Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain –...
Transcript of Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain –...
![Page 1: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BU FUEL1 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Issues for Increasing Burnup
Patrick Blanpain
TWGFPT, Vienna, April 24 – 26, 2013
![Page 2: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BU FUEL2 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
ContentCountry Reports AnalysisIssues for Increasing Burnup
Burnup trends for various types of fuels [Ref.6]
![Page 3: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
BU FUEL3 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Country Reports
Answers from 24 countries
PWR, BWR, VVER, PHWR
Data: 2010 to 2013 Japan: data before March 2011. Update available on the XL file Germany: proprietary information
Unit: Batch avg. discharge BU (MWd/kg) Assembly Avg. discharge BU (USA)
![Page 4: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
BU FUEL4 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis – PWR
Y
YY
MOX
No inf.Germany
Opt Zirlo488 EFPD14x144.539 – 56*USAM51817x174.044UK
Duplex D41215x154.9557 - 58SwitzerlandM51215x154.143 - 51Sweden
Zirlo1817x174.750Spain
M51215x154.451NetherlandZirlo15 - 1717x17, 16X164.538 - 46Korea
Zirlo,MDA,NDA
1314x144.840 - 51Japan
M51817x174.545 - 55FranceM51817x174.545.0ChinaM51316x164.035.6 – 47.3BrazilM51817x174.647.9 - 50.5Belgium
Cladding**
Cycle length (m)
FA array**% U5**BU range
Country
* Assembly avg. ** Data corresponding to the highest burnups
![Page 5: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
BU FUEL5 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis – BWR
Y
Y
MOX
No inf.Germany
Zy-2650 EFPD10 x 104.2039.1 – 49.9*USA
Zy2/Liner1210 x 104.2553 - 55Switzerland
Zy2/Liner1210 x 103.8543 - 45Sweden
No inf.Spain
Zy2139 x 93.746Japan
Zy2186 x 64.721India
Zy21210 x 103.5842 - 44Finland
CladdingCycle length (m)
FA array% U5BU rangeCountry
* Assembly avg
![Page 6: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
BU FUEL6 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis – VVER
E110121274.1142.7 – 48.9Ukraine
E11011hex4.8748Slovakia
E110121274.2541.6 - 52Russian Federation
E110123494.2040.0Hungary
E11012hex4.3742.9Finland
E110121274.3829 - 52Czech Republic
E11012hex4.1042China
Zr 1% Nb123314.2548.8Bulgaria
CladdingCycle length (m)
FA array% U5BU RangeCountry
![Page 7: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
BU FUEL7 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis – PHWR
Zy-4On-line19/37NU7.0India
On-lineRomania
Zy-41537NU7.2Korea
On-line37NU7.2China
On-line28/37NUCanada
Zy-4On-line36/37NU – 0.857.3 – 10.5Argentina
CladdingCycle lenght
Array% U5BU RangeCountry
![Page 8: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BU FUEL8 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Burnup analysis (1)
PWRs Average batch discharge burnups are currently in the range of 40 – 58 GWd/tM Highest batch discharge BU (58) reported by Switzerland. Batch average disch. BU 65 in 2016
U5 enrichments in the range of 4 – 5%
BWRs Average batch discharge burnups are currently in the range of 40 – 55 GWd/tM Highest batch discharge BU (55) reported by Switzerland. U5 enrichments in the range of 3.60 – 4.25%
VVERs Average batch discharge burnups are currently in the range of 40 – 52 GWd/tM Highest batch discharge BU (52) reported by Russian Federation.
PHWRs PHWR reactors are refuelled continuously on-power Burnup around 7 GWd/tM
![Page 9: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
BU FUEL9 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis (2)– PHWR
PHWR reactors are refuelled continuously on-powerArgentina Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched
uranium (0.85%) since year 2000. The average fuel discharge burnupsachieved in 2010 were 10563 MWd/tU at Atucha-1 and 7292 MWd/tU at Embalse.
Romania The average fuel discharge burnup achieved in 2010 was 169.8 MWh/kgU
at Unit 1 and 180.1 MWh/kgU at Unit 2
![Page 10: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
BU FUEL10 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis (3) - MOX
Some countries have chosen the option of reprocessing spent fuel. Thus, resulting in a certain quantity of fissile Pu, which can be used together with UO2 to manufacture so called mixed-oxide fuel (MOX), as well as some amount of reprocessed uranium. Also, theoption of using weapons grade high enriched uranium and plutonium has been considered.
MOX fuel: France, Germany and Japan No more MOX fuel in Belgian and Swiss reactors Four WG MOX assemblies recently irradiated in USA (Catawba PWR)
![Page 11: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
BU FUEL11 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis (4) - Trends in Germany
There is no generic licensing burnup limit for German plants. According to the reports on safety technical boundary conditionsthe situation is (rod averaged max.burnup): PWR:
UO2: between 71 and 80 MWd/kgU MOX: between 53 and 76 MWd/kgHM
BWR: UO2: 82 MWd/kgU MOX: 75 MWd/kg HM
[Ref.6]
[P-B. Hoffmann,
Personal Communication]
![Page 12: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
BU FUEL12 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis (5) – Trends in USA
The average burnup at discharge from US PWRs are currently in the range of 40-56 GWd/tM and from US BWRs in the range of 40-50 GWd/tM. The PWRs have levelled off and the BWR are still increasing slightly approaching the NRC regulatory limit of 62.5GWd/tM peak rod.
[Ref. 4]
![Page 13: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BU FUEL13 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
BU analysis (6) – Trends in France
MOX Since 2007, the “MOX Parity” fuel management is now deployed in 22
French 900 MWe NPPs and allows 4 one-year cycles of insertion, and the same assembly discharge burnup for UO2 and MOX fuel (enrichment of UO2 is 3.7% U-235 and the average Pu content of the MOX assemblies is equivalent to 3.7% U-235).
Burnups The need for very high burnup limits is somewhat alleviated in France by
the use of fuel recycle technology. High burnups degrade the isotopic composition and “quality” of reprocessed fuels.
A limit of 62 GWd/tM has been licensed for the “GALICE” fuel management in the 1 300 MWe NPPs, which has been implemented in only one NPP, to gather in-reactor feedback.
![Page 14: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
BU FUEL14 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Issues for Increasing Burnup
A trend towards increasing the discharge burnup of nuclear fuel has been a feature of the operation of all types of nuclear power plant for many years. The increase of fuel burnup, and a concurrent increase in fuel duty, has been implemented in response to the economic challenge to reduce costs associated with nuclear power. Increased dwell allows smaller fuel inventories, and reduced spent fuel arisings. It is also possible to design longer fuel cycles in the reactor, which can mean higher availability and capacity factors. However, there are also increased costs associated with high burnup, for example, increased enrichment, poison loadings, which can decrease efficiency and also meeting new challenges to fuel integrity and performance.
In addition to potential technical issues, the two major constraints to achieving higher burnup are the regulatory limits and the 5% limit on U235 enrichment. The regulatory limits are set to ensure sufficient margins towards the fuel design criteria.
![Page 15: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
BU FUEL15 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Enrichment
Depending on the assumptions, enrichment > 5% required for > 60 GWd/tM
[Ref. 2]
![Page 16: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
BU FUEL16 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Economics
Depending on the assumptions, fuel cycle costs estimates tend to increase with burnup beyond 55 – 70 GWd/tM
![Page 17: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
BU FUEL17 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
LWR Fuel Burnup Limits
Potential limiting factors: Pellet cladding interaction Rod pressure Corrosion (oxide layer) Hydrogen pickup (cladding embrittlement) …
What is the burnup limit? Examples of 100 GWd/tM reported Possibility to tweak current UO2 pellet fuel system to > 75 GWd/tM More importantly, what are the margins?
![Page 18: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BU FUEL18 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Development Needed for High Burnup
Fuel performance Fission gas release Swelling / PCI Cladding behavior High burnup structure (HBS) Off-normal behavior not well known (RIA, ATWS, LOCA)
Criticality limits Enrichment plants Fuel fabrication plants Transportation Reactor storage racks
Spent fuel Storage Transportation
Cladding properties
![Page 19: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
BU FUEL19 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Off- Normal Behavior: LOCA
![Page 20: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
BU FUEL20 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Off-Normal Behavior: LOCA
or
The US-NRC – Studsvik Tests
![Page 21: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
BU FUEL21 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
CONSEQUENCES:P. Clifford / US-NRC – Regulatory – (Proposal
at LOCA Workshop in Lyon, May 2012)
Fuel dispersal:“Possible near-term action plan:
Interim requirements consisting of prescriptive limits on population of burst fuel rods.
- LOCA:- Less than 10% burst rods.- No burst rods above 45 GWd/MTU.- Non-LOCA:- No burst rods (No DNB failures in high burnup fuel rods above system pressure).
Fuel design and/or fuel management changes may be necessary to comply with interim requirements.
Moratorium on fuel rod burnup extensions and fuel design changes which promote fuel dispersal.”
NOT IMPLEMENTED in the current US-NRC LOCA RULEMAKING
![Page 22: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
BU FUEL22 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
Summary
Burnups approaching the regulatory limits and the 5% enrichment limit
Economic advantage does not appear to be great
Still some room for improvement in burnup performance
New nuclear infrastructure required beyond ~ 65 GWd/tM
Significant R&D / qualification effort still needed (off-normal behavior)
![Page 23: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
BU FUEL23 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna – April 2013
References
1. IAEA / TWGFPT Country Reports2. “Very High Burn-ups in Light Water Reactors” OECD 2006 NEA
N°62243. IAEA TM on High Burnup Fuel Experience and Economics. Sofia
26 – 28 September 20064. “High Burnup Fuel Design Issues and Consequences” A.N.T.
International, October 20125. “Nuclear Fuel Safety Criteria Technical Review” OECD 2012, NEA
N°70726. “Impact of High Burnup Uranium Oxide and Mixed Uranium–
plutonium Oxide Water Reactor Fuel on Spent Fuel Management”IAEA Nuclear Energy Series N° NF-T-3.8, 2011
![Page 24: Issues for Increasing Burnup - International Atomic …€¦ · · 2014-04-084 P.Blanpain – IAEA/TWG-FPT- Vienna ... Embalse with natural uranium and Atucha-1 with slightly enriched](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5ae2a5b27f8b9ae74a8cbdb1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Presentation title – Presenter/ref. - 24 April 2013 - p.24
PIGA stamp
Sed qui doloratur, qui sincit doles maximi, nonsentur solorro officte sima si conse optiatet aciumexcesti quia sanducit qui quis nis pa quam velit faccaturis
BUSINESS GROUP
Presentation title – Presenter/ref. - 24 April 2013 - p.24
Thank You for Your Attention!