Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis...

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Transcript of Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis...

Page 1: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of
Page 2: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Tepuis• Guayana Shield centered in southern Venezuela

• 1.2 X 106 m2

• sandstone table mountains of Roraima Formation

Autana, 1300 m

Page 3: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Tepuis• Roraima Formation - Precambrian, highly leached sandy marine

sediments laid down 1.5 - 1.8 billions years ago

• Roraima Formation uplifted during formation of Atlantic in Cretaceous

• tepuis formed with erosion of major river systems (Orinoco) – vicariance?

• tepuis are resistant (quartzite) mesas

Page 4: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Autana, 1300 m

Neblina, 3014 m

Roraima, 2723 m

Kukenán, 2650 m

Page 5: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Tepuis• tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost

World”

• actually home to one of the world’s largest set of plant “carnivores”

Heliamphora -sun pitcher

Page 6: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Tepuis• tepuis basis for opening scene of Arachnophobia

Canaima National Park

Page 7: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Tepuis• Pantepui - biogeographic province proposed by the Phelps for high

elevation portion over 1500 m

Page 8: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Tepuis• Pantepui - biogeographic province proposed by the Phelps for high

elevation portion over 1500 m

• Distinctive biota

Tepui vireo

Redbanded fruiteater

Tepui manakin Rana

Asteraceae

Page 9: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Tepuis• Pantepui - biogeographic province proposed by the Phelps for high

elevation portion over 1500 m

• characterized by a combination of extreme conditions: cool weather, heavy rainfalls, dense clouds, strong winds, high solar radiation, and extremely infertile substrates

Pantepui

Page 10: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of
Page 11: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Tepui Flora• Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) - sun pitcher

Page 12: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Do the tepuis function as islands?

Ricarda RiinaM.S. thesis (2003)

Tepui Flora

Page 13: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Log Summit Area

P < 0.0001

Tepui Flora• Pantepui - island like species/area relationship

Riki Olivares - M.S. thesis

Page 14: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0--599 600--999 1000--1499 1500--3000

Lower elevation ranges for Pantepui species (m)

Nu

mb

er

of

sp

ec

ies

25%

18% 17%

40%

Lowlands Uplands Highlands

Elevation ranges of Pantepui species (spp above 1500 m)

Tepui FloraTepui Flora• Pantepui - 40% of species restricted to pantepui

Page 15: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Overall plant richness and endemismPantepui

taxaShield

endemicsPantepui endemics

Single tepui endemics

Families 156 2 0 0

Genera 626 80 23 (4%)

13(2%)

Species 2447 1517 1034 (42%)

617 (25%)

Tepui Flora

Riki Olivares - M.S. thesis

• Pantepui - island like endemism

Page 16: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• Floristic relationships among tepuis

• Is there a biogeographical pattern?

Tepui Flora

Vicki Funk - Smithsonian

– vicariance formed by river erosion?

Page 17: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Guayana Shield - pantepui area

eastern tepuis

western tepuis

Page 18: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Cluster Analysis based on floristic composition

Tepui Flora

Page 19: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of
Page 20: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Uei

Roraima

Kukenán

Karaurín

Ilú

Sororopán

Carrao

Ptari

Kamarkawarai

Tereke-y

Murisipán Aparamán

Amaruay

Venamo

Auyán

UaipánAprada

Chimantá

Guaiquinima

Marutaní

Sarisariñama

Jaua

Maigualida

Yaví

YutajeCorocoro

Guanay

Camani

Cuao

SipapoAutana

Yapacana

ParúHuachamacari

Marahuaka Duida

Aratitiyope

Aracamuni

Neblina

Aracá

Axis 1

Axis 2

east

west-north

west-south

DCA Ordination based on floristic composition

basically congruent with cluster analysis

Page 21: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Tepui Flora• positive significant (P = 0.001) correlation between the floristic distance

matrix and the among-tepuis geographic distance matrix (Mantel Test)

Page 22: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Do the tepuis exhibit adapative radiations?

Tepui Flora

Tom Givnish

Page 23: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Brocchinioideae

Page 24: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

§ Ant-fed myrmecophory

§ Tank epiphytism (saprophytism)

§ N2 fixing blue green bacteria association

§ Non-impounding, root nutrient uptake

§ Carnivory

Nutrient capture evolution in Brocchinia

Adaptive Radiation in Brocchinia

Page 25: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Nutrient capture evolution in Brocchinia

H2O impounding

Blue-green bacterial N2fixation

Ant fed

Carnivory

Adaptive Radiation in Brocchinia

Page 26: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• lowlands to nutrient poor highlands of Guayana Shield• H2O impounding “tank” are pre-adaptations to carnivory, blue-green bacteria symbiosis, ant-fed mutualism

Adaptive Radiation in Brocchinia

Page 27: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of
Page 28: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• convergent biome types across high elevation areas of the tropics

• depending on elevation, often occur as ‘islands’

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

Page 29: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• South American paramo and East African afroalpine (‘Ethiopian’) best studied floristically as islands

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

Page 30: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• ecology is harsh and unvarying: ‘winter by night, summer by day’

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

Page 31: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• Convergent life forms occur in both areas as a response to these ecological conditions

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

tussock grassAcaena (rosette)

Viola (cushion)

Hypericum (sclerophyll)

Erica(sclerophyll)

Page 32: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• Convergent life forms occur in both areas as a response to these ecological conditions

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

Lobelia (Lobeliaceae)Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae)

Afroalpine

Page 33: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

• Convergent life forms occur in both areas as a response to these ecological conditions

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

Paramo

Espeletia(Asteraceae)

Puya (Bromeliaceae)

Page 34: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Puya raimondii, Ancash, Peru

Radiation in Andean Puya(Bromeliaceae)

Rachel Schmidt Jabaily

Page 35: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Radiation in Andean Puya(Bromeliaceae)

Direction of latitudinal and elevation shifts?

Page 36: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Radiation in Andean Puya(Bromeliaceae)

latitudeelevation

“mapping” on latitude & elevation on DNA tree

Jabaily&Sytsma 2013

Page 37: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Relative rates of movements in latitude and elevation

Radiation in Andean Puya(Bromeliaceae)

Jabaily&Sytsma 2013

!

!!

!!

!

Page 38: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine• Biogeography of afroalpine flora – adaptive radiation of Dendrosenecio

(Asteraceae)

Page 39: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

Mt. Kenya

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

1. Inter-island dispersal followed by elevation shifts

Eric Knox

2. Multiple dispersals from similar elevations

8 species adapted to 4 life zones (in color)

• Biogeography of afroalpine flora – adaptive radiation of Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae) Which pattern?

Page 40: Islands in the Sky - courses.botany.wisc.edu · ‘Islands in the Sky’- Tepuis • tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Lost World ” • actually home to one of

‘Islands in the Sky’ - Paramo, Afroalpine

Mt. Kenya

1. Inter-island dispersal followed by elevation shifts

• Convergence of species adapted to similar elevations!

Phylogeny superimposed on biogeography

root

2. Multiple dispersals from similar elevations

• Biogeography of afroalpine flora – adaptive radiation of Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae) Which pattern?


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