qcizj gnhaifgrw tjszftjw cpwvgmninkfgci c{ctjhjww chb c gcpcgfrv ant cbcprfqfrv) {mfgmpjtefrw wfrzcrfnhci dcwjb cgrfqfrv na rmj echckjt(

Rmtjj dcwfg wnztgjw na gnhaifgr mcqj djjh ejhrfnhjb) dzr {jezwr cbefr rmcr wzgm wjpctcrfnh fw ptndcdiv qcifb nhiv ant rmjejrfgzinzw pjtwnh fh tjwjctgm nt cgcbjefc nt ant rmj pjtwnhcrrjeprfhk c wjtfnzw wrzbv na rmj pmjhnejhc( Fh rmj tjcifrv narmj echckjt+w {ntib) wnztgj wjpctcrfnh fw na ifrrij feejbfcrj

qcizj cirmnzkm fr wmnzib dj na wfkhfafgchr mjip rn gnhrtnignhaifgr( Enwr gnhaifgrw ctj tjciiv c gnedfhcrfnh na jijejhrwatne entj rmch nhj na rmj wnztgjw( Echv pjnpij gfrj rmjft

djifja rmcr rmj ptfej gczwj na gnhaifgr fw gneezhfgcrfqjfhcbjszcgv( Mn{) rmnzkm) gch {j jwrcdifwm rmcr cgneezhfgcrfqj acfiztj bnjw hnr rtziv jqniqj atne rmj bfaajtfhk

qcizj wjrw fhqniqjb nt atne rmj qctvfhk qchrckj pnfhrw na rmnwjpjtantefhk fh bfaajtjhr tnijw> Rmj ezgm%bfwgzwwjb kjhjtcrfnhkcp) fh rmj efifrctv cw {jii cw fh kjhjtci wngfjrv) enwr ifljiv fw ctjaijgrfnh na dnrm gneezhfgcrfqj acfiztj chb bfaajtfhk qcizjwjrw( [j gchhnr {frm gneantr) wcv rmcr rmj rmtjj wnztgjw ctjfhbjpjhbjhr( Jcgm caajgrw rmj nrmjtw rn wnej bjktjj(

Ijqjiw na Gnhaifgrw

Rmjtj ctj anzt -2& econt ijqjiw na gnhaifgr {frmfh chntkchfwcrfnh( Rmjwj ctj?

3( Fhrtcpjtwnhci

Fhrtcpjtwnhci gnhaifgr nggztw {frm ch fhbfqfbzci chb gchfhqniqj wnej ante na knciw nt gnkhfrfqj gnhaifgrw( Ant j}cepij)ch cggnzhrchr {fii mcqj rn gmnnwj djr{jjh rclfhk zp c ond fhrmj pzdifg wjgrnt rmcr bnjw hnr pcv {jii dzr mcw ond wjgztfrv ntfh c ptfqcrj wjgrnt rmcr pcv {jii dzr {frmnzr ond wjgztfrv(

4( Fhrjtpjtwnhci

Fhrjtpjtwnhci gnhaifgrw fhqniqj r{n nt entj fhbfqfbzciw {mn

pjtgjfqj rmjewjiqjw cw djfhk fh nppnwfrfnh rn jcgm nrmjt nqjtptjajttjb nzrgnejw) qcizjw nt djmcqfntw( Ant j}cepij) c bjchna c Acgzirv cbenhfwmjw c Mjcb na Bjpctrejhr rn {ntl mctb rnfhwrfii bfwgfpifhj cenhk wrzbjhrw) dzr rzthw ctnzhb rn cggzwjrmj Mjcb na Bjpctrejhr na djfhk rnn wrtfgr nh rmj wrzbjhrw(

7( Fhrtcktnzp

Ch fhrtcktnzp gnhaifgr tjajtw rn gicwmjw cenhk wnej nt cii narmj ktnzp ejedjtw( Ant j}cepij) rmj {ntljtw na c pctrfgzictgnepchv ecv dj bfqfbjb nh c bfwefwwci na c gniijckzj( C aj{ecv wzppntr rmj bjgfwfnh na echckjejhr {mfij nrmjtw ecvjqjh ptnpnwj nrmjt antew na pzhfwmejhrw chb fa rmjv ctjzhcdij rn tjcgm c gnhwjhwzw) fr ecv bjkjhjtcrj fhrn gnhaifgr(


11/47


33 34

2( Fhrjtktnzp

Fhrjtktnzp gnhaifgr tjajtw rn nppnwfrfnh chb gicwmjw rmcr ctfwjdjr{jjh r{n nt entj ktnzpw( Ch fhrjtktnzp gnhaifgr narjhnggztw fh zhfnh% echckjejhr tjicrfnhw( Ant j}cepij) fr gnzib

dj djr{jjh rmj Zhfqjtwfrv Rjcgmjtw Cwwngfcrfnh na Kmchc-ZRCK& cw nhj ktnzp chb rmj Knqjthejhr nh rmj nrmjt wfbj)Mjcirm [ntljtw qjtwzw rmj Knqjthejhr jrg(

Bfwpzrjw na tfkmrw chb bfwpzrjw na fhrjtjwrw

Jwpjgfciiv fh rmj {ntlpicgj) r{n ecfh rvpjw na bfwpzrjw mcqjdjjh hnrjb cirmnzkm rmjwj r{n rvpjw ecv ciwn mcppjh fh nrmjtwfrzcrfnhw cggntbfhk rn Echbtnw) [nnbtn{ chb [jfhwrjfh-3664&( Rmjwj ctj?

Bfwpzrjw na tfkmrw? Rmfw fw {mjtj pjnpij nt ktnzpw ctjjhrfrijb dv ic{) dv gnhrtcgr) dv ptjqfnzw cktjjejhr nt

dv jwrcdifwmjb ptcgrfgj rn gjtrcfh tfkmrw( Bfwpzrjw na

tfkmr {fii angzw nh gnhaifgr fwwzjw wzgm cw jepinvejhr

gnhrtcgrw) ijkciiv jhantgjcdij ecrrjtw nt zhficrjtci

gmchkjw fh cggjprjb nt gzwrnectv ptcgrfgjw( C bfwpzrj

na tfkmrw fw) rmjtjantj) zwzciiv wjrrijb dv ijkci bjgfwfnh nt

ctdfrtcrfnh chb hnr dv hjknrfcrfnh(

Bfwpzrjw na fhrjtjwrw? Rmfw fw {mjtj rmj gnhaifgr ecv

dj c ecrrjt na npfhfnh) wzgm cw {mjtj c pjtwnh nt ktnzp

fw jhrfrijb rn wnej tjwnztgjw nt ptfqfijkjw -wzgm cwcggjww rn ptnpjtrv) djrrjt {ntlfhk gnhbfrfnhw) jrg&(

Djgczwj rmjtj fw hn jwrcdifwmjb ic{ nt tfkmr) c bfwpzrj na

fhrjtjwr {fii zwzciiv dj wniqjb rmtnzkm gniijgrfqj

dctkcfhfhk nt hjknrfcrfnh(

Wrckjw na Gnhaifgr

Rmj mchbifhk na gnhaifgr tjszftjw c{ctjhjww na frw qctfnzwbjqjinpejhrci wrckjw( Fa ijcbjtw fh rmj wfrzcrfnh gch fbjhrfavrmj gnhaifgr fwwzj chb mn{ act fr mcw bjqjinpjb) rmjv gchwnejrfejw wniqj fr djantj fr djgnejw ezgm entj wjtfnzw(Rvpfgci wrckjw fhgizbj?

[mjtj pnrjhrfci ant gnhaifgr j}fwrw % fh nrmjt {ntbw

{mjtj pjnpij tjgnkhfj rmcr icgl na tjwnztgjw) bfqjtwfrv

na ichkzckj nt gzirztj ecv pnwwfdiv tjwzir fh gnhaifgr fa

pjnpij ctj hnr wjhwfrfqj rn rmj bfqjtwfrv(

Icrjhr gnhaifgr {mjtj c gnepjrfrfqj wfrzcrfnh gnzib

jcwfiv wpfii nqjt fhrn gnhaifgr % j(k( cr c pnifrfgci tciiv nt fh

rmj {ntlpicgj {mjtj rmjtj ctj ndqfnzw bfaajtjhgjw

djr{jjh ktnzpw na pjnpij(

Npjh gnhaifgr % Rmfw gch dj rtfkkjtjb dv ch fhgfbjhr

chb wzbbjhiv djgnej tjci gnhaifgr(

Carjtecrm gnhaifgr % rmj wfrzcrfnh {mjtj c pctrfgzict

ptndije ecv mcqj djjh tjwniqjb dzr rmj pnrjhrfci ant

gnhaifgr wrfii j}fwrw( Fh acgr rmj pnrjhrfci ecv dj jqjh

ktjcrjt rmch djantj) fa nhj pjtwnh nt ktnzp pjtgjfqjw

frwjia cw djfhk fhqniqjb fh c {fh%inwj wfrzcrfnh(

Wfkhw na gnhaifgr djr{jjh fhbfqfbzciw

Fh rmj ntkchfcrfnh) ijcbjtw chb ejedjtw wmnzib dj cijtr rnwfkhw na gnhaifgr djr{jjh gniijckzjw) wn rmcr rmjv gch djptncgrfqj fh tjbzgfhk nt tjwniqfhk rmj gnhaifgr dv kjrrfhk rn rmjtnnr na rmj fwwzj( Rvpfgci wfkhw ecv fhgizbj?


12/47

GMCPRJT R[N

GCZWJW CHB JAAJGRW NA GNHAIFGRW


37 32

gniijckzjw hnr wpjclfhk rn jcgm nrmjt nt fkhntfhk jcgm

nrmjt

gnhrtcbfgrfhk chb dcb%enzrmfhk nhj chnrmjt

bjifdjtcrjiv zhbjtefhfhk nt hnr gn%npjtcrfhk {frm

jcgm nrmjt) rn rmj bn{hacii na rmj rjce

Wfkhw na gnhaifgr djr{jjh ktnzpw na pjnpij

Wfefictiv) ijcbjtw chb ejedjtw gch fbjhrfav icrjhr gnhaifgrdjr{jjh ktnzpw na pjnpij fh rmj ntkchfcrfnh nt rmjgneezhfrv chb pich cgrfnh djantj rmj gnhaifgr djgnejw npjhchb bjwrtzgrfqj?

gifszjw nt acgrfnhw ejjrfhk rn bfwgzww fwwzjw wjpctcrjiv)

{mjh rmjv caajgr rmj {mnij ntkchfcrfnh

nhj ktnzp djfhk ijar nzr na ntkchffhk ch jqjhr {mfgm

wmnzib fhgizbj jqjtvdnbv

ktnzpw zwfhk rmtjcrjhfhk winkchw nt wvedniw rn wmn{

rmcr rmjft ktnzp fw tfkmr chb rmj nrmjtw ctj {tnhk

Fhrtnbzgrfnh

crfnhw) ntkchfcrfnhw) chb ktnzpw ctj ecbj zp nafhbfqfbzci mzech djfhkw( Jcgm mzech mcw rmtnzkmifaj+w j}pjtfjhgjw bjqjinpjb c wjr na qcizjw chb jqniqjbH

c wjr na djmcqfntci tzijw( Rmjwj qcizjw chb tzijw ctj wzaafgfjhrivciflj fh c kfqjh wngfjrv -entj wn fh c kfqjh wjkejhr na c wngfjrv&rn ciin{ ozwrfgj) entciw) chb jrmfgw rn j}fwr chb gtjcrj kjhjtcicktjjejhr cdnzr {mcr fw tfkmr chb {mcr fw {tnhk( Dzr) rmj

qcizj%tzij wjr ant jcgm fhbfqfbzci fw c zhfszj wjr hnr aziivwmctjb dv nrmjt mzechw( Rmjwj bfaajtjhgjw fh qcizj%tzij wjrwctj enwr ifljiv rn dj rmj dcwfg gczwjw na gnhaifgr(

Chnrmjt econt gnhaifgr gczwj fw rmj enrfqcrfnh na rmj wjpctcrjfhbfqfbzciw( Jcgm fw enrfqcrjb dv c pjgzifctiv zhfszj bjktjj nawcrfwacgrfnh fh c wjr na hjjbw( Fr fw szfrj ifljiv rmcr fh c kfqjhktnzp wfrzcrfnh rmj fhbfqfbzciw gnhgjthjb {fii dj cfefhk rmjftpjtwnhci jaantrw cr wifkmriv bfaajtjhr ndojgrfqjw< wzgm ndojgrfqjwecv dj wfefict jhnzkm rn pjtefr gnnpjtcrfqj jaantr dzr

wzaafgfjhriv bfaajtjhr rn gtjcrj wnej gnhaifgr( C gneenhj}cepij efkmr dj rmj $mnr ifhj)$ jepinvjb dv echvgneechbjtw cw c ejchw na wrcvfhk fh rnzgm {frm rmj rtnnpw(Rmfw nppntrzhfrv rn wmntr%gftgzfr wzpjtqfwntv gmchhjiw narjhchrcknhfjw fhrjtejbfcrj echckjtw) {mn ecv ijcth na c


13/47


3: 31

ptndije nhiv {mjh rmj gneechbjt gnhatnhrw rmje {frm fr(Rmjh) rnn) fr fw pnwwfdij ant cii rn dj enrfqcrjb rn djmcqj rn{ctbrmj wcej knci cggnepifwmejhr dzr rn ajji rmcr) rmcr knci) {mjhcrrcfhjb) {fii hnr dj ktjcr jhnzkm ant cii rn wmctj cbjszcrjiv fhrmj tj{ctb( Gnhaifgr ecv rmjh j}fwr cw jcgm wrtfqjw rn crrcfh mfw

picgj fh rmj wzh(

C rmftb econt gczwj na gnhaifgr chb nhj entj ndqfnzw rn zw fwrmj bfaajtfhk fbjninkfgci chb pmfinwnpmfg dcwjw {j pnwwjww(Rmjwj tjicrj rn c ktjcr j}rjhr rn rmj qcizj%tzij wjr dzr ctjwzaafgfjhriv bfaajtjhr rn {cttchr tjgnkhfrfnh cw pnwwfdijgnhaifgr gczwjw( [mcr {j zwj cw c dcwj ant nzt fbjciw chb nztgnhgjprw djgnejw c ktjcr fepntrchgj rn zw) chb {j bn hnr

{chr rmcr dcwj gmciijhkjb nt szjwrfnhjb dv nrmjtw( Chj}cepij fw rmj nib%rfejt+w tjizgrchgj rn gmchkj atne c rmzw%act

wzggjwwazi rjgmhfszj jqjh rmnzkm jqfbjhgj fhbfgcrjw rmcr cgmchkj {nzib dj djhjafgfci( [mjh {j pjtgjfqj crrcgl nh nztfbjciw atne chnrmjt) {j tjwpnhb {frm jhjtkv chb) narjh) mjcr(Hnrj rmj cgrfnhw na wnej efifrchr efhntfrv ktnzpw chb vnzndwjtqj fbjcinkfg .pmfinwnpmfg gnhaifgr tjcgrfnhw cr {ntl(

Rmj {cv c wngfjrv fw ntkchfjb gch gtjcrj dnrm rmj tnnr gczwjwna gnhaifgr chb rmj gnhbfrfnhw fh {mfgm fr fw ifljiv rn nggzt( Chvwngfjrv) {mfgm fw ntkchfjb wn rmcr wnej pjnpij ctj rtjcrjbzhjszciiv chb zhozwriv) fw ifljiv rn jtzpr fhrn gnhaifgr)

jwpjgfciiv fa frw ijcbjtw bn hnr tjptjwjhr cii rmj ejedjtw na rmcrwngfjrv( Fa ch zhjszci chb zhozwr wngfjrv fw tjantejb) rmjhgnhaifgrw {fii dj tctj(Jqjtvnhj hjjbw rn dj tjgnkhfjb cw ch fhbfqfbzci {frm cpjtwnhci fbjhrfrv< jqjtvnhj hjjbw rn dj cdij rn ajji wcaj( Farmjwj hjjbw ctj hnr ejr) pjnpij ptnrjwr) chb ptnrjwrfhk gch

ijcb rn tjdjiifnh chb qfnijhgj( Echv pjnpij afhb rmjft fbjhrfrvchb wjgztfrv fh rmjft gzirztci ktnzp chb frw pctrfgzict pnfhr na

qfj{) wn gicwmjw djr{jjh bfaajtjhr gzirztci ktnzpw ciwn ijcb rnbfwpzrjw rmcr gch jcwfiv rzth qfnijhr( Fa pjnpij ijcth rnzhbjtwrchb rmcr bfaajtfhk gzirztjw ctj hnr fhjqfrcdiv c rmtjcr rn

jcgm nrmjt) rmjv {fii ciwn ijcth mn{ rn echckj rmjft bfaajtjhgjwgn%npjtcrfqjiv chb pjcgjaziiv(

Nhj cwpjgr na gzirztj fw pctrfgzictiv fepntrchr) fr gch gtjcrjichkzckj chb djmcqfnt rmcr j}gizbjw pjnpij) gtjcrfhk +zw ntrmje+) +fhwfbjt nt nzrwfbjt+ wfrzcrfnhw chb zwfhk ichkzckj nabfwgtfefhcrfnh) fhrnijtchgj chb mcrj( Fa pjnpij gtjcrj c wngfjrv)rmcr bnjw hnr wjj +bfaajtjhgj+ chb +bfqjtwfrv+ cw ptndijew dzr cw

qcizcdij ant wngfci ktn{rm) echv gczwjw na gnhaifgr bfwcppjct(

[mfij c gnhaifgr wrctrw djgczwj na ch fwwzj na bfwcktjjejhr)rmjtj ctj zwzciiv dcglktnzhb fhaizjhgjw rmcr azji rmj gnhaifgr(Rmj enwr fepntrchr fhaizjhgj fw pn{jt( Nrmjtw fhgizbjgzirztj) fbjhrfrv chb tfkmrw(

Gczwjw na gnhaifgrw fh rmj {ntlpicgj

Rmj gczwjw na {ntlpicgj gnhaifgrw ctj narjh efwzhbjtwrnnb chbdicejb nh pjtwnhcifrfjw chb efwdjmcqfnt) dzr fh tjcifrv) ezgm{ntlpicgj gnhaifgr fw wvwrjefg chb jhbjefg rn rmj {ntlpicgjjhqftnhejhr( Ifpfb -3662& {cw na rmj qfj{ rmcr fhjaajgrfqj

ntkchfcrfnhci wvwrjew) zhptjbfgrcdij pnifgfjw) fhgnepcrfdijknciw) wgctgj tjwnztgjw) chb pnnt gneezhfgcrfnh gch ciignhrtfdzrj rn gnhaifgr fh rmj {ntlpicgj( [ntlpicgj gnhaifgrgczwjw inww na ptnbzgrfqfrv) bfwrtcgrfnhw) chb jepinvjjbfwwcrfwacgrfnh( Mn{jqjt) echckjejhr gch ptnbzgj pnwfrfqj


14/47


3; 3=

tjwzirw dv pcvfhk crrjhrfnh rn chb cbbtjwwfhk rmj rtzj gczwjw nagnhaifgr fh rmjft ntkchfcrfnhw(

Gnhaifgrw fh ntkchfcrfnhw gnzib gczwj gnhwrtzgrfqj)

bjwrtzgrfqj nt ef}jb gnhwjszjhgjw bjpjhbfhk nh rmjejrmnbninkv na mn{ rmjv ctj echckjb( Echckjt+w wlfii fhgnhaifgr echckjejhr picvw c qfrci tnij fh bjrjtefhfhk {mfgm

{nzib dj rmj gnhwjszjhgjw(

Fr mcw djjh tjgnkhfjb rmcr rmjtj ctj echv dcwfg gczwjw nantkchfcrfnhci gnhaifgr wnej na {mfgm ctj ifwrjb chb j}picfhjbaztrmjt cw aniin{w?

3( Fhgnepcrfdij knciw wfrzcrfnh

4( Fhjaajgrfqj Ntkchfcrfnhci Wvwrjew chbZhptjbfgrcdij Pnifgfjw

7( Bfaajtjhgj fh pjtgjprfnhw

2( Pnnt gneezhfgcrfnh

:( Wgctgj tjwnztgjw

1( Bfaajtfhk qcizjw

;( Nppnwfhk fhrjtjwrw

=( Pjtwnhcifrv gnhaifgrw

6( Pjtwnhci ptndijew

Fhjaajgrfqj Ntkchfcrfnhci Wvwrjew chb

Zhptjbfgrcdij Pnifgfjw

Pnnt aniin{%zp) zhjszci cppifgcrfnh na pnifgfjw) chbfhgnhwfwrjhr gneezhfgcrfnhw atne echckjejhr cii

gnhrtfdzrj rn {ntlpicgj gnhaifgr( Icgl na gijctivgneezhfgcrjb nt gnhwrchriv gmchkfhk pnifgfjw gczwjgnhazwfnh chb bfwmctenhv fh rmj {ntlpicgj( Ntkchfcrfnhwhjjb gnhwfwrjhr gnhrtniw) gijct gneezhfgcrfnh) chb jaajgrfqjgnhaifgr echckjejhr wvwrjew fh picgj fh ntbjt rn tzhwennrmiv( Echckjtw chb wzpjtqfwntw {frm knnb echckjejhrwlfiiw {mn ctj cdij rn gneezhfgcrj chb tjicrj rn rmjftjepinvjjw eclj rmj bfaajtjhgj djr{jjh mctenhfnzwnpjtcrfnhw nt gmcnrfg) gnhaifgr%afiijb {ntl jhqftnhejhrw(

Fhgnepcrfdij Knciw

Cggntbfhk rn N{jhw -36=;?42:&) c gnhaifgr j}fwrw {mjhfhgnepcrfdij cgrfqfrfjw nggzt( Gnhaifgr gch tjwzir {mjh gn%

{ntljtw {frm bfaajtjhr knciw chb bfaajtjhr ejwwckjw atneechckjtw chb wzpjtqfwntw mcqj rn {ntl rnkjrmjt nh rjcew)gneefrrjjw) nt fh {ntl ktnzpw( Echckjejhr cktjjejhr nhgijct chb gneenh knciw fw fepntrchr ant ptnbzgrfqfrv chbmctenhv cenhk jepinvjjw fh {ntl ktnzpw) chb c gijct qfwfnhchb dzwfhjww knciw atne rnp echckjejhr jifefhcrjw gczwjw nagnhaifgr(

Wgctgj Tjwnztgjw

Wgctgj tjwnztgjw nt gnepjrfrfnh ant ifefrjb tjwnztgjw gczwjwch}fjrv chb atzwrtcrfnh) {mjrmjt rmj tjwnztgjw hjjbjb ctj


15/47


36 40

rfej) wpcgj) wzppifjw) nt fhantecrfnh( Ch}fjrv) atzwrtcrfnh) chbgnepjrfrfnh ijcb rn gnhaifgr fa hnr echckjb {jii( Knnb pnifgfjwchb ptngjbztjw ant jszfrcdij bfwrtfdzrfnh chb zwj na tjwnztgjw)

{frm ptnpjt gnhrtniw) {fii ijwwjh nt jifefhcrj gnhaifgr(

Pnnt GneezhfgcrfnhPnnt gneezhfgcrfnh) fhgizbfhk bfwmnhjwrv) zhjrmfgci

djmcqfnt) {frmmnibfhk fhantecrfnh) chb pnnt fhrjtpjtwnhciwlfiiw) gnhrtfdzrj rn nt jqjh gczwj gnhaifgr( Gijct) gnhwfwrjhr)chb npjh gneezhfgcrfnh) cw {jii cw knnb gnhaifgrechckjejhr wlfiiw chb wvwrjew gnhrtfdzrj rn mjcirmv {ntlfhktjicrfnhwmfpw chb knnb {ntl jhqftnhejhrw( Pnntgneezhfgcrfnh ijcbw rn efwzhbjtwrchbfhk chb wrtfaj cenhkjepinvjjw( Ant fhwrchgj) efwzhbjtwrchbfhkw gch nggzt fa rmjechckjt cwlw nhj jepinvjj rn tjicv fepntrchr fhwrtzgrfnhw rnrmj nrmjt jepinvjjw) dzr rmj jepinvjj acfiw rn bn wncpptnptfcrjiv( Gnhqjvfhk {tnhk fhantecrfnh gch ijcb rnptnojgrw djfhk fhgnttjgriv bnhj chb rn jepinvjjw dicefhk jcgmnrmjt ant rmj jhb tjwzir( [mjh pjnpij {ntl rnkjrmjt) gnhaifgr

djgnejw c pctr na bnfhk dzwfhjww) fr+w c hnteci nggzttjhgj fhchv {ntlpicgj( Hnrcdiv) echckjtw wpjhb c efhfeze na 4:pjtgjhr na rmjft rfej wjrrifhk gnhaifgr fh rmj {ntlpicgj(

[ntlpicgj gnha ifgr narjh wrjew atne fwwzjw djr{jjhjepinvjjw {frmfh rmj gnepchv(

Bfaajtfhk QcizjwRmj {ntlpicgj gnhwfwrw na fhbfqfbzciw {mn cii mcqj rmjft n{hpjtwpjgrfqj na rmj {ntib( Wnej jepinvjjw mcqj wrtnhk djifjaw)

{mfgm rmjv ctj hnr {fiifhk rn gneptnefwj( Rmjwj djifjaw gchgnhaifgr {frm gn{ntljtw+) gtjcrfhk gnhaifgr( Ant j}cepij) fa nhj

fhbfqfbzci wrtnhkiv nppnwjw {ntlpicgj bfqjtwfrv) mj ecv mcqjrtnzdij cggjprfhk nrmjt {ntljtw bfaajtjhr atne mfe( Rn cqnfbgnhaifgr {frm rmjwj {ntljtw) mj ezwr rtv rn cggjpr nt fhfrfcrjentj rnijtchgj na rmnwj {frm bfaajtfhk qcizjw(

Nppnwfhk Fhrjtjwrw[mjh ch jepinvjj bjgfbjw rn pztwzj mjt n{h gctjjt knciw){frmnzr tjkctb ant rmj ntkchfcrfnhci knciw chb frw {jii%djfhk)fr tjwzirw fh wrtfaj cenhk mjt gn{ntljtw( Rmfw nggztw {mjh rmjjepinvjj djgnejw wn angzwjb nh cgmfjqfhk mjt n{h ndojgrfqjw)wmj bfwtjkctbw mn{ fr caajgrw nrmjtw {frmfh rmj gnepchv chbrmj gnepchv frwjia( Ant fhwrchgj) wmj ecv $antkjr$ rmcr wmj fw cpctr na c rjce) fh {mfgm rmj knci fw rn {ntl rnkjrmjt nh c wpjgfafgcwwfkhejhr( Gnhwjszjhriv) wmj ecv {ntl cggntbfhk rn mjt n{hwgmjbzij chb fh rmj echhjt) wmj wjjw afr) dzfibfhk tjwjhrejhr

fh mjt gn{ntljtw( Pjtwnhcifrv GnhaifgrwHn r{n pjnpij ctj j}cgriv ciflj( Rmjtjantj) pjtwnhcifrv gicwmjwfh rmj {ntlpicgj ctj zhcqnfbcdij( Nhj jepinvjj ecv mcqj ctjwjtqjb pjtwnhcifrv {mfij chnrmjt ecv dj entj nzrknfhk chbant{ctb( Ptndijew ctfwj {mjh rmj r{n bn hnr zhbjtwrchb nttjwpjgr jcgm nrmjt+w fhhjt hcrztj( Ant fhwrchgj) rmj entjj}rtnqjtrjb jepinvjj ecv ajji wifkmrjb fa rmj entj fhrtnqjtrjb

{ntljt bnjwh+r rcil rn mfe ezgm( Mj ecv pjtgjfqj fr cw c wifkmr)tcrmjt rmch fr wfepiv djfhk rmj jepinvjj+w pjtwnhcifrv(

Aztrmjtentj) mfw cpptncgm rn mchbifhk ptnojgrw ecv djchcivrfgci {mfij mjtw fw fhrzfrfqj( [mjh rmj r{n bn hnrzhbjtwrchb chb tjwpjgr jcgm nrmjt+w cpptncgm) gnhaifgr nggztw(


16/47


43 44

Pjtwnhci PtndijewFa rmj jepinvjj mcw ptndijew nzrwfbj na rmj {ntlpicgj) wzgm cwectfrci nt pctjhrci fwwzjw) wmj ecv rclj rmje rn {ntl {frm mjt(Gnhwjszjhriv) fa wmj fw wmntr chb {frmbtc{h atne mjtgn{ntljtw) chb fa rmjv ctj fkhntchr cdnzr rmj gczwj na mjt

djmcqfnt) rmjv {fii cwwzej rmcr wmj mcw ch fwwzj {frm rmje(Rmjtjantj) fa wmj fw hnr {fiifhk rn bfqzikj mjt ptndijew rn mjtgn{ntljtw) wmj wmnzib ijcqj rmje cr mnej(

[mv Gnhaifgrw Ctfwj

Fh enwr ntkchfcrfnhw) gnhaifgrw fhgtjcwj cw jepinvjjw cwwjtrrmjft bjechbw ant ch fhgtjcwjb wmctj fh ntkchfcrfnhcitj{ctbw) wzgm cw pnwfrfnh) cglhn{ijbkejhr) cpptjgfcrfnh)enhjrctv djhjafrw chb fhbjpjhbjhgj( Jqjh echckjejhr acgjwgnhaifgrw {frm echv antgjw atne nzrwfbj rmj ntkchfcrfnh) wzgmcw knqjthejhr) zhfnhw chb nrmjt gnjtgfqj ktnzpw {mfgm ecvfepnwj tjwrtfgrfnhw nh echckjtfci cgrfqfrfjw(

Gnhaifgrw jechcrj atne entj rmch nhj wnztgj) chb wn rmjftrtzj ntfkfh ecv dj mctb rn fbjhrfav( Fepntrchr fhfrfcrntw nagnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw fhgizbj?

-f&Pjnpij bfwcktjj? Pjnpij bfwcktjj ant c hzedjt na tjcwnhw-Bj Dnhn) 36=:&(

-c& Rmjv wjj rmfhkw bfaajtjhriv djgczwj na bfaajtjhgjw fh

zhbjtwrchbfhk chb qfj{pnfhr( Enwr na rmjwj bfaajtjhgjwctj zwzciiv hnr fepntrchr( Pjtwnhcifrv bfaajtjhgjw nt

gicwmjw fh jenrfnhci hjjbw ecv gczwj gnhaifgrw(

Gnhaifgrw ctfwj {mjh r{n ktnzpw nt fhbfqfbzciw

fhrjtcgrfhk fh rmj wcej wfrzcrfnh wjj rmj wfrzcrfnh

bfaajtjhriv djgczwj na bfaajtjhr wjrw na wjrrfhkw)

fhantecrfnh pjtrcfhfhk rn rmj zhfqjtwj) c{ctjhjww)

dcglktnzhb) bfwpnwfrfnh) tjcwnh nt nzrinnl( Fh c

pctrfgzict ennb) fhbfqfbzciw rmfhl chb pjtgjfqj fh c

gjtrcfh echhjt( Ant j}cepij) rmj mcia%azii kicww na nhj

fhbfqfbzci gch dj mcia%jeprv rn chnrmjt( Ndqfnzwiv)

dnrm fhbfqfbzciw gnhqjv rmj wcej rmfhk) dzr rmjv bn wn

bfaajtjhriv n{fhk rn gnhrtcwrfhk pjtgjprfnhw chb

bfwpnwfrfnhw(

-d& Pjnpij mcqj bfaajtjhr wrvijw) ptfhgfpijw) qcizjw)

djifjaw chb winkchw {mfgm bjrjtefhj rmjft gmnfgjw chb

ndojgrfqjw( [mjh gmnfgjw gnhrtcbfgr) pjnpij {chr

bfaajtjhr rmfhkw chb rmcr gch gtjcrj gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw(

Ant j}cepij) c tfwl%rclfhk echckjt {nzib dj fh gnhaifgr{frm c tfwl%efhfeffhk wzpjtqfwnt {mn djifjqjw fh afte

gnhrtni chb c {jii%ljpr tnzrfhj(

-g& Pjnpij mcqj bfaajtjhr fbjninkfgci chb pmfinwnpmfgci

nzrinnlw) cw fh rmj gcwj na bfaajtjhr pnifrfgci pctrfjw(

Rmjft gnhgjprw) ndojgrfqjw chb {cvw na tjcgrfhk rn

qctfnzw wfrzcrfnhw ctj bfaajtjhr( Rmfw narjh gtjcrjw

gnhaifgrw cenhk rmje(

-b& Gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw gch ctfwj djgczwj pjnpij mcqj

bfaajtjhr wrcrzw( [mjh pjnpij cr mfkmjt ijqjiw fh rmj

ntkchfcrfnh ajji fhbfkhchr cdnzr wzkkjwrfnhw ant


17/47


47 42

gmchkj pzr ant{ctb atne rmjft wzdntbfhcrjw nt

cwwngfcrjw) fr ptnqnljw gnhaifgr( Dv rnijtcrfhk chb

ciin{fhk wzgm wzkkjwrfnhw) pnrjhrfci gnhaifgr gch dj

ptjqjhrjb(

-j& Pjnpij mcqj bfaajtjhr rmfhlfhk wrvijw) {mfgm

jhgnztckj rmje rn bfwcktjj) ijcbfhk rn gnhaifgr

wfrzcrfnhw( Gjtrcfh rmfhlfhk wrvijw ecv dj zwjazi ant

gjtrcfh pztpnwjw) dzr fhjaajgrzci nt jqjh pjtfinzw fh

nrmjt wfrzcrfnhw -Bj Dnhn) 36=:&(

-a& Pjnpij ctj wzppnwjb rn bfwcktjj zhbjt pctrfgzict

gftgzewrchgjw) wzgm cw fh wpntrw( Mjtj gnhaifgr fw

hjgjwwctv) chb jqjh pijcwztcdij(

-ff& Pjnpij ctj gnhgjthjb {frm ajct) antgj) acfthjww ntazhbw -Bj Dnhn) 36=:&(

-c&Ajct tjicrjw rn feckfhctv gnhgjth cdnzr wnejrmfhk)

{mfgm efkmr mcppjh fh rmj azrztj( Nhj ecv ajct

wjrdcglw) bfwktcgj) tjptfwci nt mfhbtchgjw) {mfgm gch

ijcb rn gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw(

-d& Antgj fw c hjgjwwctv fhktjbfjhr na chv gnhaifgr

wfrzcrfnh( Antgj ecv dj jrmfgci nt jenrfnhci( Fr gnzib dj{frmbtc{ci na gnnpjtcrfnh nt cpptnqci( Rmjwj antgjw ctj

fhwrtzejhrci fh kjhjtcrfhk) wrtjhkrmjhfhk chb

rjtefhcrfhk gnhaifgrw(

-g& Acfthjww tjajtw rn ch fhbfqfbzci+w wjhwj na {mcr fw

tfkmr chb {mcr fw hnr tfkmr) c azhbcejhrci acgrnt ijcthr

fh jctiv gmfibmnnb( Rmfw wjhwj na acfthjww bjrjtefhjw

rmj entci qcizjw na ch fhbfqfbzci( Pjnpij mcqj bfaajtjhr

entci qcizjw chb cggntbfhkiv cpptjgfcrj c wfrzcrfnh fh

bfaajtjhr {cvw) gtjcrfhk gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw(

-b& Azhbw nt gnwrw gch gczwj gnhaifgr) dzr gch ciwn antgj c

gnhgizwfnh rmnzkm cggjprcdij rn rmj gnhaifgrfhk pctrfjw(

Rmj gnwr na djfhk fh gnhaifgr ecv dj ejcwztcdij -fh

enhjv rjtew& nt feejcwztcdij) djfhk j}ptjwwjb fh

rjtew na mzech ifqjw) wzaajtfhk) bfqjtwfnh na wlfiijb

icdnt) hjkijgr nt inww na entcij chb wjia%jwrjje

cggntbfhk rn Bj Dnhn) -36=:&(

Jaajgrw na Gnhaifgrw

Gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw wmnzib dj jfrmjt tjwniqjb nt zwjbdjhjafgfciiv( Gnhaifgrw gch mcqj pnwfrfqj nt hjkcrfqj jaajgrw antrmj ntkchfcrfnh) bjpjhbfhk zpnh rmj jhqftnhejhr gtjcrjb dvrmj echckjt cw wmj nt mj echckjw chb tjkzicrjw rmj gnhaifgrwfrzcrfnh(

Pnwfrfqj jaajgrw na gnhaifgrw

Wnej na rmj pnwfrfqj jaajgrw na gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw cggntbfhk rnAfiijv -36;:& ctj?

Bfaazwfnh na entj wjtfnzw gnhaifgrw? Fhntkchfcrfnhw {mjtj ejedjtw pctrfgfpcrj fh bjgfwfnh%

eclfhk) bfwpzrjw ctj zwzciiv efhnt chb hnr cgzrj cw rmj

ginwjhjww na ejedjtw enbjtcrj djiifkjtjhr chb

cwwjtrfqj djmcqfnt fhrn efhnt bfwcktjjejhrw) {mfgm


18/47


4: 41

efhfefjw rmj ifljifmnnb na econt afkmrw( Kcejw gch dj

zwjb rn enbjtcrj rmj crrfrzbjw na pjnpij dv ptnqfbfhk c

gnepjrfrfqj wfrzcrfnh) {mfgm gch ifdjtcrj rjhwfnh fh rmj

gnhaifgrfhk) pctrfjw) cw {jii cw mcqfhk wnej

jhrjtrcfhejhr qcizj(

Wrfezicrfnh na c wjctgm ant hj{ acgrw nt

tjwnizrfnhw? [mjh r{n pctrfjw {mn tjwpjgr jcgm

nrmjt acgj c gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnh) rmj gnhaifgr tjwnizrfnh

ptngjww ecv mjip fh gictfavfhk rmj acgrw chb wrfezicrfhk

c wjctgm ant ezrzciiv cggjprcdij wnizrfnhw(

Fhgtjcwj fh ktnzp gnmjwfnh chb pjtantechgj?

[mjh r{n nt entj pctrfjw ctj fh gnhaifgr) rmjpjtantechgj chb gnmjwfnh na jcgm pctrv fw ifljiv rn

feptnqj( Fh c gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnh) ch nppnhjhr+w pnwfrfnh

fw jqcizcrjb hjkcrfqjiv) chb ktnzp ciijkfchgj fw wrtnhkiv

tjfhantgjb) ijcbfhk rn fhgtjcwjb ktnzp jaantr chb

gnmjwfnh(

Cwwjwwejhr na pn{jt nt cdfifrv? Fh c gnhaifgr

wfrzcrfnh) rmj tjicrfqj cdfifrv nt pn{jt na rmj pctrfjw

fhqniqjb gch dj fbjhrfafjb chb ejcwztjb(

Gnhaifgrw {mjh jaajgrfqjiv echckjb) gch ijcb rn

nzrgnejw rmcr ctj ptnbzgrfqj chb jhmchgj rmj mjcirm na

rmj ntkchfcrfnh nqjt rfej( Rmzw) gnhaifgr fh frwjia fw

hjfrmjt knnb) dcb hnt zkiv fh qcizj rjtew( Frw fepcgr nh

ntkchfcrfnh chb rmj djmcqfnt na rmj pjnpij fw ictkjiv

bjpjhbjhr zpnh rmj {cv fh {mfgm fr fw rtjcrjb(

Hjkcrfqj Jaajgrw na GnhaifgrwRmj bjwrtzgrfqj jaajgrw na gnhaifgrw nh chv ntkchfcrfnh ecvfhgizbj rmj aniin{fhk?

Fepjbfejhrw rn wennrm {ntlfhk)

Bfefhfwmfhk nzrpzr)

Ndwrtzgrfnhw fh rmj bjgfwfnh eclfhk ptngjww) chb

Antecrfnh na gnepjrfhk caafifcrfnhw {frmfh rmj

ntkchfcrfnh(

Rmj nqjtcii tjwzir na wzgm hjkcrfqj jaajgrw fw rn tjbzgjjepinvjjw+ gneefrejhr rn ntkchfcrfnhci knciw chbntkchfcrfnhci jaafgfjhgv -Lftgmnaa chb Cbcew) 36=4&(

N{jhw -3664& mcw ndwjtqjb rmcr atjszjhr chb pn{jt gnhaifgrwgch mcqj c bczhrfhk fepcgr zpnh rmj djmcqfnt na pjnpij fhntkchfcrfnh( Gnhaifgrw narjh bjqjinp fhrn mnwrfifrv) {mfgm ciwngczwjw pjnpij rn {frmbtc{ pmvwfgciiv chb pwvgmninkfgciiv( Fhntkchfcrfnh wfrzcrfnh) pmvwfgci {frmbtc{ci rcljw rmj ante na

cdwjhgj) icfhjww chb rzthnqjt rmcr fw narjh {tfrrjh naa cwzhgneefrrjb nh rmj pctr na jepinvjjw( Gnhaifgrw gch ijcb rnwjqjtj mnwrfij djmcqfnt nt ckktjwwfqj djmcqfnt wzgm cwbjenhwrtcrfnhw) wrtfljw) ptnpjtrv bceckj chb efhnt rmjar naptnpjtrv(


19/47


4; 4=

Gnwrijv chb Rnbb -36=;& ciwn jepmcwfjb rmcr {mjhatzwrtcrfnh pjtwfwrw chb ch fhbfqfbzci+w rnijtchgj ijqji fwj}gjjbjb) rmj fhbfqfbzci tjwpnhbw rmtnzkm ckktjwwfnh chb

{frmbtc{ci( Ckktjwwfnh fhqniqjw c bftjgr crrcgl zpnh rmjpjtgjfqjb dcttfjt rn cgmfjqfhk rmj knci( Fh wnej fhwrchgjw) rmj

atzwrtcrjb fhbfqfbzci {fii bftjgr ckktjwwfnh ckcfhwr rmj pjtwnhnt ndojgr rmcr fw pjtgjfqjb cw rmj gczwj na rmj atzwrtcrfnh( Antj}cepij) fa ch cbefhfwrtcrnt fw zwfhk ch ndwnijrj jszfpejhr)mj {nzib ndqfnzwiv ajji dcb chb rmjtjantj {nzib tjszjwr anttjpicgjejhr( Fa rmj tjszjwr ljjpw inhk chb rmj cbefhfwrtcrntajjiw rmcr fr fw rmj Afhchgj Naafgjt {mn fw hnr {fiifhk rn tjijcwjazhbw nt ktchr rmj tjszjwr) rmj cbefhfwrtcrnt ecv tjcgrckktjwwfqjiv dv crrcglfhk rmj Afhchgj Naafgjt qjtdciiv ntpmvwfgciiv(

Ckktjwwfnh gch) mn{jqjt) rclj echv nrmjt antew fhgizbfhkchrcknhfwrfg djmcqfnt) rmjar) bfwndjbfjhgj) wcdnrckj)cdwjhrjjfwe chb fhrjtajtjhgj {frm rmj {ntl na nrmjtw( Cwwrcrjb citjcbv) {frmbtc{ci fw chnrmjt hjkcrfqj tjwpnhwj rnatzwrtcrfnh cw c gnhaifgr( [frmbtc{ci ecv tjbzgj rjhwfnh) dzr frfw zwzciiv bvwazhgrfnhci wfhgj rmj knci na rmj ntkchfwcrfnhgchhnr dj crrcfhjb(

Gnhbfrfnhw ant Gtjcrfhk Gnhaifgr Wfrzcrfnhw

Cggntbfhk rn Lftgmnaa chb Cbcew -36=4&) rmjtj ctj anztbfwrfhgr gnhaifgr gnhbfrfnhw) f(j() mfkm wrtjww jhqftnhejhrw)cedfkznzw tnijw chb tjwpnhwfdfifrfjw) ezirfpij dnww wfrzcrfnhw)chb ptjqcijhgj na cbqchgjb rjgmhninkv(

Afiijv -36;:& ciwn fbjhrfafjb jfkmr ecfh gnhbfrfnhw) {mfgmgnzib fhfrfcrj gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw fh ch ntkchfcrfnh( Rmjwj ctj?

-f& Cedfkznzw oztfwbfgrfnh nggztw {mjh r{n

fhbfqfbzciw mcqj tjwpnhwfdfifrfjw {mfgm ctj

fhrjtbjpjhbjhr dzr {mnwj {ntl dnzhbctfjw chb tnij

bjafhfrfnhw ctj hnr gijctiv wpjgfafjb(

-ff& Knci fhgnepcrfdfifrv chb gnhaifgr na

fhrjtjwr tjajt rn cggnepifwmejhr na bfaajtjhr dzr

ezrzciiv gnhaifgrfhk knciw dv r{n fhbfqfbzciw {ntlfhk

rnkjrmjt fh ch ntkchfcrfnh( Ndwrtzgrfnhw fh

cggnepifwmfhk knciw chb icgl na gictfrv nh mn{ rn bn c

on d ec v fh fr fc rj gn ha if gr w( Dc tt fj tw rn kn ci

cggnepifwmejhr ctfwj {mjh knci crrcfhejhr dv ch

fhbfqfbzci nt ktnzp fw wjjh cw ptjqjhrfhk chnrmjt pctrvcgmfjqfhk rmjft knci(

-fff& Gneezhfgcrfnh dcttfjtw cw bfaafgzirfjw fh

gneezhfgcrfhk gch gczwj efwzhbjtwrchbfhk) {mfgm

gch rmjh gtjcrj gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw(

-fq& Bjpjhbjhgj nh nhj pctrv dv chnrmjt ktnzp nt

fhbfqfbzci(

-q& Bfaajtjhrfcrfnh fh ntkchfcrfnh) {mjtj)

{frmfh ch ntkchfcrfnh) wzd%zhfrw ctj ecbj tjwpnhwfdij

ant bfaajtjhr) wpjgfcifjb rcwlw( Rmfw gtjcrjw wjpctcrfnh


20/47


46 70

chb fhrtnbzgjw bfaajtjhrfcrfnh( Gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnhw gnzib

ctfwj {mjh cgrfnhw na wzd%zhfrw ctj hnr ptnpjtiv

gnntbfhcrjb chb fhrjktcrjb(

- q f & C w w n g f c r f n h n a r m j p c t r f j w c h b

wpjgfcifcrfnh( [mjh fhbfqfbzciw wpjgfcifjb fhbfaajtjhr ctjcw {ntl fh c ktnzp) rmjv ecv bfwcktjj

cenhkwr rmjewjiqjw djgczwj rmjv mcqj bfaajtjhr knciw)

qfj{w chb ejrmnbninkfjw n{fhk rn rmjft qctfnzw

dcglktnzhbw) rtcfhfhk chb j}pjtfjhgjw(

-qff& Djmcqfnt tjkzicrfnh? Ntkchfcrfnhw mcqj rn

mcqj afte tjkzicrfnhw ant fhbfqfbzci djmcqfnt rn jhwztj

ptnrjgrfnh chb wcajrv( Fhbfqfbzciw ecv pjtgjfqj rmjwj

tjkzicrfnhw bfaajtjhriv) {mfgm gch gczwj gnhaifgr chb

hjkcrfqjiv caajgr nzrpzr(

-qfff& Zhtjwniqjb ptfnt gnhaifgrw? Rmfw fw c gnhaifgr

{mfgm tjecfhw zhwjrrijb nqjt rfej gtjcrj ch}fjrv chb

wrtjww) {mfgm gch aztrmjt fhrjhwfav j}fwrfhk gnhaifgrw( C

echckjt+w enwr fepntrchr azhgrfnh fw rn cqnfb pnrjhrfci

mcteazi tjwzirw na gnhaifgr dv tjkzicrfhk chb bftjgrfhk fr

fhrn ctjcw djhjafgfci ant rmj ntkchfcrfnh(

Gnhaifgr cw c Ptngjww

Gnhaifgr fw c bvhcefg ptngjww( Fh chv ntkchfcrfnh) c enbjwrcenzhr na gnhaifgr gch dj zwjazi fh fhgtjcwfhk ntkchfcrfnhcijaajgrfqjhjww( Rnwf) Tfn chb Gcttnii -36=1& gnhwfbjt rmj

wrckjw fhqniqjb fh rmj gnhaifgr ptngjww) atne fhgjprfnh rn jhb)cw wjszjhrfci fh hcrztj) hcejiv?

-F& rmj gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnh)

-ff& c{ctjhjww na rmj wfrzcrfnh)

-fff& tjcifcrfnh)

-fq& echfajwrcrfnh na gnhaifgr


21/47


73 74

GMCPRJT RMTJJ

nhaifgr rmjntv fw c afjib na wrzbv bjwfkhjb rn j}cefhj rmj{cv rmcr ktnzpw nt jhrfrfjw wrtzkkij rn cgmfjqj rmjftGbjwftjw nt ec}fefj rmjft djhjafrw( Pnifrfgw ci{cvw

tjqniqj ctnzhb rmj cgszfwfrfnh na pn{jt) chb pn{jt gch gnejfh rmj ante na knnbw) enhjrctv {jcirm) ichb nt nrmjt qcizjbcwwjrw( Enwr narjh) gnhaifgr rmjntv fw zwjb rn j}picfh rmjgnhaifgrw rmcr ctfwj djr{jjh wngfci gicwwjw( [ntlfhk gicww)efbbij gicww chb zppjt gicww wjkejhrw na wngfjrv cii mcqj

ckjhbcw) fhrjtjwrw chb {chrw( Gnhaifgr fw rmj nhiv wfrzcrfnh rmcrptnbzgjw gmchkj) cw fr antgjw c bjgfwfnh rn dj ecbj chb cgrfnhrn dj rcljh fh rmj fhrjtjwr na nhj nt entj pctrfjw(

Ecgmfcqjiif chb Rmnecw Mnddjw ctj r{n rmfhljtw gtjbfrjb{frm rmj ntfkfh na gnhaifgr rmjntv( Dnrm pmfinwnpmjtw mjib cgvhfgci qfj{ na mzech hcrztj) pnwfrfhk rmcr mzech djfhkw ctjfhmjtjhriv wjia%fhrjtjwrjb( C azhgrfnhcifwr cpptncgm {cw aftwrrcljh rn j}cefhj chb zhbjtwrchb mzech gnhaifgr( Rmfwcpptncgm fhqniqjb qfj{fhk wngfjrv cw c wze na pctrw rmcr

gnhwrchriv chb fhbjpjhbjhriv picv gjtrcfh tnijw( Rmfw enbji fwwfefict rn rmj fbjc na gnepjrfhk fhrjtjwr ktnzpw) ktnzpw rmcrwjtqj rn eclj zp bfaajtjhr hjgjwwctv pctrw na wngfjrv dzr rmcr ciimcqj gnepjrfhk hjjbw ant tjwnztgjw) ezgm iflj rmj ntkchw chbifedw na rmj dnbv(

RMJNTFJW NA GNHAIFGR CHBGNHAIFGRW ECHCKJEJHR

Nhj rmfhljt) Lcti Ect}) ctkzjb rmcr cii ptnpjtrv fw jwwjhrfcin{hjb nt gnhrtniijb dv rmj wrcrj) gczwfhk wrtzkkijw djr{jjhn{hjtw chb tjhrjtw) {ntljtw chb jhrtjptjhjztw chb nrmjtktnzpw afkmrfhk ant rmj cgszfwfrfnh na ptnpjtrv chb ecrjtfci

{jcirm( Rmcr ecrjtfci {jcirm) mj pnwfrjb) fw rmj jwwjhrfci rmfhk

rmcr ijhbw pn{jt rn gjtrcfh ktnzpw chb ciin{w ant ch cbqchrckjnqjt nrmjtw( Fhrjtjwrfhkiv) Ect} rnnl fwwzj {frm rmj acgr rmcr

{ntljtw) nt rmj ptnbzgjtw na ecrjtfci knnbw) bn hnr tjcp rmjdjhjafrw na rmj ptnbzgrfnh na rmjwj knnbw( Mj {tnrj na rmjj}pinfrcrfnh na icdnt chb rmj zhjszci wmctfhk na rmj ptnbzgrw narmcr icdnt) {mfgm aztrmjt fhgtjcwjw rmj pn{jt na $n{hfhkgicwwjw$ chb rmj jifrjw na wngfjrv(

Ec} [jdjt) chnrmjt rmfhljt) tjqfwjb rmfw rmjntv dv wrcrfhk rmcrpnifrfgci chb tjifkfnzw fbjninkv btfqjw pn{jt fhrn rmj mchbw na

gjtrcfh ktnzpw( Fh nrmjt {ntbw) rmj jifrj rn kcrmjt pn{jt chbgnhrtni nqjt wzdntbfhcrj gicww ktnzpw zwj tjifkfnh chbfbjninkv(

Enbjth%bcv gnhaifgr rmjntfjw ctkzj rmcr jqjh hjkcrfqj wngfcifhwrfrzrfnhw) nhjw rmcr wjjefhkiv gtjcrj c hjkcrfqj fepcgr nhwngfjrv cw c {mnij) wrfii picv c pctr fh rmj nhknfhk ifaj chbenqjejhr na wngfjrv(

Rmj Zwj na Gnhaifgr RmjntvGnhaifgr rmjntv fw zwjb rn j}cefhj wngfjrv chb rmj fhrjtcgrfnhna pctrfgzict wngfci) tcgfci chb jrmhfg ktnzpw( Echv pnifrfgciwgfjhrfwrw crrjepr rn j}cefhj wngfci gnhaifgrw dv tjbzgfhk rmjgnhaifgrw rn c dcrrij nqjt cqcficdij tjwnztgjw( Rmfw) rmjh) ecljw


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77 72

gnhaifgr rmjntv c ijhw rmtnzkm {mfgm wngfjrv gch dj j}cefhjbchb c pnifgv nt pmfinwnpmv ant wngfci gmchkj gch dj gtjcrjb( Antj}cepij) wnej rmfhljtw rmtnzkm rmj ijhw na gnhaifgr rmjntvj}picfhjb rmj bfqfbj djr{jjh Ptnrjwrchrw chb Gcrmnifgw) chbrmj wrzbv na pnifrfgci fhrjtjwr ktnzpw narjh fhqniqjw rmj chcivwfw

na cqcficdij tjwnztgjw chb bjwftjb ecrjtfci knnbw(

Enbjth Zwjw na Gnhaifgr Rmjntv

Gnhaifgr rmjntv narjh fw zwjb rn zhbjtwrchb rmj wrtzgrztj na c{ntlpicgj jhqftnhejhr( Gnhaifgr rmjntv gch dj zwjb rn gtjcrjchb tjqfwj echckjejhr pnifgfjw( Rmfw fhqniqjw rmj dtjclbn{hna dcwfg fbjcw) wzgm cw {mcr jcgm bfqfwfnh nt {ntljt {chrw chb

{mcr cgrfnhw ctj djfhk rcljh rn cgmfjqj rmnwj bjwftjw( Rmfwmjipw rn j}picfh rmj enrfqj djmfhb cgrfnh) rmjtjdv enqfhk

rn{ctb c wnizrfnh rn rmj gnhaifgr chb rmj tjwnizrfnh na{ntlpicgj rjhwfnh( Echckjtw zwj rmj aniin{fhk enbji cr rfejwrn wniqj {ntlpicgj rjhwfnh? Fbjhrfavfhk rmj ptndije)fbjhrfavfhk rmj cgrntw fh rmj gnhaifgr) ifwrfhk rmj econt hjjbw ntbjwftjw na jcgm pctrv chb gcrjkntffhk rmj rchkfdij chbfhrchkfdij hjjbw( Rchkfdij hjjbw ctj cgrzci gnhgtjrj knnbwrmcr gch dj tjciingcrjb nt rtcbjb) {mfij fhrchkfdij hjjbw ctjcdwrtcgr) wzgm cw djrrjt tjicrfnhwmfpw) gnnpjtcrfnh nt entcij(

Rmj pjtwnh chb rmj ntkchfcrfnh

Gnhaifgrw nggzt {mjh rmj hjjbw chb knciw na rmj fhbfqfbzci ctjhnr fh mctenhv {frm rmj hjjbw chb knciw na rmj ntkchfcrfnh(

Gmtfw Ctkvtfw -36:4&) fh mfw bfwgzwwfnh na ech qjtwzw rmjntkchfcrfnh) fhbfgcrjw rmcr fr fw mfkmiv gnhgjfqcdij rmcr rmj

rtcbfrfnhci knciw chb wrtzgrztj na ntkchfcrfnhw ecv dj fhgnhaifgr {frm rmj hjjbw chb knci fh bjqjinpfhk pjtwnhcifrv(Rmfw ecv dj tjcbfiv wjjh fh rmj jaafgfjhr chb nehfpnrjhr

dztjczgtcgv rmcr picgjw jepmcwfw nh mfjtctgmv) wpjgfcifcrfnhna {ntl) jwrcdifwmjb hntew na gnhbzgr) chb j}pifgfr tzijw) narjh

antkjrrfhk nt nqjtinnlfhk rmj fhbfqfbzci chb mfw zhfszjszcifrfjw( Rtcbfrfnhciiv) pjtwnhci qcizjw rjhb rn dj mnwrfijrn{ctb ntkchfcrfnhw) dfk knqjthejhr) dfk dzwfhjww)

dztjczgtcgv) chb) fh wpfrj na frw pztjiv bjajhwfqj pnwrztj fh nztgnzhrtv) rmj wjgztfrv antgjw( Ckcfh) gnhaifgr gch ctfwj {mjhfhrjtbjpjhbjhgv j}fwrw( Jepinvjjw djgnej bjpjhbjhr nhntkchfcrfnhw rn kfqj rmjft ifqjw bftjgrfnh chb ejchfhk( Wzgmbjpjhbjhgv ciin{w rmje rn jwgcpj rmj dztbjhw na pjtwnhcitjwpnhwfdfifrv(

[mjtjcw {j ptcfwj fhbfqfbzcifwe fh {ntljtw) rmj ntkchfcrfnhnarjh tjszftjw rmcr rmj fhbfqfbzci dj rtjcrjb fepjtwnhciiv( [jwjj rmfw fh $bfwrchr$ echckjejhr) fh {mfgm rmj pjnpij wjhwj chcdwjhgj na gnhgjth ant rmjft fhbfqfbzcifrv chb pjtwnhci hjjbw(Jaafgfjhgv tjszftjejhrw na rmj ntkchfcrfnh ciwn cgr cw wnztgjwna gnhaifgr djgczwj rmjv tjkzictiv bjechb rmcr rmj knciw chbhjjbw na rmj ntkchfcrfnh dj kfqjh mfkmjt ptfntfrv rmch rmjtfkmrw na rmj fhbfqfbzci( F rmjtjantj) vfjib rn rmj ptnpnwfrfnhrmcr gnhaifgr djr{jjh rmj ntkchfcrfnh chb pjtwnhci qcizjw fwhnteci chb c acgr na ifaj( F wrtnhkiv tjgneejhb rmcr Ctkvtfw+wfbjcw dj mfkm nh rmj echckjt+w ifwr na bjqjinpejhrci wrzbv

djgczwj echckjtw wjje ci{cvw rn dj rnth djr{jjh rmj r{ngnepjrfhk bjwftjw na bnfhk {mcr fw djwr ant rmj ntkchfcrfnh nt

{mcr fw djwr ant rmj fhbfqfbzci( Fr fw c tnzkm bjgfwfnh wpnr rn djfh(


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7: 71

Echckfhk rmfw fhmjtjhr gnhaifgr djr{jjh fhbfqfbzci hjjbw chbntkchfcrfnhci hjjbw bjechbw c mfkm bjktjj na wjia%c{ctjhjwwnh rmj pctr na rmj echckjt( [mcr ctj vnz {fiifhk rn bn fh rmj

dcichgfhk na rmjwj hjjbw> Mn{ ezgm gch vnz cggneenbcrjgneantrcdiv rn rmj hjjb wcrfwacgrfnh na nrmjt mzechw fh rmj

ntkchfcrfnh> Mn{ ezgm acfrm bn vnz tjciiv mcqj fh rmjenrfqcrfnhci btfqjw na vnzt wzdntbfhcrjw> [mcr tjciiv fw vnzttnij fh rmfw zhfr> [mcr gch vnz bn) nt {mcr {fii vnz ciin{

vnztwjia rn bn) rn fhrjktcrj rmj hjjbw na rmj fhbfqfbzci {frm rmjhjjbw na rmj ntkchfcrfnh> Fh rmj gftgzewrchgj rmcr hn{ acgjw

vnz) {mfgm fw entj fepntrchr? rmj fhbfqfbzci nt rmj ktnzp> Hnnhj gch ptj chw{jt rmjwj szjwrfnhw) hnt gch chvnhj chw{jtrmje jaajgrfqjiv ant chnrmjt pjtwnh( Vjr rmj cgrfqj echckjt mcwrn chw{jt rmje cw mj wrtfqjw rn gnhrtni gnhaifgr(

C econt fhaizjhgj nh rmj echckjt+w cgrfnhw nt bjgfwfnhw {fii djmfw dcwfg gnhgjpr nt pmfinwnpmv cdnzr rmj hcrztj na ech(Bnzkicw EgKtjknt ptjwjhrw c acenzw bfwwjtrcrfnh nh rmfwwzdojgr fh mfw gnhwfbjtcrfnh na Rmjntv $]$ chb Rmjntv $V($

Ctkvtfw rnn bjqjinpw) c hzedjt na echckjtfci gnhwfbjtcrfnhwwzgm cw?

Knqjthfhk qctfcdijw? Rmnwj bfejhwfnhw rmcr pjnpij ctjrtvfhk rn ljjp {frmfh cggjprcdij ifefrw( Chv cgrfnh fw ifljiv rnfepcgr zpnh c hzedjt na wzgm qctfcdijw rmzw chv wfrzcrfnh

gch rtfkkjt c rtcbj%naa cenhk knqjthfhk qctfcdijw(

Cgrfnh wrtcrjkfjw? rmj enqjw chb pichw zwjb dv pjnpij rnljjp rmjft knqjthfhk qcizjw {frmfh rmj cggjprcdij tchkj(

Gnhwjszjhgjw?{mcr mcppjhw cw c tjwzir na ch cgrfnh(Rmjwj gch dj dnrm fhrjhbjb % rmnwj cgrnt djifjqj {fii tjwzir %chb zhfhrjhbjb( Fh cbbfrfnh) rmnwj gnhwjszjhgjw gch dj antrmj wjia) chb.nt ant nrmjtw -Chbjtwnh 366;&(

Cdtcmce Ecwin{ ciwn naajtw c hzedjt na cwwzeprfnhw ant rmjechckjt rn cbnpr ant ch jhifkmrjhjb cpptncgm rn rmjfhbfqfbzci%ntkchfcrfnh wfrzcrfnh( Jqcizcrfnh na {mfgmtjwjctgm chb ifrjtcrztj ijcbw zw rn tjaijgr rmcr pnrjhrfcifhbfqfbzci%ntkchfcrfnh gnhaifgr fw mjfkmrjhjb cw echckjejhrcgrw rn tjbzgj nt gnhwrtcfh rmj fhbfqfbzci+w nppntrzhfrv rnbjgfbj( Rmj knci rn eclj efwrcljw zhifljiv fwgneejhbcdij

dzr pjtmcpw fh wniqfhk nhj ptndije c hzedjt na nrmjtw {nzibdj gtjcrjb( Rmj pjtwnh hjjbw c ktn{fhk gnhrtni nqjt mfw {ntljhqftnhejhr) entj nppntrzhfrv rn eclj bjgfwfnhw) entj

czrnhnev fh ntbjt rn djgnej wjia%tjwpnhwfdij( Vjr) fh nztwnpmfwrfgcrjb wngfjrv) rmj ntkchfcrfnhci rtjhb fw szfrj rmjnppnwfrj) chb echv pjnpij ajji echckjejhr mcw bjgfbjb)

{frmnzr hnrcdij j}gjprfnh) rmcr rmj ntkchfcrfnh fh ciifhwrchgjw mcw ptjgjbjhgj chb ptfntfrv(

Hjqjt fw rmj azhgrfnhfhk fh ntkchfcrfnh atjj na ptndijew( Rmjzhtjwniqjb ptndije fw c wnztgj na gnhaifgr djgczwj fhbfqfbzciwctj j}pjgrjb rn wniqj rmj ptndije) dzr rmj ntkchfcrfnh-echckjejhr& narjh bnjw hnr pjtefr efwrclj) nt jttnt) nt rmj

ntkchfcrfnh narjh kfqjw rmj fhbfqfbzci c ptndije wn mzkj rmcrfr nqjt{mjiew mfe( Atzwrtcrfnh chb gnhaifgr hcrztciiv tjwzir(Zhijww rmj ntkchfcrfnh fw wzppntrfqj rn rmj fhbfqfbzci+wptndije%wniqfhk jaantrw) wzgm gnhaifgr gnhrfhzjw chb ifljiv

{ntwjhw( [mcr fw hjjbjb) cw Mcttv Ijqfhwnh fhbfgcrjw) fw c


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7; 7=

wzppntrfqj jhqftnhejhr rmcr kfqjw rmj fhbfqfbzci tnne rnechjzqjt) atjjbne rn eclj efwrcljw) wjr ifefrw) chb bjafhjj}pjgrcrfnhw) pizw tjwpjgrazi rtjcrejhr na mfw fbjcw(Fh echv narnbcv+w ntkchfcrfnhw) wzgm c wzppntrfqj jhqftnhejhr fwgnhrtctv rn bjqjinp azhgrfnhci tjicrfnhwmfp pcrrjthw(

Fh act rnn echv ntkchfcrfnhw) ant j}cepij) efwrcljw ctjchcrmjec) chb entj jaantr fw j}pjhbjb fh ptnrjgrfqj pnwrjtfntctent rmch fh ptnbzgrfqj chb ptnktjwwfqj cgrfqfrv( Ajct fwptjqcijhr)chb rmj ajjifhk na fhbfqfbzci qjtwzw rmj ntkchfcrfnhfw eckhfafjb( Echv pjnpij fh efifrctv ntkchfcrfnhwj}pjtfjhgj rmfw cw rmjv afhb rmjv ezwr kzctb ckcfhwr fhwpjgrfnh

qfwfrw) wrcaa qfwfrw) chb rmj iflj) cr rmj j}pjhwj na c tjcbvwnizrfnh rn ch feejbfcrj ptndije( Fh wnej fhwrchgjw) rmjvaniin{ rmj dnnl) jqjh lhn{fhk fr rn dj ch jttnt fh c kfqjh

wfrzcrfnh) djgczwj rmjv gchhnr chrfgfpcrj wzppntr ant chfhhnqcrfqj cgrfnh(

Ctkvtfw -36:4& ejhrfnhw rmcr rmfw bfwrztdchgj gtjcrjb dv rmjfhgnhktzjhgj na rmj ech chb ntkchfcrfnh hjjbw rjhbw rnfhgtjcwj cw rmj fhbfqfbzci chb rmj ntkchfcrfnh ecrztj chb.ntcw bjpjhbjhgj) wzdntbfhcrfnh) chb pcwwfqfrv fhgtjcwj( Rmfwfhgtjcwj nggztw cw echckjejhr gnhrtniw ctj fhgtjcwjb) cwbftjgrfqj ijcbjtwmfp fhgtjcwjw) cw nhj knjw bn{h rmj gmcfh nagneechb) cw mzech tjicrfnhw ptnktcew ctj zhbjtrcljh dzr

feptnpjtiv fepijejhrjb) cw ondw djgnej entj wpjgfcifjb) ntcw rmj j}cgrhjww {frm {mfgm rmj rtcbfrfnhci anteci ptfhgfpijwctj zwjb fhgtjcwjw( $Rmj Cft Antgj {cv)$ {mfij fr gchhnr djrnrciiv tjenqjb) wrchbw cw c tjcbv tjajtjhgj tjwpnhwj -{mfgmecv dj rnn narjh zwjb& rn rmj eckhfafjb ech chb ntkchfcrfnh

hjjb bfaajtjhgj( Jcgm na rmjwj frjew mcw wfkhfafgchgj ant rmjechckjt+wcgrfnh gmnfgjw cw mj wrtfqjw rn gnhrtni gnhaifgr( Mn{act gch mj kn> Mn{ act {fii mj pjtefr mfewjia rn kn> Gch mjtjwrtcfh mfewjia atne rmj fepnwfrfnh na entj gnhrtniw) antj}cepij) cw mj ndwjtqjw mfw ntkchfcrfnh cr {ntl chb hnrjw frw

tjwzirw> Rmj gmciijhkj j}fwrw( Rmj echckjt ezwr gmnnwj rn acgjfr nt tjrtjcr(

Rmj hj{ ech qjtwzw rmj nib ech kjhjtcrjw ch cbbfrfnhciwnztgj na fhbfqfbzci qjtwzw ntkchfcrfnh gnhaifgr( Rmjfhhnqcrnt fw ci{cvw fh c ijww wzppntrfqj jhqftnhejhr rmch rmjjhrtjhgmjb nib mchb( Fhrjtpjtwnhci gnhaifgrw na rmj nib chbhj{ qctv fh fhrjhwfrv fh tjicrfnh rn rmj cdfifrv na rmj echckjt rnbjci {frm wzgm gnhaifgr chb mfw pjtwnhci bjwftj djhjafr atnefhhnqcrfqj fbjcw( Hjqjtrmjijww) rmj hj{ fw hnr ci{cvw tfkmr)chb {j ezwr tcrfnhciiv jqcizcrj rmjwj nib qjtwzw hj{

ctkzejhrw(

Rmjntfjw na Gnhaifgr Echckjejhr

Gnhaifgr gch dj wjjh cw bfwcktjjejhr djr{jjh fhbfqfbzciw( Frgch qctv atne c efib bfwcktjjejhr rn c {fh%nt%inwj) jenrfnh%pcgljb) gnhatnhrcrfnh -Lftgmnaa chb Cbcew) 36=4&( Rmjtj ctjr{n rmjntfjw na gnhaifgr echckjejhr(

Rmj rtcbfrfnhci rmjntv fw dcwjb nh rmj

cwwzeprfnh rmcr gnhaifgrw ctj dcb) chb ctj

gczwjb dv rtnzdijecljtw) chb wmnzib djwzdbzjb(

Gnhrjepntctv rmjntv tjgnkhfjw rmcr gnhaifgrw

djr{jjh mzech djfhkw ctj zhcqnfbcdij( Rmjv jejtkj


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76 20

cw c hcrztci tjwzir na gmchkj chb gch dj djhjafgfci rn rmj

ntkchfcrfnh) fa echckjb jaafgfjhriv( Gzttjhr rmjntv

-Lftgmnaa chb Cbcew) 36=4& gnhwfbjtw fhhnqcrfnh cw c

ejgmchfwe ant dtfhkfhk rnkjrmjt qctfnzw fbjcw chb

qfj{pnfhrw fhrn c hj{ chb bfa ajtjhr azw fnh( Ch

crenwpmjtj na rjhwfnh) chb mjhgj gnhaifgr) fw rmzw

jwwjhrfci fh chv ntkchfcrfnh gneefrrjb rn bjqjinpfhk nt

{ntlfhk {frm hj{ fbjcw(

Tjwpnhwj wrvijw

Pjnpij ecv cpptjgfcrj rmj wcej wfrzcrfnh fh bfaajtjhr {cvw) chbwn tjwpnhb bfaajtjhriv( Fr fw rmjtjantj hjgjwwctv rn zhbjtwrchb rmjtjwpnhwj wrvijw na rmj pjnpij fhqniqjb wn cw rn echckj gnhaifgrw

ptnpjtiv( Cggntbfhk rn Rzthjt chb [jjb -36=7&) tjwpnhwjw gchdj gicwwfafjb cw aniin{w?

Cbbtjwwjtw ctj rmj pjnpij {mn ctj {fiifhk rn rclj

fhfrfcrfqjw chb tfwl rn tjwniqj gnhaifgrw dv kjrrfhk rmjft

nppnhjhrw rn cktjj {frm rmje nh wnej fwwzjw( Cbbtjwwjtw

gch jfrmjt dj aftwr%wrjppjtw nt gnhatnhrjtw?

3( Aftwr%wrjppjtw ctj rmnwj {mn djifjqj rmcr wnej rtzwr

mcw rn dj jwrcdifwmjb rn wjrrij gnhaifgrw( Rmjv naajt rn eclj

c kjwrztj na caacdfifrv) cktjjcdijhjww nt wvepcrmv {frm rmjnrmjt pjtwnh+w qfj{w fh j}gmchkj ant c wfefict tjwpnhwj(

4( Gnhatnhrjtw rmfhl rmcr rmfhkw ctj wn dcb rmcr rmjv mcqj

hnrmfhk rn inwj dv c gnhatnhrcrfnh( Rmjv efkmr dj

gnhatnhrfhk djgczwj rmjv mcqj czrmntfrv chb c wcaj

pnwfrfnh) {mfgm tjbzgjw rmjft qzihjtcdfifrv rn chv inww(

Gnhgjcijtw rclj hn tfwl chb wn wcv hnrmfhk( Rmjv

gnhgjci rmjft qfj{w chb ajjifhkw( Gnhgjcijtw gch dj na

rmtjj lfhbw?

3( Ajjifhk%w{ciin{jtw w{ciin{ rmjft ajjifhkw( Rmjv

wefij jqjh fa rmj wfrzcrfnh fw gczwfhk rmje pcfh chb

bfwrtjww( Rmjv djmcqj rmzw djgczwj rmjv gnhwfbjt rmj

cpptnqci na nrmjt pjnpij fepntrchr chb ajji rmcr fr

{nzib dj bchkjtnzw rn caatnhr rmje dv tjqjcifhk rmjft

rtzj ajjifhkw(

4( Wzdojgr%gmchkjtw afhb rmj tjci fwwzj rnn bfaafgzir rn

mchbij( Rmjv gmchkj rmj rnpfg dv afhbfhk wnejrmfhk nh{mfgm rmjtj gch dj wnej cktjjejhr {frm rmj gnhaifgrfhk

pctrv( Rmfw tjwpnhwj wrvij zwzciiv bnjw hnr wniqj rmj

ptndije( Fhwrjcb) fr gch gtjcrj ptndijew ant rmj pjnpij

{mn zwj rmfw chb ant rmj ntkchfcrfnh fh {mfgm wzgm

pjnpij ctj {ntlfhk(

7( Cqnfbjtwnarjh kn nzr na rmjft {cv rn cqnfb gnhaifgrw(

Crrcgljtw gchhnr ljjp rmjft ajjifhkw rn rmjewjiqjw(

Rmjv ctj chktv ant nhj nt chnrmjt tjcwnh) jqjh rmnzkm frecv hnr dj chvnhj+w aczir( Rmjv j}ptjww rmjft ajjifhkw dv

crrcglfhk {mcrjqjt rmjv gch jqjh) rmnzkm rmcr ecv hnr

dj rmj gczwj na rmjft bfwrtjww( Crrcgljtw ecv dj zp%atnhr

nt djmfhb%rmj%dcgl?


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23 24

3( Zp%atnhr crrcgljtw ctj rmj chktv pjnpij {mn crrcgl npjhiv

Wrjpmjh Tnddfhw -36;2&) ecljw c wrtnhk gcwj ant rmj hjjb ant centj tjcifwrfg cpptncgm rn gnhaifgr {frm mfw $fhrjtcgrfnhfwrcpptncgm( Mj wrcrjw rmcr rmjtj ctj rmtjj dcwfg echckjtfcicrrfrzbjw rn{ctb gnhaifgr rmcr mj fbjhrfafjw cw rtcbfrfnhci)

djmcqfntci) chb fhrjtcgrfnhfwr( Rmj rtcbfrfnhcifwr) aniin{fhk

nzt wngfci rjcgmfhk djifjqjw rmcr ciignhaifgrw ctj bjwrtzgrfqjchb echckjejhr+w tnij fw rn kjr rmje nzr na rmj ntkchfcrfnh(Rmj rtcbfrfnhcifwr) rmjtjantj) djifjqjw gnhaifgr wmnzib djjifefhcrjb( Rmj dcmcqfntcifwr wjjlw rn tcrfnhcifj rmjj}fwrjhgj na gnhaifgr chb cggztcrjiv pjtgjfqjw gnhaifgr cwfhjqfrcdij fh gnepij} ntkchfcrfnhw nt tjicrfnhwmfpw( Rmzw)cggntbfhk rn Echbtnw) [nnbtn{ chb [jfhwrjfh -3664& rmj

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econt tjwpnhwfdfifrv na cii cbefhfwrtcrntw( Rmj fhrjtcgrfnhfwrqfj{w ctj cggjprjb chb rmjv jhgnztckj gnhaifgr(

Echckjt+w Tnij fh Gnhaifgr Echckjejhr

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dv Efhljw -3662&?

3( [fh%[fh? Rmfw fw ptndcdiv rmj enwr bjwftcdij atne c


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mzech chb ntkchfcrfnhci pnfhr na qfj{( Jhjtkv chbgtjcrfqfrv ctj cfejb cr wniqfhk rmj ptndijew tcrmjt rmch

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Rmj cpptncgm na gnhaifgr tjwnizrfnh gch rclj wjqjtci antew?

3( Gneptnefwj

4( Rn pcv naa nhj na rmj pctrfjw7( Zwj ctdfrtcrfnh

2( Rn tjwntr rn dztjczgtcrfg tzijw

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Fh cbbfrfnh) c echckjt.echckjtjww wmnzib pnwwjww rmjaniin{fhk wlfiiw cw {jii?

3( Wjia%c{ctjhjww) mn{ mj pjtgjfqjw nrmjtw chb mn{

nrmjtw pjtgjfqj mfe. mjt(

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2( Zwj wzppntrfqj gneezhfgcrfnh cw ckcfhwr bjajhwfqj

gneezhfgcrfnh

:( Bjcifhk {frm rmj tjwfwrchgj na nrmjtw

1( Pnwwjww hjknrfcrfnh wlfiiw

Fhbfqfbzci tjcgrfnhw rn gnhaifgr

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dtncb wjhwj) rmj fhbfqfbzci fh c gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnh mcw nhiv r{nnprfnhw npjh? wfkh zp nt wmfp nzr( Hjqjtrmjijww) rmj gmnfgj fwrnn btcecrfg) chb frfw tctj {mjh rmj wfrzcrfnhci acgrntw pjtefrnhiv rmfw ante na tjwpnhwj(

Zwzciiv) rmjtj fw c pcb na cggjprchgj) {mfgm fhwzicrjw rmjfhbfqfbzci atne cdwnizrj nt mctwm bjgfwfnhw( Ecwwfj chbBnzkicw -3664& fbjhrfav rmfw cw rmj nhj na fhbfaajtjhgj( Cw chnteci jqjhr) rmj fhbfqfbzci gnhwrchriv gmjglw rn wjj {mjrmjtmfw. mjt pjtwnhci knciw ctj gnhwfwrjhr {frm rmj knciw na wngfci


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13 14

ktnzpw rn {mfgm W.mj djinhkw( Mj gnhrfhzjw rn azhgrfnh fhktnzpw rmcr kjhjtciiv wzppntr mfw.mjt knciw jqjh rmnzkm rmjtjefkmr dj bcv%rn%bcv gnhaifgrw djr{jjh rmje( Rmfw) rmjh) fw rmjnhj na fhbfaajtjhgj chb rmj ejchw na cggneenbcrfnh) {mfgm

{j cii zwj) fh nzt hnteci azhgrfnhfhk fh wngfjrv( Rmj

fhgnhktzfrv na rmj fhbfqfbzci+w chb rmj ktnzp+w knciw fw hnrwzaafgfjhr rn gczwj mfw qnizhrctv wjqjtfhk na rmj tjicrfnhwmfp( Cmfkm nhj na fhbfaajtjhgj pjtefrw invcirv rn c ktnzp fh wpfrj naechv bfaajtjhgjw djr{jjh pjtwnhci chb ktnzp knciw( Rmfw fwnzt hnte djgczwj fr fw tctj {mjh {j cktjj aziiv {frm nzt ktnzp

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Fh ev {ntl {frm pzdifg wjgrnt echckjtw chb wzpjtqfwntw) rmjfwwzj rmcr kjhjtcrjw rmj enwr jenrfnh) chb atzwrtcrjbgneejhrw) fw gnhaifgr {frmfh rmj ntkchfcrfnh( [j kjhjtciiv bnhnr innl cr gnhaifgr cw nppntrzhfrv dzr tcrmjt) {j rjhb rn rmfhl

cdnzr gnhaifgr cw zhpijcwchr) gnzhrjt%ptnbzgrfqj chb rfej%gnhwzefhk chb rmnwj {mn fhfrfcrj fr ctj wjjh cw dcb)gnhrtnqjtwfci chb djrrjt wrfii jhjefjw na ptnktjww( Gnhaifgrrmcr nggztw fh ntkchfcrfnhw hjjb hnr dj bjwrtzgrfqj) ptnqfbjbrmj jhjtkv cwwngfcrjb {frm fr fw mcthjwwjb chb bftjgrjb rn{ctbwptndije%wniqfhk chb ntkchfcrfnhci feptnqjejhr( Mn{jqjt)echckfhk gnhaifgr jaajgrfqjiv tjszftjw rmcr cii pctrfjwzhbjtwrchb rmj hcrztj na gnhaifgr fh rmj {ntlpicgj(

Rmj Pnwfrfqj chb Rmj Hjkcrfqj

Rmjtj ctj r{n {cvw na innlfhk cr ntkchfcrfnhci gnhaifgr( Jcgmna rmjwj {cvw fw ifhljb rn c bfaajtjhr wjr na cwwzeprfnhw cdnzrrmj pztpnwj chb azhgrfnh na ntkchfcrfnhw(


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1; 1=

Rmj Pnwfrfqj

Rmj djhjafrw na ntkchfcrfnhci gnhaifgr mcw rn bn {frm gnhaifgrchb bfwcktjjejhr rmcr ciin{w rmj ntkchfcrfnh nt pjnpij fh fr rnktn{) wniqj ptndijew entj jaajgrfqjiv) chb gnzhrjt%dcichgjrmj fhjtrfc rmcr enwr ntkchfcrfnhw bjqjinp( Knnb

ntkchfcrfnhci gnhaifgr gnhrtfdzrjw rn mjipfhk pjnpij rnj}cefhj rmcr {mfgm fw rcljh ant ktchrjb) nib {cvw na bnfhkrmfhkw rmcr ecv hn inhkjt dj nprfeci) chb wrfezicrj gtjcrfqfrvchb ptndije wniqfhk -Wgmfebr) 36;2&(

Ant ntkchfcrfnhw rn djhjafr atne gnhaifgr) c aj{ rmfhkw hjjb rnmcppjh( Pjnpij fh rmj ntkchfcrfnh hjjb rn dj cdij rn wjpctcrjrmj pjtwnhci) jenrfnhci cwpjgrw na gnhaifgr atne rmj ptndije%wniqfhk pctrw( [mjh pjnpij djgnej nqjtiv fhqjwrjb fh rmjftpnwfrfnhw) rmjv rjhb rn eclj ntkchfcrfnhci jhjefjw cw

gnhaifgrw djgnej entj chb entj pjtwnhcifjb( Pjtwnhcifcrfnhejchw rmcr pjnpij antkjr rmjv ctj nh rmj wcej wfbj chb wjj jcgmnrmjt cw qjtv pjtwnhci jhjefjw(

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pnwfrfnh ejhrfnhjb cdnqj) rmfw entj enbjth cpptncgmgnhwfbjtw rmcr rmj ljvw rn rmj wzggjww na ch ntkchfcrfnh ifj hnrfh wrtzgrztj) gictfrv chb ntbjtifhjww) dzr fh gtjcrfqfrv)tjwpnhwfqjhjww chb cbcprcdfifrv( Rmj wzggjwwazi ntkchfcrfnh)rmjh) hjjbw gnhaifgr wn rmcr bfqjtkfhk qfj{w gch dj pzr nh rmj

rcdij) chb hj{ {cvw na bnfhk rmfhkw gch dj gtjcrjb( Rmjazhgrfnhci qfj{ na gnhaifgr ciwn wzkkjwrw rmcr gnhaifgr ptnqfbjwpjnpij {frm ajjbdcgl cdnzr mn{ rmfhkw ctj knfhk( Jqjh$pjtwnhcifrv gnhaifgrw$ gcttv fhantecrfnh rn rmj echckjt cdnzr

{mcr fw hnr {ntlfhk fh ch ntkchfcrfnh) caantbfhk rmjnppntrzhfrv rn feptnqj(

Fa vnz wzdwgtfdj rn c aij}fdij qfwfnh na jaajgrfqj ntkchfcrfnhw)chb tjgnkhfj rmcr jcgm gnhaifgr wfrzcrfnh ptnqfbjwnppntrzhfrv rn feptnqj) vnz rmjh wmfar vnzt qfj{ na gnhaifgr(

Tcrmjt rmch rtvfhk rn jifefhcrj gnhaifgr) nt wzpptjww frwwveprnew) vnzt rcwl djgnejw echckfhk gnhaifgr wn rmcr frjhmchgjw pjnpij chb ntkchfcrfnhw) tcrmjt rmch bjwrtnvfhkpjnpij chb ntkchfcrfnhw(

Rmjtjantj) rmj rcwl fw rn echckj gnhaifgr) chb hnr rn ciin{gnhaifgr rn jcr c{cv cr rjce gnmjwfqjhjww chb ptnbzgrfqfrv(

Rmj DcbWgmfebr -36;2& npfhjw rmcr gnhaifgr fw hnr ci{cvw mjcirmv) chbrmjtj ctj wjqjtci wfkhw rmcr wzkkjwr bjwrtzgrfqj gnhaifgr fwwjrrfhk fh chb echckjtw chb wzpjtqfwntw ezwr cwljbrmjewjiqjw rmj aniin{fhk szjwrfnhw? Ctj wrcaa ejjrfhkw wfijhr>Fw nhj -nt wjqjtci wrcaa ejedjtw& wfrrfhk ctew gtnwwjb) hnr


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16 ;0

cgrfqjiv pctrfgfpcrfhk> Ctj rmjtj wrcaa ejedjtw {mn ctj hnrwpjclfhk rn jcgm nrmjt> Ctj rmjtj pcrrjthw na zhzwzci wfglijcqj djfhk rcljh dvjepinvjjw {mn ctj hnr zwzciiv wfgl> Gch

vnz ajji rmj rjhwfnh> Mcqj vnz {frhjwwjb nt mjctb nafhcpptnptfcrj djmcqfntw nggzttfhk> Rmjwj ctj cii wfkhw na

zhmjcirmvgnhaifgr dtj{fhk chb hjjbw rn dj cbbtjwwjb(

F tjejedjt {mjh F {cw {ntlfhk cr c gjtrcfh Ozhfnt MfkmWgmnni< wnejnhj mcb inbkjb cgnepicfhr na wj}zci mctcwwejhrckcfhwr c ajiin{ jepinvjj( [mjh rmjv cpptncgmjb rmjechckjt na rmj wgmnni cdnzr rmj djmcqfnt chb rmj nhknfhkgnhaifgr) rmj echckjt cppctjhrivwcfb rmj r{n na vnz wmnzibwntr fr nzr( Rmcr gnepicfhchr {jhr atne dcb rn ndhn}fnzwwrcrj qjtv szfgliv(

[mjh vnz mcqj wrcaa fh gnhaifgr) fr fw fepntrchr rn angzw nh rmj

djmcqfnt) hnr rmjpjtwnh nt rmj icdjiw( Fr fw ciwn fepntrchr rnhfp rmjwj gnhaifgrw fh rmj dzb cw wnnh cwpnwwfdij) nt rmjv mcqjrmj pnrjhrfci rn jwgcicrj fhrn entj wjtfnzw gnhaifgrw(

Gneezhfgcrfnh ptndijew ctj ch fepntrchr wnztgj na gnhaifgrcggntbfhk rn Ectijw -36=1&( Ectijw j}picfhjb rmcr wnej

{ntljtw ecv djqjtv rcwl ntfjhrcrjb chb hnr wn angzwjb nh rmjtjicrfnhwmfp( Nrmjtw ecv mcqj c ktjcrjt jepmcwfw nhtjicrfnhwmfp chb wpjhb entj rfej dzfibfhk tjicrfnhwmfpw chbeclfhk wztjcii pctrfjw ctj gneantrcdij {frm bjgfwfnhw( Cw c

tjwzir) dnrm wrcaa ejedjtw ecvfhrjtptjr rmj wcej jqjhr szfrjbfaajtjhriv) chb dj atzwrtcrjb {frm jcgm nrmjt+w gneezhfgcrfnh wrvijw( Fr fw fepntrchr rmcr rmjv ctj kfqjh rmjwpcgj chb wrtzgrztj rnbfwgzww rmj fwwzjw chb innl cr mn{ rmjvctj knfhk rn enqj ant{ctb( Rmfw gch wrctr {frm c ejjrfhk

bjwfkhjb rn ijr rmj pctrfjw cft rmjft bfaajtjhgjw) bfwgzww rmjzhbjtivfhk fwwzjw chb innl ant c tjwnizrfnh {frmnzr angzwfhk nh

dicej chbgzipcdfifrv( Cgrfhk cw ch fhrjtejbfctv) rmj echckjtgch wjr ch ckjhbc {mjtj dnrmpctrfjw ctj cdij rn j}picfh rmjftwfbj na rmj wrntv chb mjct rmj nrmjtw pjtwpjgrfqj(

Ktnzhb tzijw tjkctbfhk djmcqfntw hjjb rn dj wjr chb fr fw cknnb fbjc rn ijr rmjpctrfjw wjr rmjwj rmjewjiqjw wn rmjv ajji cwrmnzkm rmjv ctj mcqfhk fhpzr fhrn mn{ rmjejjrfhk fw tzh(Cwrmj tjajtjj) rmj echckjt efkmr mcqj rn mcqj afhci wcv fa rmjgnhaifgr fw cdnzr fwwzjwrmcr ctj ckcfhwr rmj ic{ nt gnepchvpnifgv( Mj nt wmj efkmr mcqj rn rjii nhj pctrv rmcr rmjft

djmcqfnt fw hnr cggjprcdij( Mn{jqjt) nhgj rmfw fw nzr nh rmjrcdij) rmj pctrfjwgch cbbtjww azrztj djmcqfntw chb bfwgzww mn{rmjv ctj knfhk rn fhrjtcgr fh rmj azrztj(Fr fw fepntrchr rmcrechckjtw bngzejhr rmfhkw {mjh rmjv ejjr rmj pctrfjw) hnrj

{mcr {cw cktjjb nh) chb aniin{ zp {frm dnrm pctrfjw rn gmjgl{mjrmjt rmj gnhaifgr fwrtziv tjwniqjb( Hfppfhk rmjwj gnhaifgrw+fh rmj dzb+ ciwn jhwztjw rmcr c knnb {ntlfhk tjicrfnhwmfp

djr{jjh rmj pctrfjw fw pnwwfdij( Rmj hn dicej angzw ejchw rmcrrmj pctrfjwgch gnhgjhrtcrj nh wjjlfhk c tjwnizrfnh tcrmjt rmchangzwfhk nh gzipcdfifrv chbtjrtfdzrfnh(

Fa rmj gnhaifgr fw jhrtjhgmjb nt gnepij}) wnejrfejw j}rjthciejbfcrntw {mn ctjptnajwwfnhciiv rtcfhjb fh gnhaifgr tjwnizrfnhctj entj cdij rn acgfifrcrj c pnwfrfqj tjwnizrfnh( Rmjbvwazhgrfnhci qfj{ na ntkchfcrfnhci gnhaifgr fw fedjbbjb fhrmj hnrfnh rmcr ntkchfcrfnhw ctj gtjcrjb rn cgmfjqj knciw dvgtjcrfhk wrtzgrztjw rmcr pjtajgriv bjafhj ond tjwpnhwfdfifrfjw)czrmntfrfjw) chb nrmjt ond azhgrfnhw( Iflj c gingl{ntl {crgm)jcgm $gnk$ lhn{w {mjtj fr afrw) lhn{w {mcr fr ezwr bn chb


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;3 ;4

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rtcbfrfnhci) chb tj%bjafhj rmjft tnijw fh rmj wvwrje>

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ond bjwgtfprfnhw) czrmntfrfjw chb tjwpnhwfdfifrfjw) fhgtjcwj rmjzwj na gjhrtci pn{jt -bfwgfpifhj&) wjpctcrj gnhaifgrfhkejedjtw) jrg(

Rmfw qfj{ na ntkchfcrfnhw chb gnhaifgr gczwjw ptndijew(

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{frmfh c qjtv bfwntbjtiv gnhrj}r) nhj gmctcgrjtfjb dv gnhwrchrgmchkj chb c hjjb ant gnhwrchr cbcprcrfnh( Rtvfhk rn$wrtzgrztj c{cv$ gnhaifgr chb bfwcktjjejhr fh c bvhcefgjhqftnhejhr tjszftjw rtjejhbnzw cenzhrw na jhjtkv) chb {fiiciwn wzpptjww chv pnwfrfqj nzrgnejw rmcr ecv gnej atne

bfwcktjjejhr) wzgm cw feptnqjb bjgfwfnh%eclfhk chbfhhnqcrfnh(

Rmj Ndhn}fnzw .Ndojgrfnhcdij

[j mcqj gnhaifgr {mfgm fw pnwfrfqj) rmj hjkcrfqj -gnhaifgr fw rn djcqnfbjb&) chb hn{ {j hjjb rn cbbtjww rmj ndhn}fnzw( Chndhn}fnzw gnhaifgr nggztw {mjtj rmj echckjt -chb pjtmcpwjepinvjjw& crrjepr rn jifefhcrj nt wzpptjww gnhaifgr fh

wfrzcrfnhw {mjtj fr fw fepnwwfdij rn bn wn( Vnz ezwr lhn{ vnzmcqj ch ndojgrfnhcdij fh vnzt ntkchfcrfnh {mjh?

echv gnhaifgrw tzh ant vjctw

rmjtj fw c knnb bjci na ptfqcrj dfrgmfhk chb gnepicfhfhk

dzr ifrrij crrjepr rn af} rmj ptndije

wrcaa wmn{ ifrrij fhrjtjwr fh {ntlfhk rn gneenh knciw)

dzr wpjhb entj rfej chb jhjtkv nh ptnrjgrfhk

rmjewjiqjw

gnhaifgr djr{jjh rmj pctrfjw tzhw ant c inhk rfej chb

cgtnww echv fwwzjw

pjnpij mcqj kfqjh zp tjwniqfhk rmj gnhaifgr chb mcqj

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pjnpij fh rmj gnhaifgr angzw nh pjtwnhci fwwzjw) wzgm cw

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cw invcirv chb tzbjhjww(

pjnpij ctj narjh icdjijb(

pctrfgfpchrw innl rn c mfkmjt czrmntfrv rn $af}$ rmjptndije zwfhk pn{jt -j(k( knfhk rn rmj dnww rn mcqj

wnejnhj aftjb nt bfwgfpifhjb&(


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;7 ;2

Wgmfebr -36;2& wrcrjb rmcr rmj ndojgrfnhcdij wntrw na gnhaifgrwctj rmnwj rmcr rtfkkjt c ejbfc chb nt c ijkci tjwpnhwj( Rmjwj ctjgnhaifgrw wzgm cw dziivfhk) wj}zci mctcwwejhr) bfwgtfefhcrfnhnt fhbzwrtfci gnhaifgrw( Nhj na rmj ptndijew {frm rmj zkivgnhaifgrw fw rmcr jqjh fa rmj ciijkjb djmcqfntw bfb hnr nggzt) rmj

ntkchfcrfnh wrfii wzaajtw( Rmjtj ctj hn {fhhjtw -j}gjpr ecvdjrmj ic{vjtw&( Rmjwj ndojgrfnhcdij gnhaifgrw mcqj c afhchgfcignwr fh rjtew na ijkci ajjw) fhgtjcwjb wrcaa rzthnqjt) bfaafgzirvtjgtzfrfhk) fhgtjcwjb cdwjhrjjfwe) {ntljtw gnepjhwcrfnh)wrtjww gicfew) cw {jii cw bceckfhk rmj ntkchfcrfnhwtjpzrcrfnh( Rmjwj wntrw na gnhaifgrw ctj zwzciiv gmctcgrjtfjb

dv jhrtjhgmjb pnwfrfnhw chb crrjeprw rn bjajcr rmj nrmjt pctrv(Djgczwj na rmj pnrjhrfci na gnhaifgrw jwgcicrfhk fhrn qjtvndojgrfnhcdij gnhaifgrw) cii fhcpptnptfcrj djmcqfnt hjjbw rn djcbbtjwwjb dv echckjejhr( Rmj dnrrne ifhj fw rmcr echckjtwctj cggnzhrcdij) chb rmjv gchhnr caantb rn pzr +dcb+ gnhaifgrw

nh rmj dcgldzthjt(

Fa c echckjt mjctw na) {frhjwwjw nt fw ecbj fhanteciiv c{ctj napnrjhrfci fhcpptnptfcrj djmcqfnt) rmjv mcqj c bzrv na gctj) chbc ijkci ndifkcrfnh rn aniin{ fr zp chb ptjqjhr nt wrnp rmj

djmcqfnt( Nhgj ckcfh) ev cbqfgj fw rn bngzejhr chvfhrjtqjhrfnh chb aniin{ zp) fh ntbjt rn ptjqjhr rmjwjndojgrfnhcdij gnhaifgrw nggzttfhk( Rmjtj fw ciwn rmj hjjb rnmcqj gijct pnifgfjw ctnzhb djmcqfntci j}pjgrcrfnhw) chb rmjwjpnifgfjw hjjb rn dj zhbjtwrnnb dv cii wrcaa( Rmjtj fw ciwn rmj

hjjb rn mcqj kzfbjifhjw ant wrcaa nh {mcr rn bn fa rmjv ajji rmjvctj djfhk rtjcrjb fhcpptnptfcrjiv chb {mjtj rmjv gch kn rn antmjip fh tjwniqfhk rmj gnhaifgr( Gnhaifgr hjqjt mcw rn tjcgm rmjndhn}fnzw wrckj( Ch ntkchfcrfnh rmcr dnrm jhgnztckjwmjcirmv bjdcrj chb hfpw fhcpptnptfcrj djmcqfntw fh rmj dzb

knjw c inhk {cv rn hztrztfhk c gzirztj na ktn{rm chb tjwpjgrcenhkwr frw jepinvjjw(

Gnhrtfdzrntw rn Ndojgrfnhcdij Gnhaifgrw fh rmj[ntlpicgj

Gnhaifgrw enqj atne pnwfrfqj rn ndojgrfnhcdij fh c hzedjt na{cvw( Fh cbbfrfnh rn rmj {cvw pjnpij fhrjtcgr) ntkchfcrfnhw cwc {mnij gnhwpftj rn gtjcrj ndojgrfnhcdij gnhaifgr( Fa {j innl crntkchfcrfnhw rmcr rjhb rn anwrjt c ktjcr bjci na zkiv gnhaifgr) {jafhb rmcr rmjv wjje rn wmctj wnej nt cii na rmj aniin{fhk(Echckjtw chb wzpjtqfwntw ctj zwzciiv ch fhrjktci pctr na rmjptndije( Enwr na rmj zkiv wrtcrjkfjw zwjb dv echckjtw)jepinvjjw) chb ntkchfcrfnhw cw c {mnij ctj dcwjb nh rmjtjptjwwfnh na gnhaifgr nt dv wmfarfhk rmj gnhaifgr fwwzj atne rmjwpjgfafg fwwzj rn pjtwnhci fwwzjw(

[mjh {j kjr j}rtjej gnhaifgrw nggzttfhk fh ntkchfcrfnhw)rmjtj fw c rjhbjhgv rn innl rn rmj echckjt nt anteci ijcbjt cw

djfhk tjwpnhwfdij ant rmj ejww( Fh acgr) rmcr fw mn{ enwrjepinvjjw {nzib innl cr rmj wfrzcrfnh( Fr fw rtzj rmcr echckjtwchb wzpjtqfwntw picv gtfrfgci tnijw fh bjrjtefhfhk mn{ gnhaifgrfw mchbijb fh rmj ntkchfcrfnh) dzr fr fw ciwn rtzj rmcr rmjcqnfbchgj na ndojgrfnhcdij gnhaifgrw ezwr dj c wmctjbtjwpnhwfdfifrv( Echckjejhr chb jepinvjjw ezwr {ntlrnkjrmjt fh c gnnpjtcrfqj {cv rn tjbzgj rmj zkifhjww) chb

fhgtjcwj rmj ifljifmnnb rmcr gnhaifgr gch dj gmchhjijb fhrn chjaajgrfqj antgj ant gmchkj(


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TjajtjhgjwRMJ GNHAIFGRW

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zhbjtwrchb rmj wnztgj na< chb qctfnzw wrtcrjkfjw ant bjcifhk{frm gnhaifgr) {mfgm fhjqfrcdiv nggztw fh ntkchfcrfnhw( Rvpfgcina rmfw gnhaifgr fw rmj dtjclbn{h na gneezhfgcrfnh djr{jjhechckjejhr chb icdnt< djr{jjh c gneechbjt chb mfw rtnnpw+) Czwrtcifch Onzthci na

Echckjejhr( 32-3&? 46% 2;(

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Lftgmnaa) H() ! Cbcew) O( T( -36=4&( Gnhaifgr Echckjejhr antPtnojgr Echckjtw(Btj}ji Mfii? Ptnojgr Echckjejhr Fhwrfrzrj(

Icedjtr) O() ! Evjtw) W( -3666&( :0 Cgrfqfrfjw ant gnhaifgrtjwnizrfnh( Cemjtwr) EC? MT Bjqjinpejhr Ptjww(

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Efhljw) C( I( -3662&( +Ptngjww) gnhaifgr chb gneefrejhr fhntkchfwcrfnhci bjgfwfnh eclfhk+) Onzthci na Kjhjtci

Echckjejhr) 40-4&? ;=%60(

Enhbtnw) O( D() [nnbtn{) T() ! [jfhwrjfh) I() -3664&( +Rmj zwjna ktnzpw rn echckj gnhaifgr+) Wngfci [ntl {frm Ktnzpw)3:-2&? 27%:1(

Enntj) G() -3627&( Mn{ Ejbfcrfnh [ntlw fh Rmj EjbfcrfnhPtngjww? Ptcgrfgci Wrtcrjkfjw ant Tjwniqfhk Gnhaifgr(

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7 jb( Jhkij{nnb Gifaaw? Ptjhrfgj% Mcii) Fhg(

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Wgmefbr( [( M( -36;2&( $Gnhaifgr) C Pn{jtazi Ptngjww ant -Knnbnt Dcb& Gmchkj)$Echckjejhr Tjqfj{) Bjgjedjt 36;2) pp(2%30

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=7 =2


ISSUES ON CONFLICTS MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANISATION by Thomas Appiah Kubi Asante

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Transcript of ISSUES ON CONFLICTS MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANISATION by Thomas Appiah Kubi Asante