ISSN: 2582-6522 Agriculture LettersChief Editor Dr. Padmaja Pancharatnam Subscribe today , Log on to...

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ISSN: 2582-6522

Agriculture Letters A monthly peer reviewed newsletter for agriculture and allied sciences

Volume 01, Issue 05

(September, 2020)

Cover Article

Pearl Culture and its Importance

- By Devi and Gulati


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Volume 01, Issue 05

Publishing date: Sep, 2020

ISSN: 2582-6522

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Volume 01, Issue 05


ISSN: 2582-6522

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Volume 01, Issue 05


ISSN: 2582-6522

IN THIS ISSUE

1. Bioremediation of Waste Water via. Ver-mifiltration Moumita Chakraborty and Gaurav Cha-turvedi

03

2. Studies on the Cultivation of Mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) from locally available lignocellulosic substrate (Ragi Straw) S. Maheswari , P. Rajarajan , P. Ma-laiyarasa Pandian and Vindhyashree M

05

3. Invitro Evaluation of Bioagent Trichoder-ma viride on Pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici by dual culture technique Vindyashree M. and S. Maheswari

07

4. Impact of Global warming on Agriculture and strategies

Sahaja Deva

09

5. Millets – A Healthy Story

Barbhai Mrunal D.and T. V. Hymavathi

11

6. Varietal Identification:- Grow out Test

Ankit Moharana

13

7. Pearl Culture and its Importance Poonam Devi and Rachna Gulati

16

8. Metabolomics and its Significance in Plant Breeding

Panjay Kumar Sanadya and Smrutishree

Sahoo

19

9. Mode of action of Imazethapyr

Sahaja Deva

21

September, 2020 Agriculture Letters (ISSN: 2582-6522)

https://agletters.in/ Volume 01, Issue 05 (September, 2020) 3

Introduction

Various inorganic and organic pollutants and pathogens with

their increased rate of complex formation have risen to an

alarming level. The physical, chemical and biological process-

es included in wastewater treatment for the elimination of

contaminants from wastewater thus making it reusable. Opti-

mum chemical and microbiological quality guidelines at mini-

mal operational and low cost are requisite for an appropriate

treatment technique. Vermifiltration is a trouble-free, odour-

less, non-labour method involving a minimal cost of operation.

It is an aerobic process that employs epigeic earthworms

making it an increasingly environment-friendly technique.

The organic material from wastewater is strained by a biologi-

cal reactor containing media. The combined action of aerobic

bacteria and composting earthworms gives rise to humus.

Since oxygen is needed for the survival of the worms and

bacteria, the wastewater is sprinkled by the "trickling action"

through the media that dissolves oxygen. A noted decline in

biological oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen

(TKN), the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dis-

solved solids (TDS) after removal of bio-contaminants from

the wastewater by vermifiltration was confirmed by reports

over a certain period with reductions ranges between 70 and

90%. Popular earthworms incorporated are Eisenia fetida and

Perionyx excavates.

Working Principle

A typical vermifilter has three different sections: an organic

filter, the inorganic or inert filter and the equalizer. In vermi-

filters, the microorganisms biochemically degrade the waste

materials, and earthworms too contribute not only to the deg-

radation but also in the homogenization of the material by

their foregut action moreover adding mucus to the material

that they ingest, thus conditioning the filter media and upgrad-

ing its biological activity. The organic matter removal efficien-

cy is assigned to the enzymatic activity of earthworms and

microorganisms. Reduction of pathogens (3-4 log reduction)

is ascribed to the antimicrobial activity and due to the inhibito-

ry effects of microorganisms present in vermifilter. Earth-

worms can improve the filter media property and aerification

by the burrowing activity so that the media stabilizes and

strainer system become functional.

Principle Factors influencing Vermi-filtration of

wastewater

The effectiveness of vermifiltration depends on mainly -

Hydraulic retention time (H.R.T)- Duration of time con-

sumed for the effluent to flow across the vermifiltration unit is

called as Hydraulic retention time. The effluent should be left

to persist inside the unit for a certain time period for its decon-

tamination. The H.R.T is dependent on several parameters

like the effluent’s flow rate across the vermi bed, standard and

volume of soil used for the vermi bed etc.

Hydraulic Loading Rate (H.L.R) of the wastewater to be treat-

ed- Volume of sewage that is applied to the soil profile (vermi-

filter bed) per unit area per unit time. The adult earthworm

population per unit area of the soil bed and their functioning

rate are the two principal factors on which H.L.R is depend-

ent. Thus, healthy earthworms are required for increasing the

effluent treatment effectiveness.

Criteria for earthworms-

As worms breathe through their skin, proper ventilation

of air in soil medium is necessary.

The earthworms are tolerant to a temperature range of 5 0C to 29 0C.

A temperature of 20–25 0C and a moisture of 60–75% is

optimum for good worm function.

Generally, earthworms can also tolerate extensive water

loss by dehydration.

Properties of Vermicompost

Several reports reveal that the end products excreted from

vermifiltration are highly porous, nutritive and microbiologically

active besides having a good water holding capacity. During

the procedure of digestion and ingestion, many gut enzymes

were added that further assists in mineralization of the nutri-

ents in bounded form thus making it bio-available. Numerous

reports also reveal that the vermicast from vermifilter’s top-

most layer was brown in colour containing as much as 1.16%

nitrogen, 1.22% phosphorus and 1.00% potassium in it by

mass that may be useful in the reclamation of infertile land for

its conditioning. In organic farming the leachate from the ver-

Bioremediation of Waste Water via. Vermifiltration

Moumita Chakraborty1* and Gaurav Chaturvedi2 1Department of Environmental Science , G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand 2Department of Agricultural Meteorology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand

Article ID: 20/09/0105111



mi bed, that is the vermifilter effluent also possess a bio-

available form of phosphorus and nitrogen, that can be

utilized as plant probiotic. Both the species of earthworm

and their food habits determine the degree to which the

bed media is turned into vermicompost.

Future Perspectives

The vermifiltration technique can be introduced in other

sectors like aquaculture and agro-industrial effluents etc.

Besides the treatment of domestic wastewater, the effi-

ciency of the technique should be increased for expand-

ing its use in case of industrial effluents. Additional explo-

ration for estimation of long-term removal accomplish-

ment on the pilot-scale study is required. Focussing on

phosphorus removal, the technique must be integrated

with other treatment alternatives.



Introduction

As from ancient times, Mushrooms are recognized as vital

food items. Mushroom usages are increased, because of the

substantial important in nutrition and human health. The eco-

nomic status of mushroom lies predominantly in their use as

food for human consumption. It is an important delicacy in

human diet of the exotic flavour, fleshiness and taste of mush-

room. So, the entire edible mushroom is considered to be a

complete healthy food and appropriate for all the age groups

of people. The nutritional value of the edible mushrooms are

analysed by the type, development stage and environmental

conditions. Mushrooms are highly rich in dietary fibre, pro-

teins, minerals, vitamins, high proportion of polyunsaturated

fatty acids, and insignificant lipid level with low calorific value.

The protein content is usually high in mushroom and though it

varies significantly in different edible mushroom. Mushrooms

are an excellent source of vitamins such as C, B, Riboflavin,

Niacin, Folic acid and Thiamine and minerals like phospho-

rous, sodium and potassium. It also contains other trace

amount of essential minerals like, Zn, Cu and Mg. The medici-

nal value of the mushrooms are also known since it promote

immune function, support body detoxification mechanism,

boost health and lower risk of cancer inhibiting tumour growth

(Correa et al., 2016). Thus Mushrooms are considered as

abundant prospective for the production as quality food prod-

ucts.

Oyster Mushroom

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) belonging to Class Basidio-

mycetes and Family Agaricaceae and in India is known as

‘Dhingri’. The oyster mushroom grows naturally in the tropical

and temperate forest on dead and decaying wooden logs and

in sometimes on the dying trunks of coniferous and deciduous

woods. In decaying organic matter also it may grow signifi-

cantly. The fruiting bodies of the mushroom are spatula shape

with distinct shell with different shades of cream, white, grey,

pink, yellow and light brown in colour depending upon the

species. In India overall 26 species of oyster mushroom are

reported which includes Pleurotus eryngii, P. citrinopileatus,

P. flabellatus, P. ostreatus, P.djamor var. roseus and P. flori-

da. Unlike other mushroom species, cultivating oyster mush-

room is fetching more popular throughout the world because

of their ability to grow in various agro waste which are rich in

lignocelluloses content. Also the yields of oyster mushroom

are high without any additional growth requirements such as

limestone, compost, manure, casing and temperature shocks.

Pleurotus djamor is an edible mushroom, belonging to the

family Pleurotaceae in the order Agaricales. It is commonly

known as roseus mushroom, salman pink oyster or pink oys-

ter as of its pink sporophore, large sized fruit bodies and deli-

cious flavour. It can be grown at 26°C and 35°C and with

relative humidity above 80% (Raman Jegadeesh et al., 2018).

The cultivation and production of Pleurotus djamor the sub-

strate is prepared from the available crop residues such as

ragi straw. The lignocellulosic wastes lead to cheap way of

utilization of waste materials; also helps to contribute to the

safe waste disposal and preservation of our natural environ-

ment (Thongklang and Luangharn, 2016). The objective of the

investigation is to find out the effectiveness of ragi straw for

the cultivation of Pleurotus djamor.

Effect of Ragi straw in different stages of sporophore on

the production of Pleurotus djamor

The moisture content of the ragi straw was found to be

91.40% and the freshly cultivated Pleurotus djamor contains

high amount moisture content. In Mushroom moisture per-

centage is depends on the maturity of fruiting bodies, species,

storage condition. The effect of substrate such as, ragi straw

was found to influence the spawn run, number of primordia,

number and size of fruiting bodies and yield per bag of Pleu-

rotus djamor was depicted in Figure-1. The spawn run was

found to be 30 days with the number of primordia per bag (33)

and produced (66) fruiting bodies. In ragi straw the Pleurotus

djamor showed the stem length (3 cm) and cap diameter (10

cm). The maximum yield of Pleurotus djamor in ragi straw

was found to be 176g per bag and the maximum biological

efficiency was found in ragi straw was 88%.

Conclusion

Pleurotus djamor is very rich source of protein and hence

could be more effective in overcoming protein deficiency and

malnutrition problems in rural areas. Establishment of mush-

room production units across the country could be the best

alternative agriculture business with employment opportuni-

ties in the rural areas. The study revealed that ragi straw sub-

strate showed superior mycelia growth, faster spawn run and

better yield, which could become alternate substrate for the

cultivation of P. djamor.

Studies on the Cultivation of Mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) from local-

ly available lignocellulosic substrate (Ragi Straw) S. Maheswari* 1, P. Rajarajan 1, P. Malaiyarasa Pandian 1 and Vindhyashree M 2

1Department of Microbiology, Centre for Research & PG Studies, Indian Academy of Degree College-Autonomous, Karnataka, Bengaluru-560043, India 2Former Employee, Dept. of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture Sciences & Forestry, Rai Technology Univer-sity, Bengaluru-561204, Karnataka, India

Article ID: 20/09/0105112



References

Correa, R.C.G, Brugnari, T, Bracht, A, Peralta, R.M, Fer-

reira, I.C. (2016). Biotechnological, nutritional and ther-

apeutic uses of Pleurotus spp. (Oyster mushroom)

related with its chemical composition: a review on the

past decade findings. Trends. Food. Sci. Technol. 50:

103–117.

Raman Jegadeesh, Hariprasath Lakshmanan, Jang Kab-

Yeul , Vikineswary Sabaratnam , And Nanjian

Raaman. (2018). Cultivation of Pink Oyster mushroom

Pleurotus djamor var. roseus on various agro-residues

by low cost technique. J. Mycopathol. Res. 56(3) : 213-

220.

Thongklang N, and Luangharn T. (2016). Testing agricultural

wastes for the production of Pleurotus ostreatus. Myco-

sphere 7:766– 772.

Figure – 1 Different stages of sporophore on the production of Pleurotus djamor in Ragi Straw



Introduction

Trichoderma: A bio-control agent for management of soil born dis-eases (Singh, K. R., 2010). Trichoderma viride is the potential antagonistic fungus which prevents the crops from diseases viz. Root rots, wilts, brown rot, damping off, charcoal rot and other soil borne diseases in crops. T. viride is able to suppress more than 60 species of pathogens (Pythium, Botritis, Phoma, Sclerotinia, Fusari-um, Ascochyta, Alternaria and others) on different plants like Vege-tables, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, Flower crops, spices and various

ornamentals etc.,

T. viride secrets cellulose and chitinase enzymes which react with cell wall of the disease causative pathogenic fungi or bacteria and dissolve the same. Trichoderma utilize the protoplasm as a source of food and multiply its spores. By this method the spores of the pathogenic fungi are destroyed. In the process of development Trichoderma synthesizes a variety of antibiotics (gliotoxin, viridine, trichodermin and others). They destroy the cell walls of phytopatho-genic fungi and produce biologically active substances, which stim-ulate plant growth and development. T. viride also induce plants to "turn on" their native defense mechanisms offers the likelihood that these strains will control pathogens other than fungi. T. viride pos-sess innate resistance to most agricultural chemicals, including

fungicides.

Biological control is the total and partial destruction of pathogen populations by other organisms. Baker and Cook (1974) defined biological control "as the reduction of inoculums density or disease producing activities of a pathogen or parasite in its active or dormant state, by one or more organisms, accomplished naturally or through manipulation of the environmental, host or antagonist, or by mass introduction of one or more antagonists". The present study was conducted to know the Bio-control activity (BCA) of T. viride against Fusarium wilt disease of solanaceous crops. Through

the isolation and identification of FOL by dual culture technique.

Morphological characterization of T. viride Fungal species T. viride was brought from GKVK, Bangalore and

sub cultured on petriplates containing PDA. Further it as incubat-ed at 26°C for 5 days, later a loopful of inoculum from sub cul-tured plates of T. viride were transferred to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) slants and maintained as pure culture. Green conidia form-ing fungal bodies were selected and microscopic observation was identified to be T. viride (Plate 1).

Morphological characterization of FOL

F. oxysporum f sp lycopersici is a soil borne pathogenic fungus common in soil and that causes Fusarium wilt a deadly vascular

wilting syndrome in plants. We have sampled the leaves and

rhizosphere soils of a symptomat-ic Solanum (sect. Lycopersicon) and isolated Fusarium ox-ysporum f sp lycopersici, further it has maintained as pure culture and subcultured on petriplates and on PDA slants. The colony

morphology was studied by microscopic observation (Plate 2).

Results and Discussions

The study was conducted to know the Antagonistic effect of T. viride on FLO. Pathogenic fungi FOL is a soil borne pathogenic fungus common in soil and that cause Fusarium wilt a deadly disease in most of the plants. Mycelia of FOL are delicate white to pink. Microscopic observation of FOL fungus showed chlamyd-ospores which produced on Chlamydophores in terminally in pairs also in chains form (Plate 2). A 7 days old culture of T. viride and pathogenic fungi discs was cutted separately with the help of sterilized cork bores (5 mm), further the culture discs of pathogen and bioagent transferred aseptically at periphery of the Petri plate containing the PDA medium and control was also maintained by inoculating with culture disc of the pathogen alone in the Petri plates containing PDA. Later the cultured plates were transferred to an incubator and incubated at 25 ± 1°C. After incubation observation was taken periodically for growth of the pathogen and antagonist in Petri plates and measured the colony growth (diameter) in each Petri plate. Further the percent inhibition of growth of the patho-gen calculated by using percent inhibition formula (R1-R2/R1*100) when the growth of the pathogen is full in the control plates. The experimental results showed 90.4 % inhibition in the

growth of F. oxysporum f sp lycopersici (Table 1).

R1 = Radial growth of pathogen towards opposite side in control

plate

R2 = Radius of the radial growth of the pathogen towards the

opponent antagonistic in test plate

RI = 7.3cm

R2 = 0.7cm

Percent inhibition = R1-R2/R1*100=90.4%

Conclusions

Antagonistic effect of T. viride on F. oxysporum f sp lycoper sici

(FOL) showed 90.4% inhibition in the growth of FLO.

Invitro Evaluation of Bioagent Trichoderma viride on Pathogenic fungi

Fusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici by dual culture technique Vindyashree M. 1* and S. Maheswari2 1Department of Plant Pathology. School of Agriculture Sciences and Forestry, Rai Technology University, Bangalore-561204, Karnataka, India. 2Department of Microbiology, Centre for Research & PG Studies, Indian Academy of Degree College - Autonomous, Karna-taka, Bangalore – 560043, India

Article ID: 20/09/0105113



Plate 1: Microscopic view of T. viride mycelium

and spores

Plate 2: Picture showing Chlamydospores formation (F. oxysporum f sp lycopersici)

References

Singh, K. R., 2010. Trichoderma: A bio-control agent for man-

agement of soil born diseases. Agropedia.

Cook, R. J. and Baker, K. F. 1983. The nature and practice of biological control of plant pathogens. APS, St. Paul,

MN.

Treatment Radial growth of pathogen (cm)

Percent Inhibi-

tion over con-

trol (%)

T. viride + F.oxysporum f sp lycopersici (FLO)

7.3 90.4 %

Table 1: Dual culture technique: In vitro evaluation of microbial bio-agents T.viride on Pathogenic fungi F. ox-ysporum f sp lycopersici (FOL)



Problems and Impacts of Global Warming on Agriculture

Changes in weather

Changes in weather will affect the growth and development of

different crops. For ex: Paddy can be grown at higher temper-

atures but wheat cannot be grown at higher temperatures. SO

increase in temperature will affect the performance of wheat.

Increase in CO2 concentration

Higher carbondioxide is good for plants as they grow faster

but weeds als o will take advantage of carbondioxide and

grows faster than crop and causes major yield losses by com-

peting with the crop.

Diseases and pests

With increase in global warming disease causing organisms

like fungi, bacteria, viruses and insects will increase fastly. So

adopt to the climate change farmers has to grow the new crop

sor to change the cropping pattern to protect the crops from

pests and diseases. Increased carbondioxide cause in-

creased foliage which will attract more pathogens and insects.

Plant-based contaminants:

With the change in climate many plant based toxic contami-

nants will occur. Changes in relative humidity will increase the

aflotoxin producing fungi, dry conditions during maturity or at

grain filling stage will increase the production of cracked

grains which will easily affect by fungal pathogen. Heavy rains

during harvesting or after harvesting of the crop will increase

proliferation of the fungus during storing because of incom-

plete drying.

Weeds

Compared to crops weeds have higher genetic diversity be-

cause of which they become flexible in adopting to new envi-

ronmental conditions and increase the growth and reproduc-

tion. Among the carbondioxide observed by weeds most of

the carbon will transfer to roots and rhizomes which increase

the root growth and chance of survival. Weeds can also mi-

grate to new climate conditions if they cant survive under

current conditions.

Pollen

Fluctuations in temperature will cause deletorious effect on

pollen and grain development.

Droughts and agriculture

Droughts result in crop failures and the loss of pasture grazing

land for livestock

Strategies by agriculture management practices:

Avoid deforestration and go for Reforestation

Planting of trees i.e. reforestration should be increased and

cutting of trees ie. Deforestration should be reduced as trees

are the major sinks for carbon. So increase in trees means

increase in carbon sinks and reduction of carbon content in

atmosphere.

Change in irrigation methods

Most of the farmers who are having good irrigation water are

going for flooding. Instead of going for flood irrigation if farm-

ers shift to drip method of irrigation emission of green house

gases from soil will be reduced. Along with that water use

efficiency will also be increases and in turn crop yields will

also be increased.

Change in fertilizer usage

Reducing the usage of nitrogen supplying fertilizers will re-

duce the emission of green house gases.

Cover cropping:

Growing of cover crops will improve the fertility of soil, re-

duced growth of weeds underneath, reduce emission of green

house gases.

Tillage

Instead of repeated tillage practices, reducing tillage or zero

tillage will decrease the emission of green house gases but

because of poor seed establishment and water movement

there is a chance of decrease in production.

Impact of Global warming on Agriculture and strategies

Sahaja Deva* Crop Production, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalikiri

Article ID: 20/09/01050116



Organic production

Reducing the usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides

and increasing the use of organic manures will reduce

green house gases.

Shifts in crop mix and diversification

New crops may be less vulnerable to heatwaves, but

may be limited by processing facilities nearby and by

market demand.

Biochar

In this fine grained charcoal will be applied to the soil

which is a new form of soil carbon sequestration. It is

identical to black carbon and it has negative impacts on

climate change.

Genetically Modified crops

Genetically Modified crops is a likely solution for wide

range of problems which are linked to climate

change. Genetically Modified crops not only reduce

losses temporarily but also increase crop yields.



Introduction

In India, Recently there is increase in awareness and demand

regarding diets that will boost our well-being and health, with

special emphasis being laid on antioxidants and fibers. In this

light the tiny seeded millet crops like: sorghum, pearl millet,

finger millet, little millet, proso millet, barnyard millet, foxtail

millet, kodo millet and brown top millet are gaining lot of atten-

tion. They are even being promoted as ‘nutri-cereals’ consid-

ering their numerous health benefits. These tiny seeds are

power packed with nutrients including fiber, minerals, antioxi-

dants and phytonutrients. Nutritionally millets are not only on

par but, better in terms of the globally consumed staple cere-

als like rice and wheat.

Nutritional importance and health benefits

Millets are rich in protein with average content ranging up to

12% approximately. They have a good amino acid profile and

like any other cereal, lack lysine but researchers have found

good amount in foxtail protein concentrates. Millets proteins

are gluten free thus making it a good substitute for patients

with celiac disease. Minerals are abundantly present in all

millets with ‘Ragi’ (finger millet) being a classic example of

calcium rich millet. Ragi has approximately 48 times and 9

times more calcium compared to rice and whole wheat re-

spectively. Sorghum, foxtail, barnyard and little millet have

good iron content. All millets possessed approximately 2 – 3%

zinc content. Proving that millets can be the golden grains

helping us bring nutritional security in age of protein energy

malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies.

Other major factor contributing to health benefits are resistant

starches and dietary fiber present in millets. The total dietary

fiber content in all millets ranged between 10 – 30% with high-

est dietary fiber content noted in kodo and little millet ranging

up to 37%. Abundant resistant starches and dietary fiber help

in reducing the glycemic index of millet grains in comparison

to other cereals like rice and wheat. Thus, the hypoglycemic

properties of millets help in slow release of glucose after con-

sumption, making it the most suitable grains for diabetic popu-

lation. These dietary fibers present in millets also slower the

digestion process, delay transit time and provide feeling of

satiety due to their bulking properties and water holding ca-

pacities. This satiety feeling provided by millets can put a

check on over-eating and nibbling in between the meals.

Thus, millets may play prime role in reducing the risk of obesi-

ty.

An important element making millets – wonder grains are

plentiful phytonutrients contributing to their higher antioxidant

capacities. The antioxidants activity in millets is mainly due to

the phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins. These com-

pounds are largely stored in the outer layers of grains. Antioxi-

dants are known to prevent risk of various degenerative disor-

ders associated with free radical formation. The fiber-

antioxidant complex in millets are linked to various health

benefits like reducing glucose levels after meals, reducing risk

of hypercholesterolemia etc.

With all these benefits noted, the millets are still underutilized

and that puzzles us. But as a matter of fact, millet consump-

tion has been part of our country’s tradition. They were just

forgotten and underutilized after the entry of high yielding

varieties and increasing production of rice and wheat.

During this corona virus pandemic, when everybody is looking

at health promoting immunity boosting foods, why not take

this opportunity to make permanent changes in our daily meal

pattern and include millets in them. These healthy millets may

not give us instantaneous or quick immunity but will undoubt-

edly help us on a long run to build healthier bodies shielding

us from various disorders.

Processing and utilization

Bringing back these millets in the regular diet is not a tedious

process, but a simple one. Millets usually take longer time to

cook compared to rice and wheat, thus they are dehulled

before further utilization. They can also be used after parboil-

ing and steaming. Milling is another process through which

millet flours can be obtained and used in enriching various

traditional and modern products like chapatis, kheer/pysum,

porridges, bakery products, extruded products, pasta, snack

items etc., by full or partial replacement. Millets can also be

germinated, boiled and steamed before used. Malting is an-

other option to use millets in making porridges and best ex-

ample is Ragi malt. Fermenting millets for preparing dosa, idli

batters is wonderful choice too.

Simple tips to include millets in regular diet

Add millets as your healthy snacking substitutes

Go for multi grain flours with millet value-addition

Millets – A Healthy Story

Barbhai Mrunal D.* and T. V. Hymavathi Foods and Nutrition Department, PGRC, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hydera-bad

Article ID: 20/09/01050120



Replace at least one portion of plain white rice with

millet rice

Use malted beverages prepared with millets

An important aspect to increase the consumption and

utilization of millets is to promote their cultivation. Pro-

moting millet cultivation, highlighting their nutritional ben-

efits is a vital step in creating awareness and increasing

their production. Millet cultivation is favorable in face of

climate change as it is a drought resistant crop that re-

quires very less inputs. Thus, even farmers in drought

prone regions can cultivate millets. In this light, India, in

2018 celebrated ‘millet year’ nationally for promoting

millet cultivation.

Conclusion

Millets being rich nutritionally should be included in diet

on regular basis. Especially considering the present pan-

demic situations that coexists with malnutrition and hid-

den hunger, these millet grains packed with such nutrient

density can be our way forward towards a healthier body

and life.



Genetic Purity: Genotypic purity can be defined as true to

the type of plants/seeds with the characteristics of the variety

as described by the breeders.

Principle: Heritable characters like (morphological, physiolog-

ical, or chemical) seeds, seedlings, or plants are needed to

test the cultivar purity.

Methods of testing genetic purity: The methods are listed

below, such as;

Morphological tests, Chemical test, Electrophoresis method,

biochemical and molecular markers method.

Morphological tests: In the laboratory and in greenhouse the

test can be done.

Grow out Test

Definition: Examining the genetic purity of the seed lot which

is given for test.

Purpose: To access the genetic status of a given seed lot for

a variety of cultivar/hybrid and that the given standards should

be followed accurately.

Applicability: Grow out testing to determine the legal stand-

ard for genetic purity control. It is pre-regulated as a ‘back-

control’ check to avoid genetic conflict. According to the law, it

is needed for the certification purpose of crops like cotton,

castor, musk melon, and egg plant. Tests are needed to

check if the sellers are maintaining genetic purity status of the

seeds under Seed Act 1966. Besides, the grow out test is

done to follow a procedure to judge the effectiveness of a

certification agency or certifying inspector.

Sampling: The samples will be drawn simultaneously with

seed quality testing samples separately by the prescribed

sampling process.

Working sample

A functional sample for testing will be obtained by effective mixing

and separating the included sample under the prescribed seed

sample procedure. The minimum number of plants needed to

take this observation will be four hundred plants; however, it will

also depend on the most approved exotic varieties for varieties

that can be considered within Indian seed accreditation stand

ards. The amount of seed needed to get the yield to have a spe-

cific number of plants will rely on the germination percentage of

the seed lot and therefore the seed rate should be adjusted for

the purpose.

Size of submitted sample:

Procedures: To achieve the accuracy and reliability of growth

test results, the procedures are given here should be fol-

lowed:

Location of test: Grow out test can be carried out in recom-

mended sites for cultivar / hybrid or in off season nurseries.

Standard sample: The standard sample of the cultivar

(control) is the official sample and all different samples of the

cultivars are judged against this particular sample. The stand-

ard sample should not be too controversial for any character

and should be obtained from the first plant and then stored at

Varietal Identification:- Grow out Test

Ankit Moharana* Dept. of Seed Science & Tech., Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha-751003, India

Article ID: 20/09/01050122

1,000 g - Maize, cotton, peanut, soybean and other varieties of the same seed

500 g - Sorghum, wheat, paddy, and other vari-eties

250 g - Beta and varieties of seeds having simi-lar size

100 g – Pearl millet, jute and all other genetic variants

250 tubers/roots/corms - Potato seeds, sweet potatoes and other vegetable crops

Max. per-missible Limit of off types in (%)

Min. genetic Purity percent-age

Number of plants needed for the test per sample

0.10 99.9 4,000

0.20 99.8 2,000

0.30 99.7 1,350

0.50 99.5 800

1.00 and above

99.0 and below 400



low controlled temperatures and humidity so it is used

annually to plant under cultivated plantation sites. Com-

parisons should be created between samples from one

standard sample to another.

Raising of crop: Standard and recommended agro-

nomical activities such as field preparation, plot size, row

length, the distance between rows, the distance between

plants, irrigation, and fertilizer application, etc. In the

case of a particular crop, each is followed by the sample

in question and its management (standard sample). The

germination percentage of the sample (s) in question and

the standard sample must be determined to control the

number of seeds. Sowing should be done with a block or

with a small area divination. Seed drill should be thor-

oughly inspected to ensure their cleanliness. A subse-

quent reduction is not recommended. Samples of the

same compound should be planted in sequence and

regular samples should be planted periodically. (one

standard sample for each of the 10 samples to be test-

ed). The size of the plot, the length of the line, and space

will vary according to the yield. The recommended speci-

ficity for the top of the variable is provided in the Table

mentioned below which can be adjusted accordingly

when given priority.

Plots should be fully grown on 2 sites to protect them

from failure in another part of the sector and reduce soil

fertility variability.

Observation Grow-out test sites should be inspected

throughout the period from flowering to maturity. All

plants should be inspected and kept to see the unique

characteristics of plants that do not produce each plant

for management and in taking this into account, plants

that show character deviations should be labelled and

scrutinized for future reference to determine whether

they are genetic or not. The number of full-grown and

non-native plants found should be recorded.

Calculation and interpretation of results: The percent-

age of varieties planted, varieties or cultivars available

should be calculated up to 1 decimal point and to de-

scribe the results, tolerance should be used with respect

to the breakdown of the standard deviations in relation to

the sample size as given in Table.

Reject variation of standard levels and sample size

Sl. No.

Crop Row length (m)

Plant-plant distance (cm)

Space in be-tween rows (cm)

Space in between plots (cm)

1. Wheat, barley and oats

6 2 25 50

2. Cowpea and pea

6 10 45 90

3. Chickpea, green gram and black gram

6 10 30 60

4. Maize crop 10 25 60 90

5. Hybrid cotton 5 10 45 45

6. Paddy: a) Very early to medium variety b) Late and very late variety

6 6

15 25

20 30

45 60

7. Pearl millet 6 10 60 90

8. Sorghum 6 10 45 60

Reject numbers for sample size of

800 400

99.5 (1 in 200) 99.0 (1 in 100) 95.0 (5 in 100) 90.0 (10 in 100) 85.0 (15 in 100)

8 16 48 88 128

* 8 24 44 64

Prescribed row length, distances, spacing



Reporting of results

(1) Grow out test results will be reported as a percentage

of other species, plant or species. (2) If the sample is

found to be a cultivar other than the one indicated by the

sender, the results will be miraculously reported. (3) If

the plants of other unprocessed species are fifteen per-

cent, the report shall state that the sample contains a

combination of different crops. (4) If no material is found,

it will be reported that the results of the growing sample

test in question did not find any indication that the name

of the engineer or the types specified by the sender are

incorrect.



Introduction

Pearl is obtained from Pearl oyster belong to phylum mollusca

and class Bivalvia. Pearl is considered as symbol of love,

purity ,beauty and good wealth, also known as “ jewel of

Queen.” Mollusca is the second largest phylum of invertebrate

animals after the Arthropoda. Mollusca produce a rigid shell to

shield their bodies and protect against rivals. Occasionally, by

accidental a sphere of biomineral (an inorganic mineral ele-

ment produced by living animal) is made by the biomineral-

producing process in the mollusca body. The word ‘pearl’ is

derived from the Latin word pirula which means pear, that is in

accordance to the pear shape of the pearls. Pearl oysters are

gregarious and they remain attached to rocks, live or dead

corals, other molluscan shells. They remain at a depth of 9-12

fathoms about 20 km off the shore. Japan is the biggest ma-

rine pearl producer country of the world, which produce annu-

ally 23 tonnes of marine cultured pearls, China produce 18.6

tonnes and French Polynesia 12.9 tonnes. The freshwater

mussels feed mainly on plankton through the filtration of gills,

they also feed on spores, diatoms, algal filaments, desmids,

detritus and crustacean appendages. The credit for the pro-

duction and development of modern pearl culture goes to

Japan. In India, research project on ‘Experiments on pearl

culture’ was taken up at the Central Marine Fisheries Re-

search Institute in 1972 (CMFRI) at Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu).

Types of Pearls:

(1) Natural pearls

These are produced by chance when foreign particles, insects

, bits of sand etc. join the oyster or moulds, and the mould can

not reject the foreign particle and creates a shiny layer

by layer coating on the particle sheet. So the pearls produ-

ced by this method are called natural pearls and are very rare

because of their accidental origin. Natural pearls are nearly

100% calcium carbonate. Pinctada margaritifer (Black-lip

pearl oysters),Pinctada fucata (golden yellow pearl),

P.chemnitzii (yellowish brown), P. sugillata (reddish brown),

P. anomiode(yellowish or greyish) and P. atropurpurea

(copper coloured).

(2) Cultured pearls

A cultured pearl is also a natural pearl. Cultured pearl is pro-

duced by same biological process as the natural pearl produc-

tion.The main difference between natural and cultured pearl

is the human interfering in grafting of a nucleus and living

mantle graft for increasing pearl formation to the desired size,

shap, shine and colour. Three varieties of freshwater mussels

commonly available in India. Lamellidens marginal-

is, L. Corrianus and Parreysia corrugata have been found to yi

eld excellent quality pearls.

3) Artificial pearls

Some imitation pearls (also called shell pearls) are man-made

objects that designed to resembles real pearls. Imitation

pearls composed primarly of coral or conch shell, mother-of-

pearl and some made of glass and coated with a solution

comprising fish scales, mixture of plastic enamel, lead car-

bonate which looks like as original pearl. Varieties of imitation

pearls are Bathed Pearl, Cotton pearl, Shell pearl. The short-

age of naturally shaped pearls has driven others to experi-

ment with different methods of growing cultured pearls. They

placed other items between the shell and mantle tissue of

fresh water pearl, returned them to the water, and after some

time they retrieved the mussels to see the embedded objects

filled with mother-of-pearl, which is often called nacre.

Composition of Pearl: The Pearl consists of calcium car-

bonate upto 90 percent, water 2 to 4 percent, organic matter

3.5 to 6 percent and the residue in very small amount 0.1- 0.8

percent. The pearl secretes inorganic calcium carbonate by

sac epithelium in two forms-aragonite crystals and calcite

crystals. The real ‘nacre’ substance is aragonite crystal (95-

99%).

Development of the pearl-culturing industry in Japan:

Japan produce 23 tonnes of farmed pearls every year and

export these Japanese cultured pearls to India, France, Unit-

ed state of America, Australia, Switzerland, Canada and

Spain.Kokichi Mikimoto is called the Father of Pearl Culture

industry and ‘Pearl King’ for the production and development

of modern pearl culture .The initial success for modern pearl

culture was achieved in 1893. Mikimoto's technique involves

making a cut in the pearl oyster’s organ, inserting a nucleus

inside the cut, and inserting a piece of mantle tissue beside

the nucleus the forms a sac that gradually covers the whole

nucleus with nacre. Stainless steel spatulas, needles, simple

knives are used to make a cut. The exterior epithelium of

mantle graft has been found to be the essential tissue in the

production of pearl. This epithelium of mantle graft induces

Pearl Culture and its Importance

Poonam Devi*and Rachna Gulati Department of Zoology & Aquaculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 125004

Article ID: 20/09/01050123



the closely placed nucleus to be enveloped in a pearl

sac within 15 days after grafting. Microvilli of pearl sac

epithelium provided the cellular base for calcium car-

bonate crystallization, the first step in the production of

pearls. At the end of 12 months production, the pearl-

bearing standing musk crop is harvested and the pearls

are carefully removed from the pearl sacs without losing

the musks. The success rate of pearl formation in the

mantle cavity and mantle tissue implantation is 60-70

percent and in the gonadal mold implantation is 25-30

percent. The pearl color varied between silvery white,

golden yellow to pink, when mantle tissue and gonadal

implantations occur. Today, the Mikimoto process is

used to manufacture pearls that constitute majority of the

worldwide pearl indusrty. Nucleated pearl processing

methods are technologically and physically complicated

and laborious. The following difficulties are face during

nucleated pearl production.

Understanding when and how to sever the oyster's or-

gans correctly, extracting the nucleus and placing the

portion of mantle tissue next to the nucleus requires

extensive training. As the process of insertion of nucleus

is very complex, there is a lack of qualified oyster nucle-

ating technicians worldwide.

If the pearl oyster survives, after the nucleus has been

implanted, the content of pearl produced shall not be

known until the pearl oyster is harvested and released.

Only a comparatively low proportion of the manufactured

pearls would be of the finest quality.

Some pearls to be irregularly shaped, the size and shape

of the pearl to be produced will depend on the type of

mollusca used for implantation, the size and shape of the

nucleus, the size, form and location of the technician’s

incision, the orientation of the piece of mantle tissue

implanted with the nucleus, and the time of development

and final nacre width.

Pearl culture in India

Usual freshwater moulds are Lamellidens marginalis,

Parreysia corrugata and Lamellidens corrianus have

been described as essential pearl growing species in

India. Such species are commonly distributed in the Indi-

an states of the west, northeast, middle and south. La-

mellidens species are found up to a depth of 0.5-1.0 m,

in standing or slow flowing habitats such as reservoirs

and ponds, while P. corrugata is found in lotic habitats

(moving water)such as rivers and streams. The farms for

pearl culture are situated in enclosed bays which have

connections with the open sea. Depth preferred for pearl

farm is 15 to 20 m. Growth of oyster is good at such

depth.The most suitable range of temperature for oyster

growth is 18 to 250C. Above 280C the oyster shows

signs of exhaustion and below 130C the oyster enters

into hibernation (a state of inactivity and metabolic de-

pression during winter).Those pearl oyster raised in high

salinities water produce pearls with a golden tint. A good

water current is necessary for as a source of oxygen and

to bring plankton on which the pearl oyster feeds. Spe-

cies of Lamellidens are inhabitants in stagnant water

such as ponds. Pearl oyster even more commonly rec-

orded in green algal blooming water. The pearl fisheries

in India are the Gulf of mannar and Kutch for natural

pearls . Gulf of mannar are known as paars it produces

the true oriental pearls of good quality. Pinctada fucata is

the common species of this area. Gulf of Kutch are

known as Khaddas. In the Gulf of Kutch, the pearl oys-

ters grow when the temperature range 23°C to 27°C in

winter months (November to February) but the growth

decrease in summer. In the Gulf of Kutch 42 pearl oys-

ters reefs present.

Pearl culture in China: Also developed was the non-

nucleated pearl cultivation method involving the insertion

of numerous parts of mantle tissue into incisions in the

freshwater mantle organs. This approach is used mainly

in China. China produce 90-95 per-cent of fresh water

pearls and export in the world market. The triangle sail

mussel is the best for producing high quality pearls. Tri-

angle sail mussel is widely distributed in the lakes in

Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake,

Shaobo Lake, and Gaobao Lake. The important factors

for producing good quality pearls is the water tempera-

ture. Temperature between 15-25°C is good for triangle

sail mussels growth. Between this temperature range

mussels have an active metabolism with high survival

rate of mantle cells, recover rapidly from the operation

wound, and secrete nacre. Dissolved oxygen, pH are

also very important factor to the mussel. For triangle sail

mussel, the proper pH range is from 7-8 and the Dissolve

Oxygen level should be greater than 3 mg/l. In China

march, april ,may, september and October are the proper

times of year for operating on the mussels. Triangle sail

mussel feed by filtering natural food from the water.

Juveniles filter the single celled algae such as diatoms,

green algae (Chlorophyceae) , gold algae

(Chrysophyceae), and Euglena species. Adult mussels

filter some colonial types of algae, organic matter and

tiny zooplankton.

Importance of Pearls: Given the high valuation of the

finished commodity, Pearl cultivation is a striking sector.

Pearl used as an ornament.

In Medicinal and cosmetic industry, pearl farming has

emerged as one of the worlds leading aquaculture indus-

tries.

Pearls are used in Chinese cosmetics and serums to

promote youthful looking skin.



It is a very valuable medicine for surgery, in curing heart

disease and indigestion.

Pearl powder is used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine.

The seed pearls and shell are by product of pearl cul-

ture.

Small seed pearls are used in medicinal preparation.

Pearl powders serve as an antacid and are used in heart

burning.

Small and broken shell are ground and used as ingredi-

ent in poultry- feed. After the pearl is cut, the oyster

entrails used to feed fish.

The tendon adductor part of oyster meat is intended for

human use.

Conclusion

Maintaining the natural environment for oyster re-

sources is important. In fact significant changes in oys-

ter demand and destruction of the natural environment re

sult in oyster mortality and declines in pearl production

The challenges in world agriculture are declines in limited

oyster stocks and oyster mortality due to red tide or dise

ase.The development of the pearl cultivation industry has

resulted in both extension of oyster resources and fast

regress in improving the pearl yield ratio, significantly

contributing to oyster resource security.

Pearl production is a good profession for people who hav

e fishing experience and who work on Boat-

ing and diving. Since pearl farming is a simple method of

aquaculture because it does not require complicated

farming structure, artificial feed and constant attention.

During culturing, if perfectly managed, pearl farming will

not distress the environment.



Introduction

Plants have an exceptional ability to amalgamate array of

compounds that contrast in chemical complexity and biologi-

cal ability. Oliver first used the term metabolome (complete

set of small molecules in an organism) in 1998 to describe the

metabolic constituents of living tissues or cells (Oliver et al.

1998). It is of the great interest because it plays major role in

physiological factors of plants such as response to the envi-

ronment, growth and development and realises the ultimate

phenotype of a cell by acting as a connection between the

phenotype and the genotype. Characterization of metabolome

is focal for the understanding of adaptation in response to the

continually changing environment or genetic variation. The

quality traits are related to the metabolic composition of the

plant and the response to the biotic i.e. insect and pest and

abiotic i.e. heat, temperature, drought and minerals toxicity

and deficiency is often provided by the metabolites. Metabo-

lomics is the systematic tools that helps to identify and quanti-

fy the smaller molecular weight metabolic products of a living

or biological system i.e. cell, tissue, organ, biological fluid, or

organism at a specific point in time. Metabolomics can be

measured by using metabolic profiling and metabolic finger-

printing techniques. Metabolic profiling helps to measure po-

tentially hundreds or thousands of metabolites. It needs effi-

cient method or tools for extraction, separation and analysis of

metabolites so that a large number of metabolites can be

measured in a strong and quantitative way whereas in the

presence of the extraordinary complex chemicals mixture that

is found in cellular extracts or distillations. On the other hand,

metabolic fingerprinting is the use of advanced analytic tech-

niques to find out the major differences between two different

genotypes or two samples. Due to extraction and detection

limitation, during the analysis of metabolites the larger mole-

cule (generally more than 1500 Dalton), typical amino acids

(constituents of protein) and sugar polymers (constituents of

carbohydrates) are excluded (Adam, 2003). There are three

basic perspectives involved in metabolite evaluation such as

targeted, non-targeted and targeted and non-targeted inte-

grated approach (Goodacre et al. 2004).

The Targeted approach allows to optimum measurements

intended for specific types of metabolites or metabolic path-

ways. The non-targeted approach confers an overview of the

readily detectable metabolites in a living system in a metabol-

ic profiling experiment. The main error or fault of this system

is biased and selective reporting. The integrated approach of

targeted and non-targeted profiling involves the initial assess-

ment of metabolic composition and is generally used in differ-

entiation studies in closely related species or crops

(Catchpole et al., 2005). It includes the metabolic fingerprint-

ing that main feature is short analysis time (typically <1 min)

for the screening, therefore, a large number of replications

can be evaluated, thus, adding to the statistical validity of

generated results. Combined large-scale non-targeted meta-

bolic profiling technique with QTL mapping analysis has per-

mitted a more examination of the genetic constituent of the

plant metabolome than was already conceivable. Identification

of QTLs is preventing the TSS content in tomato (Solanum

penelli), defence compounds maysin in maize and genomic

region responsible for glucosinolate accumulation in Ara-

bidopsis, Brassica rapa and B. napus.

Data acquisition for Metabolite Profiling

The general protocol and technological overview is discussed

here:

Sample preparation: The metabolic approaches give

“metabolic depiction” which is specific to the time of sampling.

Number of replications or examining from pooled materials

from a few plants ought to be incorporated. Preferably, all the

samples for comparison should be grown and harvested to-

gether under identical conditions, as this will allow maximum

biological importance to be connected to the results drawn

from any discriminant investigation. If not, then, additional

experiments are required to confirm whether the differences

observed are genotypically as opposed to environmentally

relevant.

Extraction: None of the single extraction technique is suffi-

cient to extract the metabolites therefore suffice and multi-

parallel technologies are to be required to urge a broad meta-

bolic picture. Consequently, both polar/semipolar (e.g., meth-

anol/water) and lipophilic (e.g., chloroform) extraction meth-

ods are usually analyzed and particularly for plants. For vola-

tile compounds or metabolites analyzed through the solvent

extraction (e.g., pentane) or for solid phases through head-

space extraction is usually desirable (Tikunov et al. 2005).

Samples for instrumental analysis are prepared from crude

extracts by partial and solid phase extraction. Two steps such

as derivatizations by methoxyamination and trimethylsilylation

represent a key way to hydrophilic metabolites profiling.

Metabolomics and its Significance in Plant Breeding

Panjay Kumar Sanadya1* and Smrutishree Sahoo2 1Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176062 2Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, GBPUAT, Pantnagar 263145

Article ID: 20/09/01060125



Separation and Detection

Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrome-

try (GC-MS)

Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spec-

trometry (LC-MS)

Capillary electrophoresis coupled with Mass Spec-

trometry (CE-MS)

Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass

spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)

Flow-direct-injection/infusion (FI/DI)-MS

Data analysis: The signs in raw chromatogram data are

to be extensively detected, quantified and allocated with

metabolite information to produce a data matrix listing a

metabolite and its intensity data. The necessary soft-

wares for data analysis listed here:

SPECALIGN is a graphical pre-processing computational

allying tool that can be efficiently used for the concurrent

visualization and direction of multiple proteomics data

sets but equally suitable for metabolomic products

(Wong et al. 2005). For GC-MS and LC-MS datasets,

METALIGN software has been equally applicable. Vari-

ous tools already been used are KEGG, AraCyc, MetNet,

BioPathAtMAPS and MAPMAN.

Database storage and database building

Another important aspect is effective data strategy

and database building.

Madison-Quingdao Metabolomics Consortium Da-

tabase (MMCD): National magnetic Resonance

Facility at Madison

Golm Metabolome Database (GMD)

A construction of plant databases like KEGG,

PlantCyc, METLIN, MassBank, ReSpect, Mass++

and KNApSAcK would prominently enhance the

plant Metabolomics studies.

Applications

Genotyping and phenotyping

Population screening

Understanding the physiological process

Response of plants to stress

Metabolic changes and modification of regulatory

genes

Bioactivity and Quality

Exploring the function of enzyme in somewhat

metabolic pathway

Metabolic engineering

Substantial equivalence

Hunting for candidate genes correlated to metabol-

ic phenotype

References

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potato crops. Proceedings of the National Academy of

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239–245.



Mode of action of Imazethapyr

Sahaja Deva*

Crop Production, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalikiri

To produce the ultimate effect, a herbicide needs to move from its

site of application (eg. Soil, leaves or shoots) to the site of action,

which is normally inside the plants. Once a herbicide enters into the

plants and reaches to a specific site in plant cells or organelles, it

affects a single or in some cases multiple biochemical processes

depending on the chemistry of herbicide and in some cases, on the

species of plants targeted.

Mode of action

Mode of action of herbicide refers to the entire chains/sequences of

events occurring from its first time of application or contact to its

ultimate/final effect at the site of action, which could be death of

plant.

Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action, however refers to the particular biochemical

and biophysical reactions, which bring about the ultimate herbicidal

effect. The site of application of herbicides, which is normally soil,

leaves, tender shoots or whole plant is quite different from the site

of action, which is located inside the plant and necessarily is certain

enzymes, cell organelles or cells catalyzing, housing or carrying out

the particular biochemical reaction like photosynthesis, respiration,

lipid biosynthesis, nucleic acid, amino acid and protein biosynthesis

or membrane function.

Site of action

Primary site of action: The site inside the plant system, which is

affected first at the lowest rate of application of a herbicide, is called

the primary site of action of that herbicide.

Secondary site of action::The site, which also gets affected later in

addition to or in conjunction with the primary site of action, is called

the secondary site of action of that herbicide.

Imazethapyr

Imazethapyr was first synthesized or reported or field tested in 1981

and first registered or commercially used in 1984.

Chemical Group: Imidazolinones

Mode of action: Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS)

Chemical name: [2-{4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-

1 H-imidazol-2-yl}-5-ethyl-3-pyridine carboxylic acid]

Trade name: Pursuit 30 & 10 EC; Hammer, Pivot

Soil half-life: 60 - 90 days

Sensitive weeds: Many annual BLW (broadleaf weeds) species

and several annual grasses, especially when applied PPI, PRE, or

early POST (2-leaf stage of weeds): green and yellow foxtails, barn-

yardgrass, witchgrass, cocklebur, velvetleaf, common ragweed, wild

mustard, redroot pigweed, lambsquarters, smartweed.

Absorption &Translocation: Imazethapyr will be absorbed readily

by foliage, but root absorption is slower. It can be translocated

through both xylem and phloem.

Mode of Action: Works by inhibiting the acetolactate synthase.

Primary site of action: Plastid

Secondary site of action: The ALS inhibitors thus stop cell division

and reduce carbohydrate translocation in the susceptible plants.

Metabolic pathway inhibited

Aceto Lactate Synthase (ALS), also known as AcetoHydroxyAcid

Synthase (AHAS) is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of branched-

chain amino acids like valine, leucine and isoleucine.

Symptoms

Within the few hours after application of herbicide growth of the

treated plants will be inhibited because of which susceptible weeds

will not compete with crop. Normally 1-2 weeks after application of

herbicide injury symptoms will be observed fb growth inhibition and

meristematic areas become chlorotic and necrotic fb general foliar

chlorosis & necrosis.

Residuality: Depending on the weather and soil conditions it lasts

for 4-6 months (more persistent under dry conditions)

Article ID: 20/09/01050117

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