ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY VENDORS ON URBAN … › admin › resources › project › paper...

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com February 2015, Volume 3 Issue 2, ISSN 2349-4476

71 Ar. Manoj Panwar, Vikas Garg

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY VENDORS ON

URBAN STREETS: A CASE OF SONIPAT CITY, INDIA

Ar. Manoj Panwar1

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Urban & Town Planning,

DCR University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, India

Vikas Garg2

MURP, Faculty of Architecture, Urban & Town Planning

DCR University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, India

Abstract: We cannot neglect Urbanization as it is directly proportional to development of a country.

Effect of an increasing population growth in the era of globalization is compounded by a rapidly

accelerating migration from rural areas to the urban centers. These accelerated pace of urbanization

has led to employment problems. Urban labour force expands faster than the employment generated

in the urban sector of economy e.g. manufacturing and services sector. So urban centers are not able

to provide employment to all workforce, in formal jobs, looking forward for opportunities for

earning their livelihood, so, they are forced to find other opportunities in informal sector of urban

settlement. The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and the labour market in

many countries, especially in developing countries. It plays a major role in employment creation,

production, and income generation. Within this informal sector of workforce, street vendors play an

important role in employing migrated people. Vending in urban area is characterized by ease of

entry, small scale of operation carried out in temporary structure in a variable location without a

fixed place or store. Vendors sell their products in unregulated and competitive market environment

without observing any fixed hours for vending. Very often, vending is on an illegal basis contrary to

the government regulations; it does not depend upon formal financial institutions for its credit needs

As initial investment and risk associate for vending daily needs is low, but due to this street vendors

large number of problems associated with landuse, security, health and infrastructure social arise.

Authors have identified Sonipat as study area and studied the problems. The paper provides spatial

solutions for Sonipat and policy measures for regulating urban vendors in other settlements too.

Keywords: Urbanization, street vendors, spatial land use;

1. INTRODUCTION

Urbanization refers to the growth of towns and cities, often at the expense of rural areas, as people

move to urban centers in search of jobs and what they hope will be a better life. The majority of the

people migrated or planning to migrate from rural to urban areas for earning their livelihood, greater

variety of educational and recreational facilities, larger and more specialized healthcare facilities.

Urban centers are able to provide a variety of services that small rural centers cannot. India is a

developing country and stands second in terms of population in the world. India is poised with rapid

urbanization (Table 1). The urban settlement’s ability of economic development induces migration

for all kinds of people as the development require all kind of skilled semi skilled and unskilled

workforce for generating economy and developing urban infrastructure (Jain P., 2013). These

migrated people are absorbed in formal and informal sectors in various development works in urban

http://www.ijetmas.com/




settlement for earning their livelihood. Once these development works are bunged, the literate and

illiterate people have to make self-employment through various aspects including informal sectors

(Yatmo, Y. A., 2008). As all these migrants do not possess the skill set or the education required for

urban development so, secure employment in the formal sector cannot be provided (Yatmo, Y. A.,

2009). Also, due to large population and hasty urbanization, it is impossible for the government to

provide employment to everyone (Fig. 1). So, most of them have to settle for work in the informal

sector.

Table 1: Urbanization in India

Source: Census of India 2011

1.1 Present Scenario of Informal Sector in India

Poverty and lack of gainful employment in the rural areas and in the smaller towns drive large

numbers of people to the cities for work and livelihood. These people generally possess low skills

and lack the level of education required for the better paid jobs in the organized sector. Besides,

permanent protected jobs in the organized sector are shrinking hence even those having the requisite

skills are unable to find proper employment. For these people work in the informal sector are the

only means for their survival. In most Indian cities, the majority of urban poor survive by working in

the informal sector (Sekar, H. R.) This has led to a rapid growth of the informal sector in most of the

larger cities. The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and the labour market

in many countries, especially in developing countries, plays a major role in employment creation,

production, and income generation (Kolli, R. 2011). It is estimated that more than two thirds of total

employment and more than one third of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the non-

agricultural sector in Asia (Adhikari, D. B., 2012). Looking at the employment status (Table 2),

most of the migrated unskilled workforce engages themselves in labor in industries; construction and

providing different forth class services to urban households, street vendors, domestic workers, rug

pickers (Widiyastuti, D. 2013). For the urban poor, street vending is one of the major means of

earning a livelihood, as it requires minor low initial investment requirement and efforts in searching

a job and the skills involved are low.

Year Numbers of towns Total urban population(in millions)

1961 2365 78.9

1971 2590 109.1

1981 4029 157.7

1991 4689 215.8

2001 5161 286.1

2011 7935 377.1





Table 2: Nature of Employment (Usual Status), 2009-10

Rural Male Rural Female Urban Male Urban Female

Age SE RE CE SE RE CE SE RE CE SE RE CE

15-19 46.6 6.1 47.2 53.8 3.2 43.0 33.3 31.6 35.1 48.7 27.6 23.7

20-24 46.4 9.9 43.8 56.9 6.4 36.6 33.8 43.5 22.7 33.5 50.9 15.5

25-29 48.4 10.4 41.2 53.2 5.9 40.9 33.6 48.9 17.5 35.7 47.4 16.8

15-59 53.4 8.6 38.0 55.8 4.2 40.0 41.4 41.9 17.0 41.3 39.1 19.6

Source: Adopted from National Sample Survey round, schedule 10-employment and unemployment,

2009-10; SE- Self Employment, RE- Regular Employment and CE- Casual Employment

Figure1: Unemployment Rate 2010-2013

Source: The Ministry of Labour and Employment of India

1.2 Street Vendor

A street vendor (Meneses-Reyes, R., & Caballero-Juárez, J. A. (2013) is broadly defined as a

person who offers goods for sale to the public at large without having a permanent built up structure

from which to sell. The Street vendors may be stationary in the sense that they occupy space on the

pavements or other public/private spaces or, they may be mobile in the sense that move from place to

place by carrying their wares on push carts or in baskets on their heads.

1.2.1 Categories of street vendor

Although street vendors classification (Bhowmik, S. K. 2003, 2005) can be possible on various

factors but according to the need of the study we have classified street vendors on the basis of their

mobility and working duration. On the basis of the aforesaid criterion, there are three categories of

street vendors:

Those Street Vendors who carry out vending on a regular basis with a specific location





Those Street Vendors who carry out vending not on a regular basis and without any specific

location, for example, vendors who sell goods in weekly bazaars during holidays and

festivals.

The Mobile Street Vendors.

Table 3: Status of Street Vendors in Developing Countries

Country Number of street

vendors

Percent of non-

agricultural labour force

Percent women

Tunisia 125,619 6 2

Benin 45,591 5 81

Kenya 416,294 8 33

India 3,881,700 3 14

Turkey 255,000 2 3

Brazil 1,445,806 3 30

Costa Rica 13,085 1 18

Guatemala 259,203 9 55

Maxico 1,286,287 4 44

venezuela 318,598 4 32

Source: Jacques charmes,2002(personal compilation of the author on the basis of official labour

force statistics and national accounts). A subset of these data was published in ILO, measuring place

of work(ganeva,2002)

Table 3 showing status of street vendors only have records available from government sources,

despite very less vendor associations, India is having the highest number of street vendors.

1.2.2 Working Conditions of Street Vendors

The street vendors spend nearly 10 hours a day in their business. Most of them take up to 5 hours

every day for preparations. It includes visit to the wholesale markets for vegetable vendors, thereby

later sorting and cleaning the vegetables. During their working time vendors are facing many

problems from the public and police personnel. They are not protected from the harmful weather

conditions like heat, rain, dust and lack of storage facilities. Those people selling non perishable

household articles too have to go to the wholesale market to procure their goods at lower prices.

Taking into account both preparation time and the time for selling we find that at an average a street

vendor spends upto 15 hours every day in his or her activities in order to earn a hundred or two

hundred rupees (CUE Report, 2014).

1.2.3 Problems Faced by Street Vendors

Street vending is related with uncertainty in income (Kumar, R., & Singh, A. 2013). On one side,

because of the low socio-economic profile of street vendors customer behavior is common, and on

other side street vendors faces harassment by police officials for occupying important traffic

junctions (Karthikeyan, R., & Mangaleswaran, R., 2013). They have long hour of work without

rest and lack of urban amenities. Climate adds to their woes through rain, searing heat and chilly

winter’s blustery weather by goods damage and extra peripherals requirement (Jacques Charmes,

2002; Widiyastuti, D., 2013). Uncertainty of site allocation make street vendors difficult in pushing





vending carts from one place to another on damaged roads. Street vendors also face problems of lack

of shelters and storage space (Kurniawati, W. 2012).

Most of these problems are result of non consideration of street vendors while planning urban streets

or land-use planning. So, this work looks into socio-economic condition of the street vendors for

developing a strategy targeting various issues and challenges faced by for its inclusion into formal

planning process of urban transportation infrastructure and landuse with objectives to analyze the

existing concentration, working condition, socio-economic profile of informal shopping street

vendors and suggest the strategies for inclusion of street vendors during formal urban planning

process targeting various issues and challenges faced by street vendors.

2. POLICIES IN PLAN AND ACTION

2.1 Street Vendors act 2014

Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014 is an Indian

legislation aimed to regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights with following key

highlights.

• Town Vending Committee will be responsible for conducting of survey of all the vendors under

its jurisdiction, and such survey must be conducted every five years. No street vendor will be

evicted until such survey has been made and a certificate of vending has been issued.

Table 4: Chronological Development of Street Vendors Act 2014

1 'The Street

Vendors Policy'

2004

Aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street

vendors

2 'Model Street

Vendors Bill,

2009'

For Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending

All States and Union Territory governments for creation of state

legislation, however it had no legal bindings, thus few governments

made any progress in this regard

3 Verdict of

Supreme Court of

India, 2010

Court recognized street vending as a source of livelihood, directed the

ministry to work out on a central legislation, and a draft of same was

unveiled to the public on November 11, 2011

4 Street Vendors

act 2014

protection legitimate street vendors from harassment by police and

civic authorities

Demarcation of vending zones on basis of "traditional natural markets"

Proper representation of vendors and women in decision making

Establishment of effective grievance and dispute resolution mechanism

Source: Street Vendors Act 2014

• All street vendors will be accommodated in a designated vending zone. In case, all the vendors

cannot be accommodated in the same vending zone, allocation of space will be made by drawing

of lots. However, those who fail to get space in the same vending zone, will be accommodated in

adjoining vending zones.





• All street vendors above fourteen years of age will be granted a certificate of vending. However,

such certificates will be granted only if the person gives an undertaking that he will carry out his

business by himself or through the help of his family members, he has no other means of

livelihood and he will not transfer the certificate. However, the certificate can be transferred to

one of his family member if such vendor dies or suffers from permanent disability.

• The certificate may be cancelled if the vendor breaches the conditions of the certificate.

• No vendor will be allowed to carry out vending activities in no-vending zones.

• In case of declaration of a specified area as a no-vending zone, the vendors will be relocated to

another area. Vendors, who fail to vacate such space after a notice has been given, will have to

pay a penalty and local authority may physically remove the vendor and make seizure of goods

of such vendors who have not relocated to the vending zones.

• There shall be a dispute resolution body

2.2 Success Stories

The analysis of literature study (Table 4) of application of national policy on street vendors of

different urban centers located in different parts of India has revealed that solutions for problems

faced by street venders (Sharit K. Bhowmik, 2008). The case of Bhubaneswar (Kumar, R., &

Singh, A. 2013) resulted in evasion of conflicts between municipal committee and street vendors

through vendor’s survey and allocation of designed vending spaces and unique identity cards, with

responsibility to keep the vending zones clean on street vendors. Municipal authorities harnessed

stakeholders from the private sector and the community under the banner “city for all, and all for the

city,” forging several public-private partnerships to facilitate cost sharing among the stakeholders.

The Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964 states that municipal councils / corporations in the state are

obliged to make adequate provisions for constructing, altering and maintaining public streets and

markets and provide suitable places for vegetable vending by permitting them temporarily and a

monthly or daily fee may be charged. Though there are provisions in the law for granting licenses,

most street vendors in Bangalore are denied this. Restrictions on vending areas, vending hours and

license fee with restricted number of licenses failed in Bangalore (Bhowmik, S. K., & Saha, D.

2012; Sharit K. Bhowmik 2008; Saha D 2011).

Vendors tend to concentrate at 142 Natural markets in Ahmadabad at places with high traffic and

high residential densities. The spatial dimensions at the macro level are guided by forces of factors,

which create demand at particular locations, extent of demand, and the reasons for choices of

location. In Ahmadabad the municipal law in Gujarat prohibits the hawking of goods without a

license. The Municipal Corporation is also empowered to remove any encroachments and

obstruction made on the streets. The Bombay Police Act 1950 empowers the police to arrest hawkers

for obstructing free flow of traffic under sections 102 and 107 (Bhowmik, S. K., & Saha, D. 2012).

Street vendor-licensing scheme was taken up in Vadodra in 1992. The city was divided into 10 wards

and each ward comes under the purview of one ward officer. The Supreme Court of India passed an

order directing the Municipal Corporation to formulate a scheme for ‘Hawking and Non-Hawking

Zones’ in each ward of the city of Baroda in 1987.





As per the Urban Street Vendors and Hawkers (Registration and Regulation) Bye Laws, 2010 of

Chhattisgarh, natural markets (Street Vendors Act, 2014) are exempted from the ambit of these bye-

laws. Provided, however that the Corporation shall endeavour at all times to improve the

infrastructure in the Natural Markets and to strengthen the health, hygiene, sanitary conditions

therein.

The Patna Municipal Corporation Act of 1951 lays down certain rules relating to street vending.

According to section 527 of the Act no stalls can be set up, no goods can be displayed or sold on

public streets without prior permission of the CEO(the only competent authority who can permit sale

through street vending is Chief Executive Officer (viz. Municipal Commissioner)). In case the rules

are flouted (i.e., in the case of unlicensed street vendors or those who construct permanent structures)

the CEO may remove the impediments without prior notice and charge rent for the use of the space.

Even when licenses are provided, the vendor has to fill in elaborate details in a form. Section 138

states that the licensed vendor has to state the names of the articles sold, provide a description of the

place of sale, time of sale, state the validity of the period of his/her license, describe the booth or stall

through which the sale will be conducted, among other details. Section 34 states that the police can

punish anyone causing obstruction, annoyance or inconvenience to the public. Two actions come

under the purview of this section, namely, slaughtering of animals in public and exposing goods for

sale. One wonders how these two acts (one involving slaughter and the other involving sale) can be

equated as the same intensity of public disapproval. It should be noted that Bihar is perhaps the only

state in the country that gives the police the right to arrest street vendors. In all other states municipal

authorities are permitted to deal with street vendors, with the assistance of the police, if needed.

(Sharit K. Bhowmik, Saha, D. 2012).

The laws for Bombay are regulated by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1950 which was in

force when the two states, till 30 April 1960, were one state, namely Bombay. The municipal laws do

not provide for the erection of any structure or stall on the streets which will obstruct the passage of

the public, or impede the working of a drain or open channel. Such a structure is liable to be removed

by the municipal commissioner and the person responsible for the creation of the structure is to incur

the expenses of its removal. There is also a provision whereby the commissioner has the authority to

inspect any of the goods being hawked. If they are found to be unsound in nature they can be seized

and destroyed. (Sharit K. Bhowmik, Saha, D. 2011)

3. STUDY OF VENDORS OF SONIPAT CITY, INDIA

Sonipat city, Haryana, has been identified as the study area for identifying the core issues associated

with the street vendors and validation of street vendor act 2014 integrated with the pragmatic spatial

solutions. Sonipat City with existing population around 3.5 lacs, is the main city of Sonipat District,

Haryana, India with development along the main arteries. It is a residential city catering to Delhi and

industries located in Sonipat District. Planning wise it can be divided in old city having colonies and

new town having sectoral planning.

200 vendors from different location under the jurisdiction of the Sonipat Municipal Council (SMC)

are studied. Vendors can be seen all over the city but concentration is very high in major commercial

areas and transport interchanges.





Image 1: Vendors Location in Sonipat

Source: image compiled from https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sonepat

Predominance of commercial activities and transport hubs and interchanges on these locations attract

a very large number of people and have become prime location for informal activities like vending.

Transport nodes are the other important location where one can see a large number of vendors are

engaged in hawking are also located in these zones.

Table 5: Number and types of vending at different locations in Sonipat City

Sr.

No

Location No. of

Vendors

Juice /

Fruit

Vegetables/

Eateries

Others

1 Devilal Chowk, Near Bus Stand 78 46 20 12

(garments)

2 Murthal Chowk 20 6 11 3(garments)

3 Railway Road 72 43 24 5(newspaper)

4 I.T.I. Chowk 29 12 17 -

5 Gurudwara, Kacche Quarter 31 10 21 -

6 Vivekanand Chowk 27 5 22 -

7 Civil Hospital 21 12 9

8 Kripal Ashram, Kabirpur 29 12 17

9 Gurudwara, Old DC Road 32 8 24

10 Housing Board Colony, Sector 15 18 - 18

11 Near HUDA Ground, Sector 15 9 1 8

12 Maharaja Agarsain Chowk 8 - 8

13 Market, Sector 14 31 4 27

14 Gohana Chowk 43 18 25

15 Chhotu Ram Chowk 14 4 10

16 Gohana Road By-Pass 16 8 8

17 Purkhas Adda 23 17 6


https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sonepat




Authors have identified more than 50 locations, other than the studied, where fruits and vegetable

vendors in range of 1-5 occupy transportation streets.

3.1 Results and Analysis

The surveys in the many street vending regions of Sonipat revealed some important parameters such

that street vendors in the city represent diversity with respect to the regions. It is interesting that the

vendors are highly skilled at learning the local language quickly despite of belonging to different

states. The street vendors’ lead a very difficult life whether it takes into account their mode of travel

or their working hours, thereby providing hardly any time for rest and relaxation, which in turn

leaves adverse effects on their health. From the study it got revealed that increase in traffic and

pollution in the city is affecting them in many ways. Other than that, the pollution has an adverse

impact on their health, traffic affects their mobility. Moreover they have to repeatedly clean their

workplace that cause of excess dust and arises chances of diseases like Asthma. The study confirmed

that various Projects like the road widening have become a threat to the street vendors since they do

not encompass proper relocation and compensation measures. The most shocking result was the

amount of money the street vendors has to pay regularly to the police in form of a bribe and then

also they are constantly harassed by the different authorities. Results are presented from Figure 2 to

Figure 16.

Figure 2: Gender Classification in Vendors

Figure 3: Family Size of Street Vendors

Figure 4: Age of Vendors

Figure 5: Education Level of Street Vendors

Figure 6: Mode of Travel to reach workplace

Figure 7: Working Hours (Except preparation and

Transportation)

Figure 8: Daily Income of Vendors Figure 9: Health Impacted by pollution





Figure 10: Time in Vending Profession

Figure 11: Residential Status before moving to

Vending Profession

Figure 12: Entry in Vending Profession

Figure 13: Vendor’s who smoke and consume

alcohol

Figure 14: Current residential status

Figure 15: Residential Status

Figure 16: Requirement of Infrastructure Facilities near Vending Zones





4. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY CONDUCTED

The study analysis in figure 2 shows that male vendor constitutes 85% of the street vendors. The

family size of more than half of the vendors is very small (Figure 3) supported by the residential

status of the street vendors (Figure 11) which shows that these vendors come from other states to

earn livelihood for their families. Although, most of the vendors are of less than 40 Years age

(Figure 4) with no education or education up to middle schooling (Figure 5), more than 80% of the

vendors are in this profession from more than one year (Figure 10) with entry as entrepreneur

(Figure 12). 75% (Figure 8) of the vendors earn less than Rs 300/- a day after spending more than

10 Hours daily (Figure 7), they prefer to walk, cycle or use public mode of transportation which ask

them to spend minimum cost in transportation (Figure 6). More than 75% (Figure 13) of the

vendors smoke and consume liquor, are living in slums of Sonipat city or nearby villages (Figure

14) living in rented accommodation (Figure 15) and affected by pollution of the city (Figure 9) feel

that there is dire need for development of infrastructure facility in the vicinity of the natural vending

zones (Figure 16).

5. SOLUTIONS TO THE STREET VENDOR’S PROBLEM IN THE CITY

For the development of Sonipat city with in terms of better road infrastructure facility and enhancing

the image of the city, the street vendors act 2014, Policy guidelines for Street Vendors/ Hawkers -

2014, Urban Local Bodies Department, Haryana, Chandigarh, needs to be implemented in the city on

urgency. Along with the implementation of Street Vendors Act, Right to earn livelihood should be

protected. Government should frame laws to protect street from anti social elements. Vending zones

to be identified in old city areas and new site on the periphery of the existing municipal boundary

need to be identified by the urban planners to formally include street vendors in planning process.

Vendors should form association recommendation and forwarding of applications for registration of

all existing vendors to district administration in fair and transparent manner. District administration

should issue vending license and proof of identity to carry out vending in specific areas thereby

making the vending legal. Skill training and credit facilities to be made available to street make

initial investment. Schemes like pension, health care etc. should also be extended to street vendors.

Each ward should have town vending committee, which in turn would be responsible to form a

location centric policy, keeping the National Street Vendor Policy as a guiding tool.

District administration should identify parking site near the vending zones to make vending more

natural. Vending zones and parking sites can be run by Public private partnership parking (PPPP)

modes in the entire city. Unemployed youth, NGO’s and trusts were encouraged to manage parking

at the busy places. District administration should provide permanent sheds for vendors with proper

shades with minimum facilities such as first aid, drinking water, and toilet. Garbage collection and

solid waste disposal, public toilets and sanitation for vendors, electricity, gas and water supply

network, on- site storage facilities should also be provided as and where possible (CUE Report,

2014).

5.1 Proposed Vending zones





Image 2: Proposed vending Zones for Sonipat City

Source: image compiled from https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sonepat

Table 6: Proposed Vending Zones for Sonipat City , India

Site No Vending zone Ownership of Land Approximately Area

of the site Available

Vendors to be

accommodated

A Murthal chowk WAKAF BOARD 1672 SQM 100

B Devilal chowk PWD 418 SQM 40

C Sector 15,housing

board colony

HUDA 6100 SQM 200

D Vivekanand chowk HUDA 12000 SQM 200

E Near civil hospital HUDA 4000 SQM 100

F Near railway station INDIAN

RAILWAYS

1200 SQM 80

G Old D. C road(opp.

Anand cinema hall)

PWD 4800 SQM 150

H Near Kripal ashram PWD 1000 SQM 70

CONCLUSION

The survey looked at the various aspects of street vending, the problems of street vendors, and the

shift of consumers to purchasing at malls as against roadside vendors. Many vendors are stressed due

to less number of people visiting them in recent times due to large number of shops and malls. Even

the government undertaking for many urban infrastructure developments without the consultation or

the compensation to these vendors , so they have to live a miserable life as they are in the fear of

being evicted from their places that would result in looking out for new places. Moreover, there is a

great need in beginning again from scratch, because that would mean they have to start right from


https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sonepat




setting up the new shops to deal with a completely new set of police, and authorities thereby also

building a regular customer base for themselves. As far as possible, most consumers agreed that road

widening should not be undertaken without consultations with local people and harming the

environment. In case there is no other option then the vendors should be given the proper

compensation and allot some other places to sell their goods. The concerns of street vendors need to

definitely be considered when such a large project is being planned in a city. These vendors have

been part of the history and culture of the city that should be given as much as any other resident of

the city.

The study might act as the initial guideline for solving the problems, the street vendors face in

their everyday life.

REFRENCES:

1. Adhikari, D. B. (2012). Income generation in informal sector: A case study of the street

vendors of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Economic Journal of Development Issues, 13, 1-

14;

2. Bhowmik, S. K. (2003, December). Urban responses to street trading: India. In Paper for

panel entitled ‘Urban Responses to Street Traders: A Comparative Perspective from India,

Kenya, and South Africa’at the Urban Research Symposium on Urban Development for

Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction, World Bank, Washington DC:

http://www.inclusivecities. org/pdfs/bhowmik.pdf

3. Bhowmik, S. K. (2005). Street vendors in Asia: a review. Economic and Political Weekly,

2256-2264;

4. Bhowmik, S. (2012). Street vendors in the global urban economy. Taylor & Francis;

5. Bhowmik, S. K., & Saha, D. (2012). Street vending in ten cities in India. Delhi National

Association of Street Vendors of India;

6. Census of India 2011;

7. Sharit K. Bhowmik (2008). Hawkers and the urban informal sector: a study of street, vending

in seven cities. Prepared for national alliance of street vendors of India (NASVI);

8. Hawkers Policy - Policies regarding Hawkers in India: Chronology of important decisions by

Gant – www.doccentre.org;

9. CUE Report (2014). Inclusive Design for Street Vendors in India, Centre for Urban Equity

(CUE) CEPT University Ahmedabad 2014;

10. Jacques Charmes (2002). Measuring Place of Work. (ganeva,2002), (personal compilation of

the author on the basis of official labour force statistics and national accounts);

11. Jain, P. (2013). Neo-liberalizing the Streets of Urban India: Engagements of a Free Market

Think Tank in the Politics of Street Hawking;


http://www.doccentre.org/




12. Karthikeyan, R., & Mangaleswaran, R. (2013). Quality of Life Among Street Vendors in

Tiruchirappalli City, Tamil Nadu, India. International Research Journal of Social

Sciences, 2(12), 18-28;

13. Kolli, R. (2011). Measuring the Informal Economy: Case Study of India;

14. Kumar, R., & Singh, A. (2013). Empowering the Street Vendors in Changing Indian Cities: A

Case Study of Bhubaneswar (Orissa) (No. id: 5276);

15. Kurniawati, W. (2012). Public Space for Marginal People. Procedia-Social and Behavioral

Sciences, 36, 476-484;

16. Meneses-Reyes, R., & Caballero-Juárez, J. A. (2013). The right to work on the street: Public

space and constitutional rights. Planning Theory, 1473095213503967;

17. National Sample Survey Round, Schedule 10-Employment and Unemployment, 2009-10;

18. Policy guidelines for Street Vendors/ Hawkers -2014, Urban Local Bodies Department,

Haryana, Chandigarh

19. Saha, D. (2011). Working life of street vendors in Mumbai. Indian Journal of Labour

Economics, 54(2), 301-325.

20. Sekar, H. R. Insecurities and Vulnerabilities of Informal Sector Vendors with Special Focus

on Street Vending Children of NOIDA;

21. Street Vendors Act 2014;

22. Widiyastuti, D. (2013). Transformation of public space: social and spatial changes (Doctoral

dissertation);

23. Yatmo, Y. A. (2008). Street vendors as ‘out of place urban elements. Journal of Urban

Design, 13(3), 387-402;

24. Yatmo, Y. A. (2009). Perception of street vendors as ‘out of place’urban elements at day time

and night time. Journal of environmental psychology,29(4), 467-476;


ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY VENDORS ON URBAN … › admin › resources › project › paper...

Documents

Transcript of ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY VENDORS ON URBAN … › admin › resources › project › paper...