Honors American History Chapter 7

Segregation and Discrimination

• What other types of discrimination and segregation did they face?

• What were Jim Crow laws?

•What was the worst outcome of discrimination?

Reconstruction PresidentsReconstruction- The time period following the Civil War when the United States was trying to decide on how to let the Confederate States back into the union and on what conditions.

13th Amendment

Civil War 1861-1865

1. 13th Amendment2. 14th Amendment3. 15th Amendment

White Terrorism

• Ku Klux Klan established– Terrorizes

blacks and black sympathizers

Failure of Reconstruction

• Republicans lose power– Corruption in Grant’s presidency– Nation-wide displeasure with

Reconstruction (pace, terror)– Depressions draw away attention

(1873, 1884)– Democrats regain power in

Congress

Results of Reconstruction

• White Southerners regain political control• Army removed from South• Blacks lose their gains

– Voting rights not enforced– Sharecropping established– Terror continues - lynching

Turn of the Century Black America

•Jim Crow Laws•Poll Taxes•Literacy Tests•Segregated Facilities•Social Practices

•Sharecropping

Plessy vs. Ferguson1896

Fighting Back – Booker T. Washington

•Worked to establish vocational training for African-Americans.•Thought it was too soon for African-Americans to expect full political rights.•Worked openly with the white establishment.•Founded Tuskegee Institute.

Fighting Back – W.E.B. DuBois

• Demanded full political rights for blacks immediately.

• First African-American to earn a PhD from Harvard

• Wanted a classical education for African-Americans

• Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Ida Wells Barnett

Enforcement of Jim Crow

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• White-Controlled Politicians and Law Enforcement

• Ku Klux Klan• Lynching

Who was an African-American reformer?

Ida W

ells

Booker T. W

ash...

WEB DuBois

All of t

he abo...

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1. Ida Wells2. Booker T.

Washington3. WEB DuBois4. All of the above

Other groups face discrimination

• Hispanic Americans– What problems did they face?

• Asian Americans– What did they face?

• Women– What problems did they face?

What was the key date in the women's suffrage movement?

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1 2 3 4 5

1. 18482. 18693. 18724. 19205. All of the above

What was the worst possible outcome of discrimination?

1 2 3 4 5 6

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1. Denial to vote2. Lynchings3. Lower wages4. Poll Taxes5. Literacy Tests6. Sharecropping

PoliticalPoliticalandand

EconomicEconomicChallengesChallenges

Section7.2

Political Scandal and Reform• Who controlled the local government in

American cities in the late 1800’s?

Who led these groups? How did they get support?

What was the notorious of these groups in NYC?

Who is this individual?

James G

arfield

Boss Tweed

US Grant

Roscoe Conklin

...

Chester A

rthur

Thomas Nast

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1. James Garfield2. Boss Tweed3. US Grant4. Roscoe

Conkling5. Chester Arthur6. Thomas Nast

Who is this individual?

What happened to him?

The Presidency as a The Presidency as a Symbolic OfficeSymbolic Office

Party bosses ruled. Presidents should

avoid offending anyfactions within theirown party.

The President justdoled out federal jobs.

1865 53,000 people worked for the federal govt.

1890 166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “

Senator Roscoe Conkling

Presidential Scandal

• Grant becomes President in 1869

• Cre’dit Mobilier Scandal

1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: RepublicansElection: RepublicansHalf Breeds Stalwarts

Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York)

James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)

compromise

What political views did he have?

How were his views different?

Garfield

1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!

Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

What was he trying to accomplish by killing Garfield?

What was he trying to accomplish by killing Garfield?

0%

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Place a Stalwart in the Presidency2. Replace Garfield3. Support the “Spoils System”4. Show that he is insane5. All of the above.

Chester A. Arthur:Chester A. Arthur:The Fox in the Chicken The Fox in the Chicken

Coop? How did he Coop? How did he surprise his supporters?surprise his supporters?

The Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed:

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After McKi... By the Tam... After Pres... Immigrants...

1. After McKinley became President

2. By the Tammany Hall Political Machine

3. After President Garfield was assasinated

4. Immigrants became a force in national politics

Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act. The “Magna Carta”

of civil service reform.

Promotion based on???

1883 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs became civilservice exam positions.

1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

Founder of the Founder of the National Grange of National Grange of

the Patrons of the Patrons of Husbandry Husbandry (1867)(1867)

The Grange The Grange MovementMovement Wanted to regulate the railroad Wanted to regulate the railroad

rates. rates. What does this lead to?What does this lead to? First organized in the 1870s in First organized in the 1870s in

the Midwest, the south, and the Midwest, the south, and Texas.Texas.

Set up cooperative associations.Set up cooperative associations. Social and educational Social and educational

components.components. Succeeded in lobbying for Succeeded in lobbying for

“Granger Laws“Granger Laws.”.” Rapidly declined by the late Rapidly declined by the late

1870s1870s..

The Farmers The Farmers AlliancesAlliances

Begun in the 1870s (Built upon the Begun in the 1870s (Built upon the ashes of the Grange.)ashes of the Grange.)

Wanted more paper money in Wanted more paper money in circulation. circulation. Why??Why??

More political and less social than More political and less social than the Grange.the Grange.

Ran candidates for office.Ran candidates for office. Controlled 8 state legislatures & had Controlled 8 state legislatures & had

4747representatives in Congress during representatives in Congress during the 1890s.the 1890s.

Farmers Alliance Farmers Alliance forms political forms political

partyparty 1873 Congress puts US dollar on gold standard

Reduces the amount of money in Reduces the amount of money in circulationcirculation

Impact on farmers??Impact on farmers?? What do farmers want? Why?What do farmers want? Why?

What did the Populist Party want?

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Government owners... Bank regulation Graduated income ... Free coinage of s... All of the above

1. Government ownership of the railroads

2. Bank regulation3. Graduated income

tax4. Free coinage of

silver5. All of the above

The Populist The Populist (Peoples’) Party(Peoples’) Party Founded by James B. Founded by James B.

WeaverWeaverand Tom Watson.and Tom Watson.

Omaha, NE Convention in Omaha, NE Convention in July,July,1892.1892.

Got almost 1 million Got almost 1 million popularpopularvotes.votes.

Several Congressional Several Congressional seatsseatswon.won.

What did they want?What did they want?

James B. Weaver, James B. Weaver, Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

&&James G. Field, VPJames G. Field, VP

Populist Farmers wanted more money in circulation in order to:

Decrease

the v...

Strengthen th

e...

Slow down fo

re...

Strengthen th

e...

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1. Decrease the value of their debts

2. Strengthen the Republican Party

3. Slow down foreign immigration

4. Strengthen the Gold Standard

1892 Presidential 1892 Presidential ElectionElection

Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again! * (DEM) (REP)

1892 1892 Presidential Presidential

ElectionElection

Cleveland Loses Cleveland Loses Support Fast!Support Fast! The only President to serve two

non-consecutive terms.

Blamed for the 1893 Panic. Defended the gold standard. Used federal troops in the 1894

Pullman strike. Refused to sign the Wilson-

GormanTariff of 1894.

Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. (Why was this a problem?)

Causes of the Causes of the 1893 Panic1893 Panic Begun 10 days after Cleveland took Begun 10 days after Cleveland took

office.office.1.1. Several major corps. went bankrupt.Several major corps. went bankrupt.

(RR)(RR) Over 16,000 businesses Over 16,000 businesses

disappeared.disappeared. Triggered a stock market crash.Triggered a stock market crash. Over-extended investments.Over-extended investments.

2.2. Bank failures followed causing a Bank failures followed causing a contractioncontractionof credit [nearly 500 banks closed].of credit [nearly 500 banks closed].

3.3. By 1895, unemployment reached 3 By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million.million.

Americans cried out for relief, but the Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt.Govt.continued its laissez faire policies!!continued its laissez faire policies!!

Cleveland blames Sherman Silver Cleveland blames Sherman Silver Purchase ActPurchase Act

Bi-Metallism Bi-Metallism IssueIssue

19th Century Monetary Fight

• East Coast Bankers (Rich)

– Creditors (They have provided loans to farmers for land, seed, machinery, etc.)

– Back the Gold Standard

– Want the amount of currency in U.S. to stay fixed or low growth.

• Plains Farmers (Poor)

– Debtors (They have taken out loans that they must pay back)

– Back the Free Coinage of Silver

– Want the amount of currency in the U.S. to expand

William Jennings William Jennings Bryan Bryan

(1860-1925)(1860-1925)

The “Great The “Great Commoner”Commoner”

William Jennings William Jennings BryanBryanPrairie avenger, Prairie avenger,

mountain lion, mountain lion,Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan,

Bryan, Bryan,Gigantic troubadour, Gigantic troubadour,

speaking like a speaking like a siege siege gun, gun,Smashing Plymouth Smashing Plymouth Rock Rock with his boulders with his boulders from the West. from the West.

Revivalist style of oratory.

Bryan’sBryan’s“Cross of Gold” “Cross of Gold”

SpeechSpeechYou shall not You shall not press down press down upon the brow upon the brow of labor this of labor this crown of crown of thorns; you thorns; you shall not shall not crucify crucify mankind upon mankind upon aa cross of goldcross of gold!!

William McKinley William McKinley (1843-1901)(1843-1901)

1896 Election 1896 Election ResultsResults

Why Did Bryan Why Did Bryan Lose?Lose? His focus on ______ His focus on ______

underminedunderminedefforts to build bridges to efforts to build bridges to urbanurbanvoters.voters.

He did not form alliances He did not form alliances withwithother groups. Business other groups. Business leaders feared him, gave leaders feared him, gave money to _______.money to _______.

__________’s campaign was __________’s campaign was well-well-organized and highly funded.organized and highly funded.

What Populist Party reform survived to be accepted by the major parties?

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Graduated ... Regulation... More flexi... All of the...

1. Graduated income tax

2. Regulation of the railroads

3. More flexible monetary system

4. All of the above

Gold Triumphs Gold Triumphs Over SilverOver Silver

1900 1900 GoldGoldStandard ActStandard Act

confirmed theconfirmed thenation’s nation’s commitment tocommitment tothe gold the gold standard.standard.

A victory for the A victory for the

forces offorces ofconservatism.conservatism.

Good or bad for Good or bad for farmers??farmers??

The The Wizard Wizard of Ozof Oz by L. by L. Frank Frank BaumBaum

The Wizard of OzThe Wizard of OzA Populist A Populist

Allegory/Parable?Allegory/Parable?

1964: Henry 1964: Henry Littlefield’s Littlefield’s “Thesis”? “Thesis”?

Dorothy and Toto

Wicked Witch of the East

Munchkins

Wicked Witch of the West

Good Witch of The North

Yellow Brick Road

Scarecrow

Tin Man

Cowardly Lion

Winged Monkeys"Once we were a free people, living happily in the forest, flying from tree to tree, eating nuts and fruit and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master...This was many ears ago before Oz came out of the clouds to rule over this land."

Yellow Winkies

Emerald City

“I’m Melting!”

The Wizard

“Ruby” SlippersIn the book they were SilverSo they represent?

““Parable of the Parable of the Populists”?Populists”? Tornado Tornado ??

Dorothy Dorothy ?? Toto Toto ?? Kansas Kansas ?? Wicked Witch of theWicked Witch of the

East East ?? Tin Woodsman Tin Woodsman ?? Scarecrow Scarecrow ?? Cowardly Lion Cowardly Lion ?? Yellow Brick Road Yellow Brick Road

??

Silver Slippers Silver Slippers ?? Emerald City Emerald City ?? Oz Oz ?? The Wizard The Wizard ?? Munchkins Munchkins ?? Wicked Witch of the Wicked Witch of the

West West ?? Flying Monkeys Flying Monkeys ?? Yellow Winkies Yellow Winkies ??