Issues in World Order
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Transcript of Issues in World Order
World orderPart 3 option 2 Contemporary Issues in World Order
Term 1/2 20121Monday, 18 June 2012
Main Syllabus Points
Hint: These issues should be integrated to support your argument in essays
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1.“Responsibility to Protect”
new international security and human rights norm (R2P) - world summit 2005
This norm derived from the need to have ‘humanitarian intervention’ in the conflicts of Rwanda, Bosnia and Kosovo
This issue challenges the concept of state sovereignty
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r2p4Monday, 18 June 2012
onus is placed on nation states and international organisations
also includes the ‘responsibility to warn’ for nation states
designed to prevent mass atrocity crimes
Legal Responses
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Obama,r2p and Libya6Monday, 18 June 2012
NGO’s are at the forefront of this principle (ICG). They have been involved in:
strengthening the acceptance of R2P
building NGO skills to apply pressure to governments
dealing with country specific situations
The International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRTOP) was raised by NGO’s
Non-legal Responses
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Two contradictory aspects of the UN charter are developed
the non-interference principle in relation to state sovereignty
obligation of UN members to act against human rights violations
Hint: R2p is a norm not a law. Therefore jus cogens is developed
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correct labelling of R2P conflicts
prevention not military action
The UNSC needs to develop specific guidelines when force is used (Libya 2011)
More power given to IGO’s
Priorities of R2P
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R2P Issues10Monday, 18 June 2012
2. Regional and global situations that threaten peace and security: The
Nuclear Threat
Nuclear Weapons are the greatest threat to peace and security globally
There has been a reduction of nuclear weapons. However, the detonation of only a few hundred would cause massive ecological and humanitarian disasters
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Overview of nuclear weapons12Monday, 18 June 2012
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History of nuclear weapons14Monday, 18 June 2012
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Bilateral Treaties have been established to disarm nation states
USA and USSR(Russia)
1983-begin talks
1991 - Start 1 - which reduces their arsenals of warheads
2002 - SORT Treaty signed - criticism was made because many nuclear arms were simply stored
Legal Responses
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What are these cartoons showing?
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USA-Russia Relations18Monday, 18 June 2012
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968 - reducing countries that possessed nuclear weaponry
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by 1996. 182 signatories and 153 ratifications. The United States has not ratified the treaty
Multilateral treaties
Hint: these are excellent treaties to integrate into the international documents and instruments
section
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NPT Review Conference 201020Monday, 18 June 2012
UNSC and Nuclear Disarmament
Tug of war between the Cold War years
UNSC has strived to work on a case by case basis with countries of interest
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Resolution 687 in 1991 - destruction of all chemical, ballistic and biological weapons by Saddam Hussein
Comply to rigorous UNSC weapons inspections
Still today, weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have not been found in Iraq
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IRAQ - hans blix23Monday, 18 June 2012
In the early nineties, North Korea began developing nuclear weapons that were known to the worlds powers
Agreements were made with the USA but in 2003 N. Korea withdrew from the NPT
2006 it detonated a nuclear bomb (as a test apparently), followed by UNSC pressure, which still remains today
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UN sanctions placed on North Korea 2009
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UNSC Resolution 1887 - Maintenance of international peace and security: Nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament
all 15 members of the UNSC voted yesStrong support for NPT Pressure was applied to non signatories such as India, Pakistan and Israel
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International Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission
Begun in 2003 - President Hans Blix
The International Commission on Nuclear Non Proliferation and Disarmament
Non-legal Responses
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UNSC effective?28Monday, 18 June 2012
3.The success in achieving world order
Many disputes have been resolved through international courts and treaties
In comparison to previous interventions, East Timor and Libya are considered successful
Hint: this section will be critical to evaluating effectiveness criteria
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UNSC Resolution 1246 -Ballot to Decide on Special Autonomy for East Timor
UN established the United Nations mission in East Timor (UNAMET)
Case study: East Timor
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UNSC Resolution 1264
Established INTERFET - (International Force for East Timor) peacekeeping force under Australian command
Humanitarian assistance was given and eventually violence stopped, giving success to the resolution
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Success for the UN in East Timor
Deemed a success due to the willingness of Australia providing military assistance
The final outcomes - new independent state, this may have not been possible without UN intervention
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4. Rules regarding the conduct of hostilities: International humanitarian law
International humanitarian law (IHL) refers to the body of treaties and humanitarian principles that regulate the conduct of armed conflict and seek to limit its effects
Treaties include:
The Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907
The four Geneva Conventions 1864, 1949
The Geneva Protocol 197733Monday, 18 June 2012
Hint: This issue is linked to the impact of changing values and ethical standards on
world order theme
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In 1863 the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded was established
the treatment of people injured in war was random. There were no international standards for the conduct of war
Henri Dunant - Founded the ICRC
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Today, all nation states know the standards of decent conduct in war
the Geneva Conventions are the most signed and ratified set of treaties in the world, with 194 signatories.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) becomes a legal response due to its incorporation in treaties
Legal Responses
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Abuse of GC37Monday, 18 June 2012
The First Geneva Convention (1949) protects wounded and sick soldiers on land during war
The Second Geneva Convention (1949) protects wounded, sick and shipwrecked personnel at sea during war.
The Third Geneva Convention (1949) protects prisoners of war
The Fourth Geneva Convention (1949) protects civilians, including those in occupied territory
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George Bush on GC39Monday, 18 June 2012
The Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907
1899 was to prohibit the use of certain types of technology in war, including chemical weapons and hollow point bullets
1907 focused on naval warfare
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The ICRC was instrumental in the creation of the International Criminal Court
1945–46 the Nuremberg Trials - Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes and set a precedent of holding leaders accountable for their actions
International Courts
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In the 1990s, the UN Security Council established ad hoc international tribunals in response to the mass killings
2002 the GC entered into force with the International Criminal Court. The ICC finally gave teeth to the Geneva Conventions
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Breaches of the GC by the USA
USA labelled alleged terrorists as ‘unlawful combatants’ therefore outside the protection of the GC
Additionally, the military made it difficult for the Red Cross to visit
Finally, Guantanamo prison was established to ignore domestic law within the USA
Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo
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Guantanamo 44Monday, 18 June 2012
Iraqi victims being tortured in Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were released to the media
Other allied countries were dismayed that the USA were using such tactics
In 2009 President Obama announced that Guantanamo Bay prison facilities would be closed
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The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) plays a significant role
acts as a neutral party and helps people on all sides in a conflict
visits prison camps, internment camps or labour camps of both sides
evaluating the conditions of prisoners of war held in detention
Non-Legal Responses
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David Hicks and John Howard Q&A 2010
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