ISSN: 2454-1362, Smart … · Amity School of Architecture & Planning, ... Logistics hubs, ......

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-10, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 700

Smart Cities: A Vision for Development of Indian Cities

Ar. Vibha Upadhyaya

Amity School of Architecture & Planning, Amity University Rajasthan,

Abstract: Smart city programme is an ambitious project of Government of on India and the Vision of our Prime minister. It aims to enable the latest smart technology and infrastructure in our cities. As such, there is no set definition of smart city. The concept of smart city varies from one place to another. It depends on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents. There is a lot of migration from rural areas to cities, economic and employment opportunities and a good quality of life. However, due to urbanization and climate change, the existing cities are becoming unlivable and unable to cope with increasing pressure on infrastructure. Hence, it needs development to accommodate the rapidly increasing population. The focus of smart city should be on sustainable and inclusive development to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens. These cities would exploit technology for offering more structured and hospitable living conditions for its citizens with a smart physical, social, institutional and economic infrastructure. An approval of Rs 98,000 Crores24 is in place for execution of 100 smart cities, along with Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), which is an urban rejuvenation programme for 500 towns and cities in next 5 years. This research paper explains the basic idea of smart cities with its component and applicability in our cities.

1. Introduction to smart city “Cities in the past were built on riverbanks, now they are built along highways. But in the future, they will be built based on availability of optical fiber networks and next-generation infrastructure.”

Mr. Narendar Modi (Prime minister of India)

As such, there is no set definition of smart city. The concept of smart city varies from one place to another. It depends on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and

aspirations of the city residents. However, there are some Basic requirements for a smart city as follows:

• A Smart City must provide basic infrastructure in terms of good quality but affordable housing, cost efficient physical infrastructure such as 24 x 7 water supply, sanitation, 24 x 7 electric supply, clean air, quality education, health care, security, entertainment, sports, robust and high speed interconnectivity, fast & efficient urban mobility etc.

• A smart city should be competitive enough to create employment opportunities to every section of society, regardless of its education and status.

• It should attract investments, experts, professionals and people to take up development activities with the ease to do business.

• It needs to support the traditional or family based skills to develop required environment for creation of economic activities and employment opportunities.

• A Smart City needs to identify its comparative or unique advantage and core competence in specific areas of economic activities and promote such activities aggressively, by developing the required institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructures.

• The smart city should provide a clean and sustainable development considering the aspects of social, economic and environmental sustainability.

• A smart city should be able to provide a better Quality of Life to its citizens, which includes safety and security for women, children and the elderly, inclusiveness, entertainment, access to public utilities, cost efficient healthcare, quality education, transparency, accountability and opportunities for participation in governance.

• The Institutional structure or the governance of the smart city should be efficient,

http://www.onlinejournal.in/




accountable and transparent and it must include the participatory systems of governance, e-governance, inclusive

governance, the sense of safety and security and the opportunities for creativity.

• A smart city uses ‘smart’ solutions to make infrastructure and services better

Figure1Characteristics of Smart Cities (Author)

2. Guidelines for the smart City The purpose of the Smart Cities Mission is to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local area development and

harnessing technology, especially technology that leads to Smart outcomes. Area-based development will transform existing areas in to organized area with retrofitting and redevelopment, thereby improving livability of the whole City.

Figure 2 Four pillars for comprehensive development of a smart city (Compiled by Author)

Smart Cities

Smart Mobility

Smart Economy

Smart People

Smart Governence

Smart Living

Smart Environment

Pillars of smart city Institutional Infrastructure

Activities that relate to governance, planning and management of a city. ICT has made the system citizen-centric, efficient, accountable and transparent. Participatory systems of governance, e-governance, inclusive governance, the sense of safety and security and the opportunities for creativity.

Physical Infrastructure

cost-efficient and intelligent systems like Urban mobility, housing stock & energy generation, water supply, sewerage, drainage & sanitation facilities integrated with technology.

Social Infrastructure

Quality education, healthcare, entertainment facilities along with performance and creative arts, sports, the open spaces, children’s parks and gardens promoting inclusiveness in city for SCs, STs, socially and financially backwards, minorities, disabled and women into the mainstream of development.

Economic Infrastructure

Development of Incubation centers, Skill Development Centers, Industrial Parks and Export Processing Zones, IT / BT Parks, Trade & Service Centers, Financial Centers and Services, Logistics hubs, warehousing and freight terminals, Mentoring and Counseling services to attract investments and create employment opportunities





Application of Smart Solutions will enable cities to use technology, information and data to improve infrastructure and services. Comprehensive development in this way will improve quality of life, create employment and enhance incomes for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged, leading to inclusive Cities.

3. Area Based Development of Smart Cities

There are mainly three models of Area-based development of Smart Cities, which included City improvement (retrofitting), City renewal (redevelopment) and City extension (Greenfield development).

Table 1 Models of Area Based Development for Smart Cities

SI Development Model

Features

1 Retrofitting Development of an existing built area greater than 500 acres to achieve the objective of smart cities mission to make it more efficient and livable. Depending on the existing level of infrastructure services in the identified area and the vision of the residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to become smart. Since existing structures in this model are to remain intact, more intensive infrastructure service levels and a large number of smart applications will pack in this.

2 Redevelopment Replace existing built environment in an area of more than 50 acres and enable co-creation of a new layout, especially enhanced infrastructure, mixed land use and increased density. A new layout plan of the identified area will be prepared with mixed land-use, higher FSI and high ground coverage.

3 Greenfield development

Develop a previously vacant area of more than 250 acres using innovative planning, plan financing and plan implementation tools with provision for affordable housing, especially for the poor. These are required around cities in order to address the needs of the expanding population, located either within the limits of the ULB or within the limits of the local Urban Development Authority (UDA).

Source: Compiled by Author (Smart city Guidelines) The above models get support with Pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions apply over larger parts of the city. Pan-city development envisages application of selected Smart Solutions to the existing citywide infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology, information and data to make infrastructure and services better.

4. Concept of Area based development of smart cities

The concept of smart cities is to have a holistic approach towards transformation and development of existing and new areas to make them economically viable, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable. The Comprehensive development of smart cities should promote the following:

• Mixed land use in area-based developments while enabling flexibility in land use and building bye-laws to adapt to change;

• Inclusive development providing housing and infrastructure opportunities for all regardless of education, cast, status etc

• Pedestrian friendly routes and non-motorized vehicles with walk able localities, reducing congestion, air pollution and resource depletion, boost local economy, promote interactions and ensure security.

• Preserving and developing open spaces like parks, playgrounds, and recreational areas in order to enhance the quality of life of citizens, reducing the urban heat effects in Areas and generally promote eco-balance;

• Promoting a variety of transport options Transit Oriented Development (TOD), public transport and last mile Para-transport connectivity;

• Enabling citizen-friendly institutional governance increasingly rely on online services to bring about accountability and transparency.

• Giving an individual identity to the city based on its main economic activity, skills or heritage etc;

• Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in area-based development in order to make them better





Other than this, there are some essential features of smart city plan as follows:

• Assured electricity supply with at least 10% of the Smart City’s energy requirement coming from renewable energy sources

• Adequate water supply including waste water recycling and storm water reuse, Sanitation including solid waste management, rain water harvesting,

• Smart metering, robust IT connectivity and digitalization,

• Pedestrian friendly pathways, encouragement non-motorized transport, intelligent traffic management, no-vehicle zones, smart parking, and energy efficient street lighting,

• Innovative use of open spaces, underground wiring, encroachment-free public areas, and ensuring safety of citizens especially children, women and elderly.

• At least 80% buildings should be energy efficient and green buildings.

• At least 15% of the housing shall be in the affordable housing category.

5. Component for development of smart cities

The figure below shows the Components of smart cities, which are important for inclusive and sustainable development of a smart city

Figure 3 Components of a smart city

5.1. Smart water Management Smart meters and billing systems is remotely controlled automatic distribution valves and Real time, online systems of monitoring water quality. Laser technologies are able to capture stream flow data from one end of a river without the use of a gauge. Smart metering technologies can provide individuals, businesses and water companies with information about water use and demand, as a basis for decision-making. In addition, Smart

water metering systems can measure water consumption in real time, as well as abstraction for irrigation, and can automatically communicate this information for monitoring and billing purposes. By combining smart water metering and mobile banking, a reliable transparent and secure flow of funds and information between the consumer and water service provider is achievable. This leads to reduction in transaction costs for water payment as well as administrative costs, which consequently increases revenues for water utilities.

Smart City

Smart Transportation &

traffic management Smart waste

Management

Smart waste water

recycling

Smart Health & Education

Smart Governence

Smart energy &

environment

Smart Buildings

Smart Street

Lightings

Smart IT & Communicatio

ns





Figure 4 Smart water Management with sensor technology Reference22 & 23

Mapping of water resources and distribution is possible with GIS techniques. Smart sensors in a water tap can stop the flow when there is no body to use it.

5.2. Smart transportation systems

These advance applications aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be aware with safe, more coordinated and smarter approach to use transport networks.

Figure 5 Smart transport system with smart Para- transit Reference28& 29

Smart Para-Transit: Smart Para-Transit uses information technology to group and optimize the existing trips that take place on the road network. A central computer collects information about requested trips, figures out how best to group passengers, and dynamically dispatches vehicles to service the required trips.

Other than this, other options are Car Sharing, use of non-motorized vehicle or pedestrian ways can make a transport system smart.

5.3. Smart traffic management system

Understanding the flow and congestion of vehicular traffic is essential for efficient road systems in cities. Smooth vehicle flows reduce journey times, reduce emissions and save energy. Similarly, the efficient flow of pedestrians in an airport, stadium or shopping centre saves time and can make the difference between a good and a bad visit. Monitoring traffic whether road vehicles or people – is useful for operators of roads, attractions and transport hubs. The monitoring system calculates the average speed of the vehicles, which transit over a roadway by taking the time mark at two different points.





Figure 6 Smart Traffic control with sensors and smart monitoring Reference18 & 20

Wireless vehicle detector based on magnetic induction technology and wireless communication technology can collect data of traffic flow, speed of vehicle, occupancy ratio and moving direction, providing these to system integrator for smooth traffic management.

5.4. Smart Street lighting Intelligent street lighting refers to public street lighting that adapts to movement by pedestrians, cyclists and cars. Intelligent street lighting refers to adaptive street lighting, which dims when there

is no activity, but brightens in case of any movement. These smart streetlights become energy efficient when combined with renewable energy techniques, For example:

• Advanced street light system of energy efficient lighting combined with LED lighting, vertical axis wind turbines and solar photovoltaic.

• Street lighting with motion sensor, it will be automatically switched on when there is some movement.

Figure 7 Intelligent street lighting system Reference 19 & 28

5.5. Smart Health Technologies can help those who treat our illnesses, heal our injuries and find ways to battle diseases even better. It can also help healthy individuals to make smarter choices about their

health and care. Smart Systems are able to sense and diagnose complex situations. They are “predictive”; they have the capability to decide and help to decide as well as to interact with the environment. They may also be energy autonomous and networked.

Figure 8 Smart Health system Reference 12, 17 & 36




Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) 06

Digital interactive technologies like touch screen displays enables fast access to digital information, to view, discuss, modify and save in real time. The recording of patient admissions, discharges, and transfers are instant and can be easily discussed, drawn and noted upon, and then distributed via email, externally if required. Access to immediate digital information, can enable the easy view for status of beds and patients and new information to add as soon as changes happen, resulting in more simple patient management, a faster turnaround, and a much more efficient process throughout the hospital wards.

5.6. Smart Education Not all education takes place in schools, but Smart schools can play an important role in improving the physical performance of the city while at the same time preparing today’s students for life in the increasingly complex, and increasingly technological world of the future.

At the building level, the intelligent systems can help schools, colleges and universities manage their energy systems, security, communication, and transportation much better. In addition, intelligent systems can help connect departments and campuses in higher education. They can enable virtual and online learning, and engage social media and can collaborate with contemporary education thinking to change the way that children learn.

Figure 9 Smart education with graphical display and innovative techniques Reference 27& 31

Technology is changing in delivering education. Migration from textbooks to Graphics and computers allows more student focused delivery of education, at their pace, with relevant content and learning approaches. It also allows schools to stay up to date with current and timely information, and to leverage teaching resources across schools, campuses, districts and across the world. With growing urbanization, cities need to be a center of learning to make everybody with smarter for skill up gradation, capacity building for which smart education for everybody is main development agenda to achieve cost effectiveness with efficient and smart outcomes.

5.7. Smart Security system There are many travel activities owing to business travel, children’s school schedules and social activities, the new smart systems can provide

innovative connectivity to house even from faraway places. During occupancy also, high level of automation enables more convenience, control and safety from any part of property. These services may include the following: • Remote arm and disarm the security system • Easily automate lights or change them

remotely before arrival. • Adjust the thermostat to help save on utility

bills or to have a comfortable environment to greet the occupants.

• Access appliances like the coffeemaker or set schedules to automate them.

• Set up the system to get notifications through email, text, phone or real-time video clips of alarms.

• Receive email or text message of selected events.

• View stored video clips of events from monitored areas of the home.





Figure 10 Smart Security system with CCTV camera and online control Reference 5, 6, & 32

5.8. Smart IT & Communications IT and communications technology will be a key component of the investments allocated by the

Governments to build smart cities, which will improve the quality of life of its citizens by providing citizen services over communication networks.

Figure 11 Smart IT and Communication with mobile, internet TV and latest technologies Reference 15 & 21

Information technology is an umbrella term that includes communication device, applications and various services associated with it. Progress in information technology is the main driving force behind economic growth involving citizen engagement and job creation. ICT reshapes and integrates world’s economies, governments and societies. In developing countries like India, all the stakeholders in a city including Government officials, private business entities and public are in process to exploit the power of ICTs to transform for making efficient services, boost financial status and build up community association.

5.9. Smart Governance

Smart governance connects the Government and public for efficient delivery of services and process of sharing information, to enhance

capacity of governance with integration of applications and data centers using ICT in the form of e-services and other means. It will improve the way of resolving issues faced by public and timely response to the feedbacks, complaints and suggestion in a professional way to create efficient communication between government and public. In this process all, the stakeholders including Government and public and other private entities are involved to get benefit with the help of efficient communication network for implementing reforms and decision making for future smart cities.

5.10. Smart waste management

The demand for clean water continues to grow for domestic and industrial purposes. The health burden of poor water quality is enormous.





Figure 12 Component of integrated solid waste management Reference 13,14 &34

Sanitation problems in urban areas are very critical and need immediate attention, waste treatment system lack maintenance leading to various environmental and health hazards. With rapid urbanization and changing lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing. Dumpsites in almost all cities are handling more waste than capacity, and finding new landfills near cities is almost impossible. Most dumpsites lack systems for leachate collection, landfill gas collection or monitoring, etc. This result in ground and surface water contamination from runoff, air pollution caused by fires, toxic gases, odour, and public health problems due to mosquitoes and other epidemics. There is a focus on solutions to reduce waste and environmental pollution, generating renewable energy, and to free up land from using it for landfill.

To overcome water supply, waste water and sanitation issues, cities seek to incorporate the latest technologies, products, solutions, systems,

etc., and efforts are on to collate data to diagnose problems, and to prioritize and manage maintenance issues. Automated Waste Collection System (AWCS) can take care of the conventional methods like door-to-door, curbside, block; community bins collections and Transportation to Transfer station.

5.11. Smart environment and energy

Smart Environment is able to acquire and apply knowledge about the environment and can adapt inhabitant's preferences and requirements to improve their experience. India is mainly dependent on coal to produce electricity, which is the main source of greenhouse gases causing global warming. Therefore, we need to focus on efficient use of alternate fuels and renewable energy.

Figure 13 Smart Environment and energy with renewable systems and green development Reference 26





6. Conclusion Prime minister’s vision of digital India has a plan to build 100 cities across India, which envisages making India a leader in digitally delivering services in the health, education and banking sectors. However, a smart city is not just about digitization and automation, before all this we need to provide basic infrastructure to cities and its residents. The focus of smart city should be on sustainable and inclusive development to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens. A Smart City must provide housing and basic infrastructure, which is not only of good quality but also affordable. Cost efficient physical infrastructure such as adequate water supply, sanitation, Power supply, pollution free environment, efficient transportation, quality education, health care, security, entertainment, sports, with robust and high-speed interconnectivity etc. It should be competitive enough to attract investment and employment opportunities and be able to recognize and develop traditional skills. The smart city should provide a clean and sustainable development considering the aspects of social, economic and environmental sustainability and be able to provide a better Quality of Life to its citizens including safety and security. Further Cities may add various intelligent solutions for development to become smart and sustainable city.

However, the Current governance structure does not have adequate community participation. Procedures of Service delivery, resolving issues & complaint are cumbersome and citizens often find it difficult to secure public services they seek. In addition, there are multiple authorities for delivery of various essential services.

However, our cities have a great potential to become a smart city provided it is equipped with provision of adequate infrastructure, conservation of resources and inclusive development with Government people private participation. The challenge before the Government is to build inclusive smart cities for all its residents, irrespective of whether they are rich or poor. In a country like India, the process of making a city smart should be people centric. The idea should be to make cities work for the people.

Acknowledgement The research performed in this article forms a part of Ph. D. of author Vibha Upadhyaya.

REFERENCES 1. A mission document on Jawaharlal Nehru National

Solar Mission Towards Building Solar India,2008, Govt. of India, Page 1-3

2. Mohammed Atif, Smart cities: a pathway to inclusive growth, DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability Page 1-5

3. Smart Water & Waste Management for Smart Cities, IL & FS, 2015, Slide 10-12

4. Smart Cities, Mission Statement and Guidelines, Ministry of urban development, Govt. of India, 2015 Page 5-9

5. http://alarmcompanyreviews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/smart-home-systems.jpgaccessed on 10042015

6. http://atlanticsecurity.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/home.jpg

7. http://www.autotaps.com/how-automatic-tap-work.html accessed on 28042015

8. http://www.automatedbuildings.com/news/feb08/articles/caba/080128112707caba.htm accessed on 28042015

9. http://blog.gerhardsappliance.com/technology-news/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-smart-homes/ accessed on 24062015

10. http://blogs-images.forbes.com/sarwantsingh/files/2014/07/fs_gfx_smart-cities-concepts-v1.png accessed on 24062015

11. https://buildingsolutions.honeywell.com/en-US/solutions/energy/Pages/default .aspx accessed on 14072015

12. http://caer.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/HROF.jpg?lbisphpreq=1 accessed on 14072015

13. http://www.capexoilfield.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/iStock_000018183098X Small.jpg accessed on 14072015

14. http://www.ecco-technologies.com/images/somat.png accessed on 14072015

15. http://eng-sci.udmercy.edu/programs/eng/electrical-computer/images/ITS-GPS.jpg accessed on 14072015

16. https://itunews.itu.int/En/4851-Smart-water-management.note.aspx accessed on 07072015

17. https://essentialsomatics.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/medical-monitoring.jpg accessed on 14072015

18. http://i00.i.aliimg.com/img/pb/815/225/879/879225815_528.jpg, accessed on 14072015

19. http://img.tradeindia.com/fp/2/909/490.jpg accessed on 14072015

20. http://m2mworldnews.com/WordPress/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/waspmote_traffic_monitoring .jpg

21. http://newtelegraphonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ict-comm.png accessed on 14072015

22. http://www.raglan23.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/100816WirelessWaterMeter.jpg accessed on 14072015

23. http://www.sanliv.com/faucets/automatic-faucet& accessed on 14072015



http://alarmcompanyreviews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/smart-home-systems.jpg



http://atlanticsecurity.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/home.jpg

http://atlanticsecurity.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/home.jpg

http://blogs-images.forbes.com/sarwantsingh/files/2014/07/fs_gfx_smart-cities-concepts-v1.png



https://buildingsolutions.honeywell.com/en-US/solutions/energy/Pages/default%20.aspx%20accessed%20on%2014072015



http://caer.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/HROF.jpg?lbisphpreq=1

http://caer.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/HROF.jpg?lbisphpreq=1

http://www.capexoilfield.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/iStock_000018183098X%20Small.jpg



http://www.ecco-technologies.com/images/somat.png

http://www.ecco-technologies.com/images/somat.png

http://eng-sci.udmercy.edu/programs/eng/electrical-computer/images/ITS-GPS.jpg

http://eng-sci.udmercy.edu/programs/eng/electrical-computer/images/ITS-GPS.jpg

https://essentialsomatics.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/medical-monitoring.jpg

https://essentialsomatics.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/medical-monitoring.jpg

http://i00.i.aliimg.com/img/pb/815/225/879/879225815_528.jpg

http://i00.i.aliimg.com/img/pb/815/225/879/879225815_528.jpg

http://img.tradeindia.com/fp/2/909/490.jpg

http://m2mworldnews.com/WordPress/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/waspmote_traffic_monitoring%20.jpg



http://newtelegraphonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ict-comm.png

http://newtelegraphonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ict-comm.png

http://www.raglan23.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/100816WirelessWaterMeter.jpg



http://www.sanliv.com/faucets/automatic-faucet&%20accessed%20on%2014072015

http://www.sanliv.com/faucets/automatic-faucet&%20accessed%20on%2014072015



24. http://smarthomeenergy.co.uk/sites/smarthomeenergy.co.uk/ accessed on 15052015

25. http://www.smartcitiesindia.com/ accessed on 07072015

26. http://www.smartcitiesindia.com/data1/images/smart-environment.jpg accessed on 28052015

27. http://storage.cloversites.com/immanuelchurch3/site_images/page33_picture0_1315697897.jpg

28. http://www.spec-net.com.au/press/0114/images/lea150114_img02.jpg

29. http://www.streetsblog.org/2008/08/25/smart-para-transit-a-new-vision-for-urban-transportation/accessed on 14072015

30. http://www.streetsblog.org/2008/08/29/smart-para-transit-working-out-the-details/ accessed on 14072015

31. http://tdiinternationalschool.com/sites/default/files/menuimage/smart-class.jpg accessed on 14072015

32. http://www.thirdwatchsystems.com.pk/images/headerBackground.jpg accessed on 14072015

33. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Robotic-technique-to-be-used-for-cleaning-of-water-tanks/articleshow/17003845.cms accessed on 29062915

34. http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/article_pics/uae-62538.jpg

35. http://www.videocentric.co.uk/smart-healthcare-improving-patient-care/ accessed on 07072015

36. http://www.xcubelabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Wearable-health-and-iPhone.jpg accessed on 14072015



http://smarthomeenergy.co.uk/sites/smarthomeenergy.co.uk/

http://smarthomeenergy.co.uk/sites/smarthomeenergy.co.uk/

http://www.smartcitiesindia.com/data1/images/smart-environment.jpg

http://www.smartcitiesindia.com/data1/images/smart-environment.jpg

http://storage.cloversites.com/immanuelchurch3/site_images/page33_picture0_1315697897.jpg

http://storage.cloversites.com/immanuelchurch3/site_images/page33_picture0_1315697897.jpg

http://www.spec-net.com.au/press/0114/images/lea150114_img02.jpg

http://www.spec-net.com.au/press/0114/images/lea150114_img02.jpg

http://www.streetsblog.org/2008/08/25/smart-para-transit-a-new-vision-for-urban-transportation/accessed



http://www.streetsblog.org/2008/08/29/smart-para-transit-working-out-the-details/

http://www.streetsblog.org/2008/08/29/smart-para-transit-working-out-the-details/

http://tdiinternationalschool.com/sites/default/files/menuimage/smart-class.jpg

http://tdiinternationalschool.com/sites/default/files/menuimage/smart-class.jpg

http://www.thirdwatchsystems.com.pk/images/headerBackground.jpg

http://www.thirdwatchsystems.com.pk/images/headerBackground.jpg

http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/article_pics/uae-62538.jpg

http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/article_pics/uae-62538.jpg

http://www.videocentric.co.uk/smart-healthcare-improving-patient-care/

http://www.videocentric.co.uk/smart-healthcare-improving-patient-care/

http://www.xcubelabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Wearable-health-and-iPhone.jpg



ISSN: 2454-1362, Smart … · Amity School of Architecture & Planning, ... Logistics hubs, ......

Documents

Transcript of ISSN: 2454-1362, Smart … · Amity School of Architecture & Planning, ... Logistics hubs, ......