Issues in water resource management -- Property Rights
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Issues in water resource managementIssues in water resource management
-- Property Rights -- Property Rights
Nirmal Sengupta
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Apart from their use as law,the property rights
structure the belief systems of the people.
both property law & beliefsdictates
management of water resources
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Types of property :
State Property
Private Property
Common Property
Not Property (not yet defined)
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Isuue: The State of Property rights on water in INDIA
is specific to India.
The bundle of right here
Property is not full-fledged ownership, with complete rights of exclusion, transfer and use.
It is a fine bundle of rightsbundle of rights (and responsibilities).
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Evolution of Property Rights in India
REGULATING ACTS (1773- )by British Parliament
Led primarily to development of private property in modern India
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But the incentives of Trading Company were different
from that of normal State
Result wasDistinctive development
of Private Property in India
and distinct common property relations
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Incentives of the East India Company
trade
land revenueland revenueEarly experiments settled to --Early experiments settled to --
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Permanent Settlement (1793)
Due to asset specificity - long-term contract worked better.
Economy prospered. But Trader State gained no share of prosperity.But Trader State gained no share of prosperity.
Hence a new approach for later settlements:
Ryotwari Settlement (1800)
Enabling regular revision of land revenue.Enabling regular revision of land revenue.
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Ryotwari Land Settlement(the root of the current system)
Revenue- yielding land
- Settled as private property of farmers
Non-revenue land - commonly Waste Land
waste – till settled i.e. pre-eminence of State right
Non-revenue land – water, forests, grazing grounds,
fishing grounds
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Land for Irrigation Land for Irrigation works Was not revenue producing
But not ‘ Waste Land ‘ to be settled later
Left for use as such till State find some use.Left for use as such till State find some use.(Pre-eminence of State)
‘ Waste Land ‘Left for use as such till State find some use.
In course of time -- In course of time --
Forests:Forests: settled for agriculture & commercial use
GrazingGrazing grounds: settled for reclamation.
Fishing Fishing patches: Open access.
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IMPLICATIONS --
ambiguities and inconsistent judicial interpretations
But no change in fundamentals.
Later Modifications : Customary Rights Panchayat Act Administrative Reforms
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India – surface water
The people enjoy some appropriation and use rights.
But the state right is paramount
and can be exerted at will.
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Consequent features (1) :
For acquisitionacquisition of natural and local water sources, no eminent
domain argument is required.
-- as is for land.
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Features (2) :
No formal attenuationattenuation of surface water rights needed.
-- compare with recent groundwater regulation.
Private right on groundwater recognised by Easement Act.
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Features (3) :
Rights on surface water discussed as –
division of rights between hierarchies
(and departments) of government.
-- not as rights of users, locals.
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Accompanying
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Ryotwari area: Irrigation increases land revenue
earnings
State as Provider of Irrigation
Formation of PWD (1850)
But private initiative
absent and discouragedabsent and discouraged
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Irrigation Dept. / PWD
Assigned responsibilities to
panchayats etc. But gave no rights.
Irrigation & Drainage Acts too
assigned responsibilities but gave
no rights.
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Reform EffortsReform Effortsthree sourcesthree sources
Farmers’ demands 73rd Amendment International Agencies
(a) Participatory programmesParticipatory programmes
(b)(b) PrivatisationPrivatisation
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PRI, Turn-over Programmes --
State has not relinquished rights,
or granted limited right.
These organizations are facing pressure from different government bodies.
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Recent Privatisations --
State has systematically transferred
water right to private corporations.
These organizations are not facing any pressure from government bodies.
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Common Property --
Water from common source
– de facto CPR but not formal
Present – limited transfer of rights
- Turn Over programs only about distribution
Also, state right still paramount.
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to
Sum Up
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The Users -
have private right on groundwater not on surface water
enjoy some appropriation and use rights
but the state right is paramount and can be exerted at will
rights on surface water seen as division of rights between hierarchies/departments of government
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Consequences -
Excessive dependence on STATE - seen as the provider of irrigation, drinking water, hydropower
private initiatives - absent and discouraged
STATE is now systematically transferring water right to private corporations.
common property relations – de facto not formal
ambiguities in judicial interpretations
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