Issue of MCPDE & GE and Strategy of Its Mitigation in...

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Nuri Andarwulan, Purwiyatno Hariyadi

SEAFAST Center, IPB Southeast Asian Food & Agr. Sci & Tech Center

Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, IPB

Historical perspective on Issues of MCPDE&GE

Kerangka Berfikir Strategi Mitigasi

Program Penelitian

National Initiative

Agenda

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The European Commission‟s Scientific

Committee on Food (SCF, 1994): long-

term carcinogenicity assay of 3-MCPD in

rats.

Historical perspective on Issues of MCPDE & GE

1978-1980 Hydrolysed vegetable protein, e.g soy sauce

(free)

1994

3-chloropropane-1,2-diol

3-MCPD was classified by the

European SCF as a non-genotoxic,

threshold carcinogen (SCF, 2001)


1994

2001

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-Chlorohydrin.svg

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Risk assessment of JECFA

• 3-MCPD results from hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of

vegetable protein and mainly occurred in soy sauce.

• Provisional maximum TDI (PMTDI*) : 2 ug/kg bw per day

Lowest observed effect level (LOEL):

1.1 mg/kg bw per day

[for renal tubular hyperplasia and a safety factor of 500].

the estimated mean intake of 3-MCPD by consumers of

soy sauce would be at or above the PMTDI.

*) PMTDI. Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake, a recommended maximum tolerable level of a toxic compound.


1994

2001

2002

3-MCPD esters were first detected

in refined vegetable oils (2004-2006).


1994

2004

2001 2006

2002

H+ Cl-

H2O -

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1994

2004

2001

2007

2006

2002

• Conclusions: levels of 3-MCPD should be reduced, especially in

infant formula and follow-up formula, although no acute danger

was expected from current levels.

• BfR assumed a “worst-case scenario” that 100% of 3-MCPD

esters are cleaved to release free 3-MCPD during digestion.


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006

2002

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(2008) The CONTAM Panel confirmed the assessment of

BfR (2007) the need for additional toxicokinetic studies

EFSA


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2002

ILSI Europe Workshop in 2009

• Although there is a lack of data about 3- MCPD esters

for many foodstuffs, it is obvious that thermally

processed foods and refined fats and oils (as such or as

a component of other foodstuffs) are the most

significant sources of 3-MCPD esters for consumers.

• In particular, refined palm oil in different kinds of

foodstuffs is responsible for a significant part of the

exposure.“


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009 2002

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Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF)

included 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in the priority

list for evaluation by JECFA for toxicological

assessment and exposure assessment


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010

2002

• BfR opinion : established a TDI of 2 ug/kg bw per day.

• Codex Alimentarius Commission: Code of practice, based

on good manufacturing practices, for the reduction of 3-

MCPD during the production of acid-HVP and its products


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2002

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(Published: 2012)


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2002


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2002

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Address issues related to 3-MCPD esters and related

compounds:

2-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters (GE)


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2002

Glycidyl ester

H+

H2O -

IARC (International Agency for Research on

Cancer): there was „no evidence to suggest that 3-

MCPD is not genotoxic.


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2013

2002

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1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2013

2002

2016


• Esters of 3- and 2-MCPD and glycidyl esters were found at the highest

levels in palm oil/fat, but most vegetable oil/fats contain substantial

quantities.

• Animal studies show extensive hydrolysis of esterified 3-MCPD and

glycidol following oral administration; esterified and free forms were

assumed to contribute equally to internal exposures.

• 3-MCPD ester and free forms are nephrotoxic

• Tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.8 μg/kg bw per day.

• The mean exposure to 3-MCPD was above the TDI for „Infants‟, „Toddlers‟

and „Other children.

1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2013

2002

2016

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1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2013

2002

2016


1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2013

2002

2016

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1994

2004

2001

2007

2006 2008

2009

2010 2012

2013

2002

2016

So What …. ?

JECFA (2016) & EFSA (2016) :

- Palm Oil is the main source of the MCPDE & GE

- So what?

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R&D

So What …. ?

• Need A National Initiative -- analogous to acid-HVP

• ~ Codex Alimentarius Commission: Code of practice, based on

good manufacturing practices, for the reduction of 3-MCPD during

the production of acid-HVP and its products

• Code of practice, based on good (farming, handling,

manufacturing, and ?) practices, for the reduction of MCPDE

and GE during the production of palm oil & its products

• A multifaceted approach:

• beginning with a reduction of chloride application in fertilizer,

continuing with the use of plant varieties low in MAG and DAG precursors, the selection of young fruit of good quality and

technical changes to the refining steps, and ending with the

removal of the esters using inorganic adsorbents.

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So What …. ? mitigation

So What …. ? mitigation R&D

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LOGICAL FRAMEWORK Strategi Mitigasi Issue MCPD-ester dan

Glycidyl-ester Minyak Sawit

• Meningkatnya citra unggul produk sawit Indonesia GOAL

• Meningkatnya peran produk hilir sawit produksi dalam negeri untuk ekspor

• Meningkatnya peran pemerintah, lembaga penelitian dan industri pangan untuk penyelesaian masalah nasional

IMPACT

• Program Indonesia Safe Palm Oil

• Diperolehnya produk berbasis sawit berkualitas tinggi

• Meningkatnya sinergi pemerintah, lembaga penelitian dengan industri hilir kelapa sawit dalam negeri

OUTCOME

• Program pengembangan kapasitas SDM R&D: degree dan non-degree training

• SDM R&D dengan kompetensi memadai untuk riset dan pengembangan mutu produk sawit

• Teknologi proses, metode analisis, karakterisasi produk (fisik-kimia-sensori) • Publikasi ilmiah tingkat nasional dan internasional, dokumen paten, dll

• Program KIEA

• Dokumen/materi promosi dan kampanye positif untuk sawit

OUTPUT

ACTIVITY

• SDM (peneliti, teknisi dan staf), laboratorium dan pilot plant untuk penelitian kelapa sawit, dana penelitian, kerjasama akademisi/peneliti-pemerintah- industri pangan

• Program penelitian dan pengembangan

INPUT

Program I: Pengembangan kapasitas SDM R&D

Program II: Penelitian MCPDE dan GE di Minyak Sawit

Program III: KIEA (komunikasi, informasi, edukasi dan advokasi) & Sertifikasi ~~ISPO

KERANGKA BERFIKIR

Strategi Mitigasi

Community/Consumers/Farmers

Government

Industry Education/ Research

Institution

Partnership

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KERANGKA BERFIKIR

Strategi Mitigasi

PROGRAM PENELITIAN

Metode Analisis MCPD-ester dan

Glycidyl-ester

Good Laboratory Practices

Pemurnian Minyak Sawit:

degumming, bleaching

deodorizing

Good manufacturing

Parctices

Produksi CPO

Good Manufacturing

Practices

Pemanenan-penanganan FFB

Good Harvesting/Hand

ling Practices

On farm: pemupukan

Good Agricultural

Practices

3

2 4

5 1

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PROGRAM PENELITIAN

2017 - 2021

Tahapan Riset untuk Mitigasi:

1. Metode Analisis MCPD-ester dan Glycidyl-ester (Good Laboratory Practices)

2. Pemurnian Minyak Sawit: degumming, bleaching, deodorizing (Good manufacturing Practices)

3. Produksi CPO (Good Manufacturing Practices)

4. Pemanenan-penanganan FFB (Good Harvesting/Handling Practices)

5. On farm: pemupukan (Good Agricultural Practices)

PROGRAM PENELITIAN

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NATIONAL INITIATIVE IN MITIGATING AND MANAGING MCPDE&GE Partnership

KONSORSIUM MITIGASI

MCPDE & GE

Good Practices - GAP/GFP - GHP - GMP - GLP

Endorsementby

Government as

‘Standardized Practices’

Indonesia Safe Palm Oil

Terima Kasih

Issue of MCPDE & GE and Strategy of Its Mitigation in...

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