ISLAMIC CENTER AT ARLINGTON, TEXAS Submitted to the ...
Transcript of ISLAMIC CENTER AT ARLINGTON, TEXAS Submitted to the ...
ISLAMIC CENTER AT ARLINGTON, TEXAS
by
Norfidah bt. Alias
A THESIS
IN
ARCHITECTURE
Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the College of Architecture
of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment for
the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITXCTWRE
Cha irman o/ the Cbram> -feee
Programming Instructor (ARCH 4395): Prof. D. A. Driskill Design Critic (ARCH 4631):
Accepted
Dean, College of Architecture
May, 1988
TABLES OF CONTENTS. PAGE
I. Thesis Statement 1
11 - Project Statement 2
III. Goals and Objectives 4
IV - Background Studies
What is Islamic Architecture? 5
Islamic Architecture in Non-Islamic
Environment. 6
Mosque 11
Commercial facilities 16
Library 19
Arlington, Texas
- History 22
- Arlington today 23
- Populat ion 23
- Climate 24
- Site analysis 26
- The proposed mosque to be built in the site 28
- Case studies 41
V- Activity Analysis 45
VI. Space Analysis 62
VII. Space Summary H 6
VII. Space Adjancency ^21
IX Cost Analysis 124
X Bibliography 126
XI Do<:umentation 129
THESIS STATEMENT.
My thesis statement is to combine modern technology and
functional forms in the context of Islamic culture and value.
The design is to harmonize with the context cf the surrounding
architecture ;and at the same time, it blends with the spirit
of Islam; so that, the facility will not be an alien in the
western environment and architecture. The facility will cater
for Muslims away from their Islamic countries, Muslims who are
American citizens,and also for those who are interested about
the spirit of Islam, its cultures and the many customs of the
peop1e of I s1am.
PROJECT STATEMENT.
The facility will serve the needs for the Muslims to
offer their prayer, to further their knowledge in Islam, and to
fulfill their necessities of food, shelter and clothings.
The facility will satisfy the needs for the Muslims
around Arlington and Dallas-Forth. The facility will then be a
nucleus for the Musiims community around this area.
Therefore, my thesis project will be an Islamic Center
for the Musiim community in Ar1ington, Texas.
The design will focus on three major elements:
1. mosque - as a place for prayer in congregation five
times a day and that can hold the entire
male population during the Friday prayer
2. library - as a space to house Islamic 1iterature, a
place to learn and to study.
3. commercial faci1ities - spaces to include shops,
stores and restaurants represent ing
various I slam nat ions; to act as the
interface with the non-Musiim community.
Supporting elements in this center will include : open spaces
for relaxing, socializing and gathering ; playground for
children ; administration area and parking.
Thus, the design should combine these differents
elements into one homogeneous whole. The design should utilize
open spaces and emphasize circulation. The form should be
invit ing rather than turning its back to the streetscape.
The major issues of this project will be the difficult
transit ioning between the surrounding context and this facility
and also the issue of security from vandal ism.
GOALS.
The basic goal of this project is to design a facility
that can unite the Musiims and that can pull them out from the
crowd- An example of this is in Richardson, Texas. After the
mosque is finally erected, the Musiim Society there saw their
registered membership triple in a matter of just a few years.
The goal is also to foster harmonious relationship
between Musiims and people of other denominations who might
interested to learn more about the spirit of Islam, the customs
and the many cultures of the people of Islam.
OBJECT I \/ES.
Therefore, the design should provide a desirable, happy
and welcoming environment for all the users. It should also
have a divinely guided surrounding according to the needs of
the Musiims.
The image of the facility should be expressed with
contemporary architecture to harmonize within the surrounding
context; and at the same time, be compatible with the Islamic
values.
Hopefully, the commercial facilities will act as an
interface with the people from other denominations to come and
use the facility.
^HAT IS ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE.
The teaching of the Koran and Sharia, which affect the
concept of overall Muslim's life, ultimately shaped the Islamic
environment. Thus, in the pursuit of one's activities through
life, it is therefore important to search for simplicity and
humility and to avoid waste through the frivolous use of the
resources- It is in this spirit that the first mosque was
built. For example, in Basra in 635 A.D., a mosque was built by
simply defining the boundary of a lot approximately square in
shape and enclosing it with a fence reeds. In Kufa in 638 A.D.,
the mosque had only an unenclosed covered collonades'. What was
really important was to create a sense of space evolving
spirituality of the environment, a feeling of peace, harmony
and the humbleness of the individual. Since Islam teaches
humility, buiId ings were kept low to denote a rejection of
luxury and ostention. The construction of big buildings was
considered synonymous with pride and arrogance.^
Simplicity, adaptability, participation, continuity,
equality and a sense of stability became the canons of
architecture. These canons were intepreted in terms of building
and forms, and gave rise to the unique architectural expression
which is known as Islamic architecture. Because their
attributes were so direct and meaningful even when built in
another culture, the quality of Islamic architecture remained
similar, it even adopted the local pattern or style for its
&
expression without losing the principal message.^
In the words of Oleg Graber (Islamic Art Historian),
"the main concern of Islamic architecture did not 1ie in
maintenance of certain forms, but in the expression.^
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE in NON-ISLAMIC ENVIRONMENT
by Gulzar Haider
The following ^r^ guiding principles for architecture in
non-Islamic environments.
1) This architecture must express:
a. Unity as its essence: one God, one Truth, one existence
b. Our'an as its message
c. Prophetic tradition and Islamic law as its path: the
framework for functional programming
d. Pervasiveness of justice as its school of thought
2) The structure and form of religious activities such as
ablution, prayer and Friday congregation should be treated with
the utmost care, and preserved and reinforced by architecture.
3) The sacred and mundane are to be integrated through
cont inuity and juxtaposition, yet differentiated by the
character of space and form. For example, architecture should
ensure that it is an act of conscious will to step inside a
mosque, as compared to (for example) walking from 1ibrary
stacks to the read ing area.
4) This architecture should be expressive and understandable
to all. It should employ a form language which for immigrant
Muslims evokes a sense of belonging in their present and hope
in their future. To indigenous Muslims it should represent a
linkage with Muslims from other parts of the world, and should
underscore the universality and unity of Islam. To new Muslims
this architecture should invoke confidence in their belief. To
non-Muslims it should take the form clearly identifiable
buildings which are inviting and open, or at least not
secretive, closed and forbidding.
5) It should exhibit a sense of economy of architectural means
and generosity of Islamic-humanist ic ends. There should be
nothing, whether functional or symbolic, without a purpose. It
should not be a temperamental nor a capricious architecture.
6) It should be ecologically appropriate; embel1ish and
reinforce the natural context; be energy conserving and
climatically sensible.
7) It should be technologically appropriate in terms of the
choice of materials and techniques of construction.
8) In the choice of architectural motifs it should in no way
reinforce the erroneous mythology of Near-Eastern "Islamic"
exotica of the Thousand and One Nights.
9) It should be a beautiful architecture, aiming at the ideals
at the Islamic aesthetic.
10) This architecture is a physical statement on behalf of
Islam and the Muslim community. It is a proselytizing gesture
9
which, acording to Koran XXV, should be made in the best
manner: "Invite to the Way of your Lord with wisdom and
beautiful preaching, and argue with them in ways that are best
and most graciuos...." It should be like a greeting of peace
and an invitat ion to discourse and dialogue about Islam.
CASE STUDY
The Islamic Center of North America
-- example Islamic arch itecture in non-Islamic envi ronment
In 1975, the MusIim Students Association of the U.S.A. and
Canada decided to centralize its numerous activities by
establishing a headquaters in Plainfield, Indiana. The 84-acre
site has been reserved for the following major facilities:
Mosque for f ive hundred men and women, with provision for about
twenty-five percent overflow
Research 1 ibrary for 100,000 volumes, various microfilm r nd
audio-visual 1ibrary
Office complex for sponsoring and associated organizations
Offices and storage complex for the Islamic Book Service
Educational camp building with an auditorium, classrooms, day
care center and cafeteria
Cabins and dormitories for five hundred short-term residents
Staff housing for seven families
KEY: 1 Entrance lobby 2 Mosque entrance 3 Mosque lobby 4 Domed area 5 Minbar area 6 Mihrib 7 Eyvan5 8 Men's loUets 9 Women's toilets
10 Ablution IJ Imam's office 12 Men's coatroom 13 Women's coatroom 14 Women's entrance 15 Librarian 16 Assistant librarian 17 Grculaaon desk 18 Stacks
19 Reading area 20 Conference rooms 21 Offices 22 Offices 23 Showroom 24 Plaza pools 25 Minaret 26 Sundial
Plainfield, Indiana: The Islamic Centre of North America. Plan of the main level
Plan: G. Haider
SECTION O 9 «•«« »•
Plainfield. Indiana The hiamic Centre of S'^nh America Loni!iU4dinal waion
Dra\sing G Haider
r
io
UPPER LEVEL PLAN 0 • StaM M
KEY 1 Women s praver area 2 Ablution 3 Child care 4 Rare books 5 Slacks
A
6 Semtnar 7 A.V. microfilms 8 Readmg area 9 Profect room
10-13 Professional associations
14 Seminar 15 Women's toilets 16 Men's toilets 17 Additional project space 18 Roof deck
Plainfield. Indiana The Islamic Centre of Sonh America Plan of the upper level
Plan G Haider
LOWER LEVEL PLAN 9 » B ^ s*
r KEY 1 Staff entrance 2 Atrium 3 Toilets 4 Storage
5 Mail room 6 Office 7 Receiving 8 Mechanical
9 Library storage 10 Unexcavated 11 Areaway 12 Truck dock
Plainfield. Indiana: The Islamic Centre of North America. Plan of the lower level
Plan: G Haider
//
Recreational and outdoor sports facilities.
The Master plan and the design of all buildings is already 5
complete.
THEREFORE
Since the facility will be in a non - Islamic
environment the image of the building will be of contemporary
architecture to adopt the local pattern and style but; not
losing the Islamic values; and is expressed according to the
needs and activities of the Muslims.
The structures ^r^ to kept low two or three stories
height; simple and be build arround the people rather than
herding them away.
ISLAMIC (WORSHIP AND THE MOSQUE.
Despite the complete lack of surviving monuments from the
first two generat ions of Islam, there is abundant 1iteracy
evidence that certain building pract ices evolved first in
Medina itself and then in the foundation of new settlements
( BiBS^rs or military camps ) such as Basra, Kufa, or al -Fustat
which were to give Islamic architecture some of its most
characteristic and enduring forms. This was a mosque or place
of prayer in the center of camp large enough to hold the entire
male populat ion during the Friday prayer- Ever since 624, when
Muhammad (peace and blessing be upon him - pbuh) himself had
decreed that the qiblSy or the direction of prayer, be oriented
12.
toward rhe Ka'aba in Mecca, all mosque followed this plan
regardless of the placement of the buildings and roads around
it. The first mosque that was built was the Prophet Mosque in
Medina which formed the prototype to which all the subsequent
Islamic religous buildings adhered.
VISUAL CHARACTERISTIC
It is possible to reduce a basic list of securing generic
forms as wel1 as some principles of spatial organization. There
is a definite concern of orientation in space expressed both in
the cosmic orientation of the Ka'aba and in the terrestrial
alignment of mosque toward Mecca. The architectural device ^or
this purpose is is the mihrab. A second principle is
introversion, characterized by courtyard and central dome
planning. Th is concerned is also reflected in the gateway and
port ico, important parts of a "positive space" design attitude.
The domical, mandalic forms high Iights a third principle of
centrality and symmetry. The dome normally provides the special
sacred space w ithin which the mihrab is located. For the ritual
of daily and congregational prayer, two other generic forms
7
have evolved: the minaret and the place of ablution.
In surveying 113 mosques by region some definite patterns
are observable. For example, the Arab cultures of Arabia, Iraq,
Syrian, Egypt, North Africa, and Moorish Spain are heavily
represented by the hypostyle mosque with a flat roof or a flat
roof with a dome accents. In East and West Africa the flat
13
Ar ihc cenu-r of UUm botb geograptucallv jnd tpmiuillv u^ndt the KJ tu Tbe mthrab of every mokquc ii aliftned with it jnd Id It evrrv MuiJim lunu to pray, thus the wholr ol Htam an be W D as a Mheei Mith the tpokei radiating Irom the kj bt Bui ai well ai this horizonul aut there » a venical ooe ihaT oi the ipint Al the Ka ba tne rwo mienect. M> that il is (hr only non-dirrctional rrlieiout buildmft in ibe Musbm world 1he circular moiion r-l the nir of i ircumambulaiion \one of the rcquirrmenti ot ihe Ham '* MUM*" *i^rf riT onlv in the movemenii ol ihe pilgrims round the r.d r but in the linci inscribed on ihc pjvemTii In the diMancc can be seen a mosque whose mihrah mutt Oe mi <:ir,u-i> of «ii (o its phvsicai foal (1)
/-^
hypostyle type seems to predominate, although great dynamics of
design, which could in time alter this trend, are evident- The
Indian subcont inent represents a unique cultural identity-
although ecological variations have influenced the design
mosque there considerably. Mosque in Iran, Central Asia, and
Afghanistan show strong affinit ies of type. Predominantly of
the four- eyvan variety, they rely neavily upon the ch^har- tag
a
concept of place making .
Despite the prelimanary nature of the survey, it is
important to note that all the generic forms were found and
appeared in no less than r ighty-three percent of the mosque
surveyed. The inccidence of courtyard was 93%, minarets, 89%;
domes (pyramidal also included), 86ip.; places of ablution ,97%;
and mihrabSy 100% .
MOSQUE TYPES
To dev ise a typology of mosque is by no means simple
because there is a great number of variables that may be
combined in many ways. Nevertheless all mosques belong to one
or other of two major categories: they have either an open or a
closed plan. In the first instance the mosque is a single space
of which one part is covered and other not. In the second
instance the mosque comprises two dist inct volumes set side by
side: a prayer hal1 and a fore court.
/5
ENDNOTES
Khan, Fazhur R. '*The Islamic Environment: Can the Future
Learn from the Past." Towards an Architecture in the
Spirit of Islam. 1978. p32
Lari, Suhail and Yasmee. "Architecture and Community"
Building in the Islamic World. 1978. p53
Doshi, Balkrisha V. "Towards an Appropriate Living
Environment: Question on Islamic Environment." Places of
Public gathering in Islam. 1980. pi35
* Lari, etc. p53
' Doshi, Balkrisha V. pl23-12
* Hoag, Joan. Islamic Architecture. New York: Harry Abrams Inc
Pub. 1977. pl3
Ardalan, N. "On mosque Arch itecture." Architecture and
Community Bui Id ing in the Islamic World Today. Islamic Pub
Ltd. 1983. p56
^ Ibid, p56
Ibid, p56
' ** Da vies, J. Temples, Churches and Mosques. New York: Pilgrim
Press. 1982. pl21
16
COMMERCIAL F^\CILITIES.
STORES
Throughout the world, shopping for goods and services,
acquiring these either by exchange of money or goods, always
has been and still is an important part of the daily life of
the family. Shopping methods and habits are varied and
contrasting from one part of the world to another as well as
from the city to village or farm areas. As varied as this may
seem, however, upon comparing the outdoor, one day market m
the hintherland of Ecuador or the small hole-in-the-wall type
of shop in the narrow market streets of the old section of
Jerusalem to the very contemporary and elaborate shopping
centers springing up in large numbers throughout the North
American cont inent and other parts of the world, the underlying
and basic desire in all these sett ings is to create a pleasant
environment not only for the purpose of buying goods and
services but also to sast i fy a social need.'
A store is a place where is merchandise is arranged to
be shown to its best advantage to propestive customers. A well
designed store is one that embodies a thorough knowledge of
merchadising methods, efficiency-maintenance problems, buyer
psychology, a creative approach, plus of course, discriminating
use of technical equ ipment, materials, and an understanding of
the economic problems confronting the merchant. It may be added
that a design job which does not return proportionately in
increased sales and profit to the merchant, cannot be a
/7
complete success.^
A store is also fundamentally a simple thing. It has
always consisted in a shelter aith an entrance front used to
advertise and display the business within a sales room where
customers inspect and buy goods stored there by the merchant,
and a service entrance for incoming and outgoing merchandise.
The test of its functional fitness is how well it integrates
these three basic requirements.^
Important points to be considered in store design:
1) store front
2) comprehensive planning
3) levels
4) store fixtures and display
5) color
6) lighting
7) storage
RESTAURANT.
Eating out has a long history. A record of a public
dining Egypt in 512 B.C. showed a 1imited menu - only one dish
was served, consisting of cereal, wildfowl and onion. Women
were not permitted in such places then. By 402 B.C., however,
women became a part of the atmosphere. Little boys could also
be served, if in company of their parents. Girls had to wait
5 unti1 they were married.
Foodservice industry has experienced tremendous growth
!€>
and change in the last few years, which have created a need for
food service facilities capable of providing the variety of
meals prepared by different preparation techniques that will
sastify the changing desires of customers.
Foodservice facilities vary from the simplest limited
menu snack bar to the raultifaceted hotel foodservice that may
involve public dining rooms, employee dining rooms, cafetarias,
banquet service, and unique traits in the meals offered, type
of service, operat ional methods, market ing approach, customers
served, and atmosphere or ambience.
The planning of foodservice facilit ies is usually a
cont inuous process for those ind i v iduals and organizations
engaged in the food-serv ice industry. The planning may be
simple and may be a very complex problem. Regardless of the
complex ity of the project, sastifactory results can be obtained
only when the plann ing is gu ided by the basic concepts and
objectives of design and layout.
ITS IMPORTANCE
These commercial facilities ( stores: drugstore,
foodstore, giit shop, bookstore; bakery; coffee shop and
restaurants ) will be the interface with the non-Muslims to be
able to come and use the faci1ity. These commercial facilit ies
will be places for socializ ing, gathering and interact i ng
between Musiims and other denominat ions to learn and to know
the culture and the many customs of the people of Islam.
/f
LIBRARY
"Fundamentally a library is not a building but a
service organization."'
Extracts from the UNESCO Public Library manifesto state
the purpose of the public 1ibrary in convincing terms:
"The public library is a pract ical demonstrat ion of
democracy's faith in un iversal education as a cont inuing
and 1i felong process, in the appreat ion of the
achievement of the humanity in knowledge and culture. It
is the principal means whereby the record of man's
thoughts and ideals, and the expression of his creative
imaginat ion. are made freely available to all."
The nature of any 1ibrary should reflect the needs of
its own commun ity and its own group of users. The principal
concern in designing libraries is the special aspect of cue
search ing called wayfind ing. Th is is because so much of 1ibrary
use takes the form of the search for specific imformation or
material. Wayfinding is important within the library and in 7
getting to the library-
Suggestions :
1) Provide library identification signs visible from any
approach.
2) Clearly identify the entrance location.
3) Place an information center inside the entrance.
4) Provide "you-are-here" maps at entrance.
5) Provide ident i ficat ion signs for departments and sections.
'2D
6) Provide descriptive titles for book sections.
7) Provide seating and writing surfaces close to the point
where material is discovered.
8) Provide copy machines close to the point where material is
discovered.
SITE
The best locat ion is near a busy "downtown" intersect ion
or in any heal thy shopping area or center-
With public parking nearby
or
Enough parking on site
Near public transportat ion
Close to pedestration
ORIENTATION AND SITING to
n Ih. nuldrip (tit lulu'* wt« r. ..I ..,»n4.« up iMFi fil th* b i w m ^ i
-2./
ENDNOTES
Redstone, L. New Dimensions in Shopping Centers and Stores.
McGraw Hill Book, Co. 1973. pxvii
^ Nicholson, E. Contemporary Shops in the United States. New
York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. Inc. 1945. pll
^ Ketchum. M. Shops and Stores. New York: Reinhold Pub. Co.
1957- p8
Hornbostel, C. Design for Modern Merchandising: Stores,
Shopping Centers, Showroom. Architectural Record Book.
F.W. Dodge Co. 1954. pi
Lundberg, D. The Hotel and Restaurant Business. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1984. p222
^ Kazarian, E. Foodservice Facilities Planning. Conn.: AVI
Pub. Inc. 1983. pi
^ Thompson, G. Planning and Design of L ibrary Buildings. New
York: Reinhold Pub. Co. 1958. pll
® Deasy, C. Designing Places for People. New York: Billboard
Pub. Inc. 1985. pl08
Myller, Rolf. The Design of the Small Public Library. New
York and London: R.R Bowker To. 1966. p27
' *" Ibid, p28
2-2
BRIEFLY ABOUT ARLINGTON, TEXAS,
HISTORY
Arlington is a city with a purpose, a plan, and the
Texas-style determination to make the most of any situation.
Its strong community leadership emphasizes planning, progress,
and development.
Less than three years after Texas was annexed into the
Union, a small town called Johnson Station, so named for the
area's largest landowner, began to thrive. In 1875, there was a
dispute over railroad right-of-ways, and many of the residents
moved three miles north and founded Hayterville.
In 1876, Hayterv i1le was renamed Arlington to honor
Robert E. Lee's hometown in Virginia. Arlington grew rapidly
for the first few years and soon became a cotton ginning and
truck farming center.
After its initial boom, Arlington cont inued to grow
slowly. During the 1940's, the populat ion was about 4,500. By
the end of the decade, the smal1 frontier town began to show
signs of great growth.
In the early 1950's, Arlington suddenly came into focus.
Industry saw golden oppurtunities in the southwest, and
Arlington, because of its strategic location, became a major
industrial center. Located in a vast, ever-growing metroplex,
Arlington today is one of Texas fastest growing
industrial/residential cit ies.
A General Motors Corporat ion assembly plant was city's
-2.3
first major industry. Many other blue chip companies from
across the nation then followed GM into the city.
The population of Arlington has coincided with its
industrial and retail growth. Population has increased
twentyfold since 1950. and more than tripled since 1960.^
ARLINGTON TODAY
Arlington is a city in Northern,Texas located between
Dallas and FortWorth at the average elevation of 616*. The area
covers 861 square miles in county and 103 square miles in city-
Arlington today IS the geographic center of the nation's
tenth-greatest market. It has become a major city in its own
right with a h ighly diversi fied economy based upon
manufacturing, distribut ion, educat ion, entertainment, finance,
convent ions, tourism and transportat ion.
Perhaps the most remarkabi e accomplishment of all over
the past 25 years is that Arlington retains a certain warm,
hometown quality of 11fe distinctly removed from the congestion
one normally associates with today's metropolitan areas.^
POPULATION
For more than a century, there has been an Arlington,
Texas. This prosperous and progressive city covers more than
103 sq miles and the rapidly growing population totaled about
208,000 in 1985 and is projected to be 250,000 in 1990.^
Musiim population in Arlington today is not known exactly
^^
but existing 1isted members in Arlington Islamic Society
Association are 135. They are all scattered all over Arlington
and Dallas. They came from different parts of the world such as
Arab Saudi, Morroco, Pakistan, India, Africa, Malaysia,
Indonesia etc. Most of them are students who stay here
temporarily, some are Americans (converted Muslims or others
who change citizenship) who stay here permenantly.
CLIMATE
Arlington is in the extreme north portion of the
subtropical region that extends northward from the Gulf of
Mexico - It is one of the temperate climate with periods of
extreme hot and cold weather occuring only rarely. This area
requires that the shelter be designed to reduced heat impacts
and prov ide shade. The bu iIding structures should extend on an
east-west ax is, thereby reducing morn ing and afternoon heat
impacts on the two end walIs in the summer and receiving a
maximum amount of sun in the winter months when heat is
welcome.
The walls of the buildings and the gardens can provide
shade to the 1iving areas and to the street, 1 ike a horizontal
eggcrate device for shading. Unit dwellings usually are
arranged around closed courtyards like cooling wells,and are
grouped together to achive defense in volume.
Arlington is also located roughly at the lat itude of 32
degree North and 97 degree West with 616 feet above sea level.
^5
SUN ANGLES ( true south )
June 21
May 21 / July 21
Apr 21 / Aug 21
Mar 21 / Sept 21
Feb 21 / Oct 21
Jan 21 / Nov 21
Dec 21
82°
78^
69°
57°
45°
37°
34°
Average wind speed
Temperature:
Average rainfal1
Average snowfall
11.3 raph prevailing from south
January average mean 35°F
July average mean 96°F
31.3"
3.0"
ARLINGTON WEATHER
Arlington has an average precipitat ion of 31.3" per year.
Greatest amounts of rain occurs dur i ng the months of April
through June.
June through August are relat iveiy dry months. Snowfal1
is rare with a measurable fal1 occuring only once in an average
year. November through February are relatively cool months.
The prevailing w ind di rect ion is southerly. The relat ive
humid ity is estimated at 85% at 6:00 AM, 55% at Noon, 45% at
6:00 PM and 70% at Midnight.
-2(^
THEREFORE
From April through October, the building structures need
to be shaded either by using vertical or horizontal devices or
by making use of the vegetation. With the temperature of 85° to
95° F during summer months, the refrigerated- type air
conditioners should be used for maximum comfort indoors. And
with the high percentage of relative humidity the building
structures need to be ventilated for cooling.
From November through March, the building structures
need to be heated and i f possible allow as much sun into the
structures for heating.
SITE ANALYSIS.
The project is located at a site close to the University
of Texas at Arlington with an approximate area of 8 acres.
REASONS:
1. to assist Muslim students going to UTA adhere to the
pract ices of Islam easily. This is because students are the
main body of Musiims who frequently going to the mosque on
a daily basis - to offer the obiigatory five times daily
prayer
2. close to the public transportation and acessible to
pedestrian.
3. close to resident ial area - for potential shoppers.
^1
4. for future expansion
The property occupies a piece of land bounded by a row
of residential housing to the north one block away from Kings
Row and a street to the east side - South Center Street with a
piece of vacant land at the southeast (possible site add it ion -
empty lot) and a playfield to its west side across Johnson
Creek. The west and south side are. roughly defined by Johnson
Creek which offers good view. Up to the right corner of the
site there is an interest ing white house which di ffers from any
other houses arround the site. The house was designed by one of
the UTA professors.
Th is piece of land has countours that ranges from 600'
to 575' sloping to the southwest into the Johnson Creek. In
addition, there is also an existing 100 year flood plain
running across the site from northwest to southeast. Therefore,
all the building structures should be one foot higher than the
flood plain.
The avallabi1ity of oak trees ranging 12" to 15" in
diameter provide good shading devices and serve as windbreaks
for the building structures.
The site has two types of soils
1. Gasil-Urban land complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes
2. Rader-Lrban land complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes
These soiIs are wel1-drained. Perraeability is moderate, and
available water capacity is high. Runoff is slow and the
hazard of erosion is moderate. The root zone is deep, and plant
•2.0
roots penetrate the soil easily.
The Urban Land part of these complexes is covered by
dwellings, apartments, and small business and ajoining streets,
driveways, parking lots, patios and other structures that
obscure and alter the soil to the extent that identification is
not feasible.
Gasil-Urban land complex is well suited to most urban
uses. Slope and the hazard of erosion are 1 imitations. Low
strength is a 1 imitation for streets and roads. These
limitations can be overcome by good design and careful
installation. Area left bare of vegetat ion dura ng construction
can erode if they ^re not protected by terraces or divisions
and a grass or small grain cover
Rader soi1 is moderate 1y suited to urban uses. Seasonal
wetness, shrink ing and swel1ing with changes in moisture,
corrosivity to uncoated steel and concrete, and very slow
permeability are the ma in 1 imitations. Some low lying areas
near drainageways are flooded by runoff from adjacent, higher
areas. Good design and careful installation are needed to
overcome these limitations.
THE PROPOSED MOSQUE TO BE BUILD i^ I THIN THE SITE
Arlington Islamic Soc lety Associat ion has already
proposed a mosque for their si te. They intend to buiIt the
mosque, islamically oriented school and a 1ibrary on one site
adjacent to each other. And the completion for the entire land
^f
will depend on time-to-time need and available funding.
The proposed mosque has two phases:
PHASE ONE:
will cover
will occupy
7000 sqft
270 men
105 women
two storeys
PHASE TWO:
will occupy 450 men
270 women
Act ivit ies involved:
1. main daily prayer
2. weekly prayer (Friday)
3. yearly prayer (E id)
4. commun i ty gatherings
5. classes (children / adults)
6. lectures to public
7. any relevant activities
THEREFORE
The users who are going to use the facility will be
about 700 people - 450 men, 250 women and 50 ch iIdren. And the
activit ies involved in the mosque will be the same as these
act iv i ties.
4/
CASE STUDIES
o on Islamic architecture in non-Islamic environment.
Mosque and Islamic Cultural Center in Italy.
The mosque and the complex was designed by an Italian
architectural firm of Paolo Portoghesi and Associates. However,
the disproport ionate degree of controversy that the mosque
project has aroused indicates that putting an Islamic building
in the capital of Christedom disturbs most Italians profoundly.
The issues raised in the popular and the professional press
have focused on the design and its relation to its urban
context. The mosque project, wh ich Portoghesi described in P/A
interview as one climatic result of his long passion for
Islamic arch itecture, tries to resolve the conf1 let between
Islam and Italy. It enunclates the buiIding's funct ion as a
place for Arab faith. yet located in a Western city, and it
offers imaginative interpretat ions to bothe Arab and Italian
commun i t ies.
The elements of the complex parallel the buildings found
adjacent to a mosque in an Arab city. The lower stories of the
mall contain a school, library, offices, a museum, and student
dorms; the top floor is an arcade with central open court.
The whole difficult transition from Italian context to
Islamic concept is negotiated smoothly. The exterior of the
structure is of Roman brick and travertine, while the white
concrete columns and mosaicked interior of the cupola will
create an Eastern atmosphere. The minaret, which stands apart
4^2.
from the mosque, has the same palmli ke form as the columns. The
autonomous tower can also be read as an obelisk, traditionally
7 placed as a visual focus at the end of Roman streets.
Ismalli Jamatkhana and Center Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada.
The building was designed by a Canadian, Bruno Freschi.
An epitome of cosmic harmony and a matrix of aesthetic
invention, mathematical discipline pervades Freschi's scheme -
from the basic symmetry of a double-square plan to the
multi-layered network of octagons, circles and other, more
intricate s igns and threads through the buiIding of he
surrounding garden. Unlike Muslim architects seeking shelter
from the hot Middle Eastern sun, Freschi opened up skylights
and large lat tern 1 ike window of etched, opalescent glass to
transmit the cool radiance of the north western sky into an
all-encompassing force of magical intensity. The building binds
architecture to landscape - flowering, aromat ic shrubbery and
plashing fountains.
o on concept - to combine modern technology and functional
forms in the context of Islamic culture.
Islamic Conference Center and Hotel in Mecca.
The facility, which was designed by Rolf Gtbrod, was
cited by the master jury of the Aga Khan award as a significant
attempt to comb in ing modern technology in the context of
+ 3
Islamic cultures and values. The project is a noteworthy
example of the difficulties inherent in finding an
architectural synthesis of form, function, materials and
Islamic values. Because of its proximity to the Holy City,
Mecca, and in deference to the beauty of the surrounding hills,
the arch i tect designed a low and unobtrusive bu iId ing. They
have handled natural lighting and ventilation according to
local custom- including shading areas with wooden lattice.
Except for the hotel wing and mosque, however, the structural
system is quite sophisticated, consist ing of tent-1 ike roofs
suspended from stee1
^
ENDNOTES
Phamplet of Arlington, Texas from Government and Document
section at TTU Library.
Ibid
Phamplet of Arlington, Texas Chamber of Commerce.
" Mazria, E. The Passive Solar Energy Book. Pa: Rodale Press
1977. p281
' Phamplet of Arlington, Texas
^ Soil Survey, Tarrant County, Texas. 1978. p57
^ j_ "Report from Rome: Mosque Planned for Rome."
Architectural Record. June 1985. p50-51
® "Ismalli Jamatkhana and Center Burnaby." Architectural
Record. Aug. 1986. pp90-95
Thiem, W. "On the Road to Jedda." Progressive Architecture.
Dec. 1974. pp79-83
45
The activities within the facility are divided into two
categories:
1. Public (external) activities
- arriving/departing
- parking
relaxing/socializing (wai ting, seating, eating,
viewing, 1ingering)
- playing
2. Public (internal) act ivities
- worshipping
- shopping
- eat ing/dining/drink ing
- studying/learning
- administrat ing
^6
PUBLIC (EXTERNAL) ACTIVITIES
This category deals with public spaces that are open and
available to the users' activities without payment of admission
fees. The environment within this category should be efficient
and pleasant by means of reaching one point to another.
ARRIVING/DEPARTING SITE
For every buildings or places there should be a
convenlent area for users to arrive and to depart i.e.
providing easy access/exit to the places and to load and to
unload i.e. a pul1-off area.
THEREFORE
The facility should have easy access for pedestrian and
vehicles- 11 should provide sinage for orientat ion; should be
convenient and should have 1ight ing for security at night.
The number of entrance and exi ts should be proportional to that
of required parking. And also, the environment should
pleasingly beautiful with landscaping.
PARKING
Vehicles play important role in man's 1ife. Man needs
transportat ion to go anywhere e ither by cars, bicycles, buses,
trains, airplanes or etc. Thus, for cars, bicycles, motorcycles
or buses, the issues of finding parking spaces, enough parking
spaces and appropriate parking stalls
47
should be taken into considerations for the users conveniences.
A standard parking stalls for 90° angle should be 9'-0"
X 20*-O" and 24'-0" wide for two-way aisle for easy movement.
There are also important points to be considered:
1- Barrier free access for handicapped.
2- Efficiency for users:
1. respect pedestrian flow habits, place aisles
perpendicular to building face.
2- keep pedestrian walk ing areas in parking lot dry
and free from standing water.
3. Provide space for snow storage.'
Also, the distribut ion and placement of plants in parking areas
can help to relieve the v isually unpleasant view of the
parking. The surface of the lot should be hard and
wel1-drained. Speed and d irect ion signs should be prominently
posted; and light intensity of 15 to 20 footcamdles should be
enough for both safety and activity reasons. 300 sq.ft. should
be allowed for each car
THEREFORE
The park ing area should be convenient, adequate for the
users to park the ir veh icles and near to the dest inat ion. 11
should be buffered by plants and landscaping and segregate from
pedestrian-oriented area. It should provide for users safety.
It should be placed in a way that users can easily see the main
entrance to the building from the entrance of the parking.
4^
RELAXING/SOCIALIZING (seating, waiting, viewing, lingering,
eat ing)
Sometimes there will be a need for people to shift their
attention momentarily from tight, rigid pattern of doing
things that has built-up during working hours. Now this is a
time for them to rest and relax their minds and bodies.
Thus, the need for recreational places is increasingly
significant. It brings people together and generates social
movement. It offers a place to relax either mentally or
physically by enjoying the beauty of the landscaping.
The area may come from left-over space or an available
space. Thus, an open space can offer little recreation for the
users and also as an element to link parts, elements or
buildings together.
THEREFORE
The open spaces should meet the recreational needs and
the needs of its users. It should provide enough seating,
beautiful landscaping, pleasant environment, comfortable place
and most important provide protection from weather and safe to
be used. It should meet the needs for all age levels of users.
PLAYING (for children)
Play is the child's work. The world is his laboratory,
and he is its scientist. Play is the research by which he
explores himself and his relationship to the world.^ Childhood-
with its work and play inseparable- is a time for nuturing
4*7
Intellect and molding personality, for developing
potentialities, for discovering 1ife and experiencing it.^
Pressure unnerves children. Rest and relaxation,
nutritional sastifact ion, emotional calmness, and environmental
serenity are important needs of the young child to be met. '*
THEREFORE
The playground for children should be playful, enjoyable
and be prov ided enough act ivit ies so that the ch i1dren could
try various play experiences. The factor of safety for the
ch i1dren shouId a1so be cons idered.
50
PUBLIC (INTERNAL) ACTIVITIES.
This category deals with the users' activities within an
area or space in a building. It emphasizes on the users'
conveniences within the building itself - circulating,
waiting/seating, entering.
The environment should promote favorable first
impression, allow easy orientation, and provide direct, visible
access by means of vert ical and horizontal circulation.
The environment should uti1ize the various width and
sizes of the circulation space to create definite modes to
accommodate the activities within each area and provide
adequate comfortable seating and allow views of other
activities.
WORSHIPPING
The individual Musiim is requ ired to observe the ritual
of prayer i salat) five times a day. This ritual consists of
recitation from the Kor'an accompanied by series of movements -
standing, bowing, sitting, kneeling and prostrating. While
these devotions can be carried out anywhere, it is recommended
for men that they perform them in a building where they can
associate with others. It will now be apparent why the special
build ing was called a mosque, for the term derives from the
Arabic masjid meaning 'prostration'.
Prayer is established on four levels. Firstly, the daily
prayers, which is highly recommended for the Musiims men to
CLIMATE DATA
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Temp. Avg.
43.9
48.1
51.3
61.2
71.3
77.2
82.0
82.0
75.1
67.3
53.3
45.9
Rain (in.)
.4-1
.45-1
.45-1
1-1.8
2-4
2-4
2-4
1-4.5
2-4.2
1-3.8
.5-1
.4-1
Wind MPH
13
14
16
16.5
15
25
12.5
11
12
12
12.7
13
Degree Dys.
600
400
450
150
0
0
0
0
60
50
100
600
Precip.
.16
.56
.69
.85
1.16
1.49
1.82
1.52
1.54
1.20
.49
.52
H4
5/
perform them in congregation but can be carried out
individually. This office is held at five liturgical hours of
dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset and evening. Secondly, the
congretional prayer on Friday at noon, which replaces the noon
office for that day. Because of for this reason the
administration office and the library will be closed on friday
and Saturday. As for the commercial facilities - stores and
restaurants - will be closed from 12:30 to 2:30 p.m. on friday.
Thirdly, community prayer on two major festivals, 'Id al - Fitr
(Feast of the Breaking of the Fast) and 'Id al Adha (Feast of
the Sacrifice of Abraham). Fourthly, the annual ritual of the
pilgrimage, which is a congregation of all the Musiims of the
world. The four levels of prayer operate on an ascending scale:
firstly, the individual; secondly, any congregation; thirdly,
the total populat ion of a town or a city; and lastly, the
entire Musiim world.
Thus, it is apparent that a mosque or any religous
buildings can be a place to gather, to meet and to get
acquantened with others but not to talk about worldly things.
However, before performing the prayer, every individual
Muslim must perform wudhu or ablution i.e. to wash parts of the
body wh ich are generally exposd. The obiigat ion acts of
performing the ablution are:
1. to wash the face
2. to wash both arms up to the elbows
3. to wet part of head/hair
5^
4. to wash both feet up to the ankles
These acts are to make sure the cleanliness of one's body and
dress before performing the prayer.
The activities within the mosque will be the same for
men and women for example praying , performing ablution and
learning. However, the activities require separate area for
both men and women as separation for men and women is a must in
Islam.
THEREFORE,
Provide special areas for women activ it ies that are away
from the men areas. And locate the prayer hall for men and
women close and accessible to the ablut ion areas.
SHOPPING
Shopping wh ich includes bartering and buying both the
luxuries and necessities of life, is another aspect of human
life that is nearly universal. It is for most people a
7 necessity, for others a pleasure and for some a hobby.
The layout and design of a store will have an important
role to play in mot ivating the customers. This is accomplished
when the information communicate by the design satisfies the
shopper's needs, convenience and comfort.
People however, shop with different priorities at
different times at their own preferences. Shoppers in a hurry
will not worry to much about price. If price is important
53
however, shoppers will put up with considerable inconvenience
and indifferent serv ice i f they feel they are getting a
bargain.*
In store design the effort to provide for comfort and
conveniences is of critical importance. Careful thinking
through actions and needs of various groups of people who may
use the store have to be taken into consideration.
It is common to find people wait ing at the front door
for an establishment to open for business. Thus, benches at the
front entrance would be convenience for customers who arrive
early and would be regarded as a thoughtful gesture by them.
When couples shop together there will be numerous
instances where one is actively shopping and the other is
waiting. Having a place to sit while waiting is especially
attract ive to older people.
Parents with smal1 ch iIdren find it easier and more
enjoyable to shop where the chiIdren will not be regarded as a
nuisance, where it is unlikely that they will damage anything,
and where there is some act i v i ty to occupy the ch iIdren. Where
these conditions are met, the parents are apt to be more
attentive and receptive customers.
Since the elderly and handicapped are part of the
customers also, special needs should be taken into
consideration for them. Automat ies doors should be provided,
the furnishing and equipment should be 1ight enough to be
easily shifted .
NOISE
This particular site poses some problems
in terms of noise. The neighboring airport
generates lots of noise because of air traffic,
Next, the major highway that runs along the
south side of the site is also a noise genera
tor due to the traffic flow. Therefore, the
designer must consider these elements when ap
proaching the acoustical design. (Figure f)
14
5*
sastify hunger, social needs, and ego and self-fulfillment
needs. People select a part icular restaurants or place to eat
because of particular psychological needs at the moment and the
way they are feeling about the money they have to spend, the
prices of a restaurant, its service, and how the restaurant is
perceived in terms of its aesthetics, social status, and the
kind of people that can be expected to be there (patrons,
management, and employees).
Eating can be a social event for people to gather and
get acquantances with friends. Lunch t ime may bring together a
construction crew eating out of brown bags or business
executives gathering at a downtown club. In either case the
motivat ion is the same: to treat mealt ime as a social event to
n be shared with friends and acquantances. Thus, the social
nature of mealt ime has some special implications for the design
of eating places.
Any eating place where arrangement would 1 ike to attract
patrons who regard mea11 ime as a soc ial event should make some
special prov isions that reflect this concern.
Adequate waiting area is important to accomodate
overflow crowds that cannot be seated immediately; it is also
to accommodate people who are waiting for frlends to join them.
It should arranged and equipped to accommodate smal1 groups of
two or three who are wait ing for the rest of their party to
assemble.
In many circumstances, as in employee cafetaria,
57
university dining halls, private clubs, and restaurants that
become social centers, it is routine for individual to gain
friends who are already seated if there is an empty seat. The
process of locating both friends and empty seats is greatly
facilitated if there is an overview of the eating area from the
entry. This works best if the entry is slightly elevated-
People entering on eat ing establishment normally slow
down or stop, once inside, to evaluate their options. This is
particularly true of new patrons but applies to all patrons at
some extent.
There are several di fferent types of table-and-chair
arragements that encourage d ifferent types of groups.
1 - If it is desirable to encourage people to feel free
to join others by taking any open seat, round tables are most
conduc ive to th is type.
2. If it is desirable to accommodate couples or groups
who want some degree of privacy while eating, high-backed
booths or high-backed winged chairs work best.
3. If it is desirable to accommodate loners who do not
consider mealtime a social event, provide single tables.
There is several aspects of food-service shopping that
are different from others forms of shopping. One of these
differences has to do with sanitation. The public's general
concern with this issue is magnified when it comes to food
service. The public is very concious of the impression of
cleanliness created by the design and the choices of materials.
5-0
Thus, the exterior and the interior of a food-service
establishment must convey an image of immaculate cleanliness.
It is not enough to keep the premoses clean. Trash-and-waste
storage areas must be completely segregated and out of public
view.
Some food ordor are a magic stimulant to appetite;
others are not. While an except ion could certainly be made for
popcorn vendors and bakeries, as a general rule it is safest to
exhaust all kitchen air so that it cannot possibly be short
15 circuited back into the interior.
THEREFORE
Design a restaurant that offers excitement, appealing,
enjoyable and pleasant atmosphere for the users to enjoy eating
and work ing in it. Choose suitable colors and 1ighting to help
in the creation of the desired atmosphere.
Provide an exhaust fan in the kitchen to avoid
uncomfortable and unpleasant ordor.
STUDYING / LEARNING
While studying/learning is usually thought of in terms of
teachers and pupils in specially equipped places called
classrooms, it is actually an activity that takes place
whenever an individual responds knowingly to a stimulus.
Studying/learning means acquiring new knowledge, skills and
even wisdom.
5f
Having been away one's country and 1iving in a
non-Islamic environment, the Musiims need to learn and study
more about their religions and even adding the knowledge that
they have already acquired. As for the young Muslims, they need
to be taught about the Islamic teachings, principles, histories
and ettiquettes to be able to be good Muslims. They should be
told about the stories of the prophets and the great Muslims so
that they will have the intention to be like them. The young
Musiims should also be taught to read in a correct manner of
the Musiim Holy Book , the Kor'an.
Besides studying or learning in the regular schools
(elementary. junior or high schools; or un iversity) the needs
of learning/study ing about religion are also important. Thus,
such a place is needed with in the facility to enable the
Musiims to acqui re the knowledge about Islam.
THEREFORE
Prov ide classrooms for both adults and children. In
addition have an area to house al1 the Islamic books and
1iterature for sources of learning and studying.
ADMINISTRATING
Some continuity and competence is necessary if a large
scale enterprise like schools, universities, industries etc is
to run smoothly. So does a complex/center.
The office spaces for the facility administrative staffs
to organ ize the center, to help and take care of the Musiims,
^o
to facilitate cooperation, coordination and efficiency among
the Musiims. It is the place for the Musiims to ask questions
regarding of their problems and difficulties.
It is also a place for the Musiims to pay their zakat
that is the aim-tax levied on definite kinds of property or
person and d istributed to certain categories of persons or
expanded on certain services. Payment of the zakat is
obiigatory on every Musiim who fulf11Is the requirement to pay
since it constitutes one of the pillar of Islamic faith.
In addi tion, it is a place of BaituI-al-Mai that is a
place to keep any donation, payment of zakat, any money or
wealth leave a will from the Musiims; a place to use and
distribute these money and wealth in a proper way according to
Islam.
In the offices such normal tasks of typing, billing,
account ing, filing, telephoning, computing, record-keeping,
reception, dictation, conferring and thinking occupy the major
part of working day. Basically, an office consists one or more
of work stations, the work requirements of each station often
vary ing from the others.
THEREFORE
Locate the administration area that is easy visible and
accessible- The design should be welcoming and inviting to
attract people to came to ask questions and to use the
facilities offered. Provide a good and comfortable environment
for the users to work in.
61
ENDNOTES
Ramsey, Sleeper- Architectural Graphic Standard 7th ed. New
York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1981. pl44
^ Friedberg, P. Play and Interplay. London: The McMillan Co.
1970. p35
Ibid, p35
Ibid, p37
Davies, J. Temples, Churches and Mosques. New York: Pilgrim
Press. 1982. pi 18
Michel 1 , G. Architecture of the Islamic World.. London:
Thames and Hudson. 1978. p35
Deasy, C. Designing Places for People. New York: Billboard
Pub. Inc. 1985. p87
^ Ibid, p89
' Ibid, p92
Beddington, N. Design for Shopping Centers. London:
Butterworth Scientific. 1982. p
Ibid, p
^ Deasy, C. p92
' Ibid, p93
^ Ibid, p94
' Ibid, p93
6-2.
WORHIPPING - MOSQUE
ENTRANCE
The entrance should be accessible to all aged and
handicapped and should be different from the entrance of men
and women. The entrance should be protected from the wind by
using a double vest ibule to prevent drafts and heat loses.
Entrance mats to clean dirt and moisture off people's feet can
be used.
Before entering the mosque the Musiims have to leave
their shoes outside. Thus, shoe racks/storages are needed to
place al1 the shoes. Numbering and coding of each shoe spaces
would be helpful to remember the placement of the shoes. Shoe
racks need to be accessible to ablution area.
PRAYER HALL
A mosque is a building erected over an invisible axis,
an axis which is nonetheless the principal determinant of its
design. The axis is directed from the point at Ka'aba in the
city of Mecca. Mecca is the Islam's holy city and Ka 'aba is the
axis mundi of Islamic cosmology. This horizontal axis toward
the ka'aba, or the direction of the prayer is called qibla.
The prayer hal1 should have a watch to assist people for
time to pray, book racks to place the Kor'an and other Islamic
books. The appearance of the prayer hal1 should be simple and
clean. There is no furniture or elaborate decorat ion. Light
color is preferable for the waiIs and ceiling. The praying
^3
mats/rugs can be of any color to match the interiors but avoid
using striking colors which can disturb the concentrat ion and
devotion during prayer. The praying should be a non-smoking
area because smoking is not encourage ( but is not forbidden)
in Islam.
Beside praying, the activities in the prayer hal1 can be
reading, sleeping and relaxing. So the hal1 requires at least
30 footcandles of illuminat ion to give enough 1ight for
reading. Acoustic treatment of the hall, which is the same as
the reading area, is desirable to keep the noise low. Praying
dimension area for each person would be 2*x 4*.
Over every mosque floor there is spread either a
multitude of prayer rugs or a single large carpet. The covering
fulfilIs three funct ions: it deadens the noise of footsteps and
so preserves an atmosphere of quiet; enhances the beauty of the
building by its intricate patterns and its color; and it
ensures the purity of worshippers who do not leave their shoes
outside but also perform a ritual ablution of face, hands and
•2 feet before entering. For th is, there are fountains, tanks,
rows of taps and so on, either in the center of a forecourt or
otherwise close to the main door. The floor of the ablution
area should be non-siipped, natural ventilation and 1ight
should be provided to allow free uninterrupted flow of air.
Space area for each individual to occupy is 3.5' x 2'.
^'f
MIHRAB
At the point where the qibla axis meets the far wall of
the mosque an indention is produced, a directional niche called
mihrabr which is nothing less than the 1iturgical axis made
visible- The mihrab takes the shape of arched niche, mostly
framed by one or more pairs of collonades- Being the visual as
well as the liturgical climax of the mosque, where the imam
(prayer leader) stations himself to lead the congregational
prayer- The mihrab is the central feature of any mosque and
indeed of all sacred art and architecture in Islam.
MIMBAR
Since the worship is very simple, mosques requi re little
in the way of 1iturgical furn iture. Chairs are unnecessary
because sitting is simply a squatting back on the haunches, but
there are two items that are normal, namely a stand for the
Kor'an and a pulpit or the mimbar for the Friday sermon. The
mimbar takes the form of a miniture flight of stairs rising
away from the cogregat ion whom the imam faces down the steps.
The decorat ive possib i1 it ies of this feature do not need
stressing. Usually the mimbar is enclosed with a handrail down
one side. The mimbar is a form of authority as much as acoustic
elevation.
MINARET
Observing that the Jews used horns and the Christians a
^5
>^^>fe*.4-fc*.<f 'v^ ^•Jf
Inside ihc- m(>\c|uc the thic! fcaturt- I** the "•'•• - - r .1 nil hi' m the Lciitrc iM the ^uhia w.ill to Jc:inc thcdircclion ot MCILJ This view of the hjsili Mosi^uc in Alexjndna \U'\t\ shows all tHL nasic Inurpical rcL]uircmeni.s Iromletl toricht: J ciotk lor regulating services, a door into the sacrisi\, the minruh with u praver-mai liUinjj the concavity, surmounted bv a rour..: window lo show its position externa., jnd ui ih a sanctuary iamn in troni ol it. Arc::^L- njir.h.r or pulpit The top step ot the my.r..- \r:yhl\ is reserved tor the I'mphei , the /"• .- ^MMdson the sec-nd step and uses the lor V -.^ as a seat
1 -^ '" - -
The masjid is distinguished from theydmi . or congregational mosque, by having no minbar. as in the Mosque of the Serpents, at Hama, in the Oronies Valley [above]
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rar -s set ;n .;
• ' " i . i t f - . ; i r .s i j ;
Two ancil lar\ s tructures are ncccssarv tor Islamic worship the minaret, troni which the muezzin j^ives me call to praver [n<^hi], and a fountain for ariuiion The worshipper has to be in a state or ritual puntv before he starts to pray This mav mean taking a bath, but normally washing certain prescribed parts of the bod\ is sufficient. Below worshippers preparing themselves for prayer outside a mosque in Fez
Shoes are removed before entering the mosque. The floors are carpeted because the liturgy requires prostration, and banng the feet obviates the possibility of ritual defilement taking place.
«7
The cour tyard atioraea -.". opportunity lor architectural dispiav, wn:^r. :ne Ottomans, the Satavids and !.-spek::^..v the Muehais seized with enthusiasm. In Delhi |c;ri)iv|, the ^ourt\"jrJ ol the J3mi NIJ^':U iS surrounded: Dv tine:v scuirn.rja .•.: "r.:' "'"'"'• ablution tank ;n \\\c rr.:u^;.^
t i^.erc IS
6©
wooden clapper to summon to prayer, Muhammad (pbuh) ordered his
followers to mount the highest roof in the neighborhood and
thence called the faithful to the devotions. It was to provide
for this that there eventually evolved the minaret from which
the ca11 -to-prayer ( adban} cou1d be given by the muadzin, 11
was the need for the height from which to broad cast the that
led to the development of the minaret. Thus, it needs some kind
of vertical circulation to climb up to the topmost of the
minaret.
IMAM'S STUDY AREA
This is the space for the imam (prayer leader) to get
himself organized before giving the sermon of Friday noons. The
space should have a desk, cha irs, file cabinet, shelves,
clock, telephone and electrical outlets. The floor should be
carpeted to deadens noise. 30 footcandles of illuminations
should be enough for reading and writing in this room.
CHILDREN'S AREA
This is the child care area for the Musiims' children
ages 1/2 to 5 years old- Working and studying parents can send
their children here - Besides tak ing care of the children; it
provides early teachings in Islamic ethics to the children such
as the right way of eat ing according to Muslim's tradition, how
to behave to older people and friends so as to develop
acceptable social attitude.
6^
The room needs to have chiIdrens' toilet for both boys
and girls; compartments/cabinets for children personal items;
smal1 kitchen to prepare food for chiIdren; nap area with
rolled mats, pillows and blankets and first aid box. This room
is to be used by 8 to 10 children who are under the care of
three volunteers Musiim women.
The area needs to be carpeted and has sound absorbing
walls and ceiling to control the noise from the children. It
should have bright color such as pink, red or blue since
children 1 ike those colors- 30 to 40 footcandles should be
enough for the i1lumination.
CLASSROOMS
Classrooms comprise a wide-ranging categories that
covers teaching-learning activities that requires some specific
features. While the foundat ion of teach ing is the ability to
motivate people to want to learn, there must be an effective
interchange between teacher and pupi1s before this can happen.
Classroom design must therefore focus on providing the proper
5 setting for effective and accurate communication.
Lighting will permit learners to see clearly and
distinguish details in whatever sources of information is being
used. In the very common classroom situation where students and
teachers interact, this means that the faces of both teachers
and students must be illuminated so that expressions and
gestures are clearly seen and understood. The classrooms
lo
therefore need to have at least 30 footcandles of illumination.
Appropriate acoustic conditions will help the spoken
communications and the manners of voice and inflect ion, clearly
understood. Since part of the benifit of classroom learning is
the opportunity it affords to noise questions and ask for
clarification, the acoustic design should ensure that students
as wel1 as teachers are clearly heard. Carpet ing on the floor
contributes both to attractiveness and queitness of the rooms
and should be wel1-anchored to prevent accidents. Carpeting
also prov ide comfortable seat ing for the students since the
manner of learning in these classrooms is by sitting on the
carpet with a long row of table 18" in height and 18" in width.
Thus, the students need to leave theirs shoes outside the
classrooms and shoe racks should be provided. A desk and a
chair are needed for the teacher to put his/her stuffs and to
work on. Chalkbord and bookshelves are also needed in these
classrooms.
There are four classrooms that should be located in the
mosque. One for men, one for women, one for boys and one for
girls. 15 to 20 attendances are to be expected for both men and
women; and 10 to 12 for both boys and girls ages 6 to 14 years
old. Each students require approximately 16 sq.ft. per person.
These classrooms are for learning, studying, reading,
writing and 1 istening about the Kor'an * s teaching and
recitation and the Islamic teachings and principles. It is to
educate the youth with the principles, ethics, history, etc of
Islam and to
II
add knowledge to the adults from any learning perta ining to
I slam-
These classrooms should have access without having to
pass through the main prayer hal1.
EATING/DINING
RESTAURANTS / FOODSERVICE FACILITIES
These food areas/restaurants are to include restaurants
from several differents Muslim's countries such as from
Malaysia (southeast Asia), Saudi Arabia and Morrocco (middle
East), Pak istan (middle Asia) and Turkey (Mediterranean). The
foodservice would also have an open air coffee shop.
The function of these foodservice facilities is to
represent di fferent k inds of dishes to meet the physical needs
of those Muslims who are away from their countries; in addition
they act as the interface with the non-Musiims to come by and
use the facility. The food is prepared in an Islamic way
according to each country's cultures and recipes.
Accurate determination of the space requirements for a
food facility is a difficult problem. Some factors should be
considered such as the number of meals to be prepared; the
funct ions and tasks to be performed; the equipment
requirements; the number of employees and corresponding
workplaces required; storage for materials; and suitable space
7 for traffic and movements.
77.
DINING AREAS
Est imating the space required for dining area is based
on the number of persons to be seated at one time and the
square feet of space allowed per seat. The amount of space
allowed in the dining areas is governed by the amount comfort 9
desired.
TABLE 10.3 ESTIMATED DINING AREA SPACE FOR FOODSERVICE FACILITIES
Type of facility
Table service Counter service Booth service Cafeteria service Banquet
Dining space pe r seat (ft^)
12-18 16^20 12-16 12-16 10-12
(m^)
1.11-1.67 1.4^-1.86 1.11-1.49 1.11-1.49 0.93-1.11
TABLE 10.4 ESTIMATED PRODUCTION SPACE FOR FOOD FACILITIES
Type of facility Space per seat
(ft^) (m^)
Table service Counter service Booth service Cafeteria service
8-12 4-6 6-10 8-12
0.74-1.11 0.37-0.56 0.56-0.93 0.74-1.11
The estimating din ing areas include space for tables, chairs,
aisles and service stations. The size and arrangement of
tables, chairs, booths and counters selected for the dining are
importantto the efficient use of the space allowed and also
do much to affect the initial impression of the customers.
Distance between tables are sized to enable waiter or waitress
to move through area while serving and allow diners to eat and
73
converse without being disturbed. Selection of chairs is
critical since the greatest body contact is made with them.
Chairs must have suitable shape, angle of seat and back, size,
relationship to table and tactile qualities to be comfortable.
Table space of at least 26" should be allowed for chairs
without arms to provide elbow room. Armchairs require a minimum
table space of 28" for comfort. The preferred height of chair
seats is 17 to 18 in., for adults. A minimum of 12" of space is
needed between the top of the chair and the bottom of the
table.
TABLE 10.6. TYPICAL SIZES AND SHAPES OF DINING TABLES
Type
Tables for I's or 2's
Tables for 3'H or 4's
Tables for 5's or 6's
Drop leaf tables
Shape
Square R<.'clanKle KounH St^uare Kt'ctan^le Round Keetannle Round 3 0 ^ 3 0 in :J6 - AH in.
Min imum size (in.)
24 X 2 4 -24 ' :u)
:i() 30 ^ 30 3 0 - 12
36 30 y 60
48 f>pfiiiiiK lo 42 in r(»iind i)|N'iiiM^ to ri2 ill. roiuul
Sp;iciniis Mn.)
:u) ^ 30 :j()' :m
36 12 ^ 4 2 ;«; y '1H
4H 42 72
60
FIG. 10.6. Module for a square table to be arranged in a rectangular pattern.
FIG. 7.10. Basic dimensions for comfortable seating.
h"i U- IM" - lU- IM -k r
7f
Lighting and colors in dining room help to contribute in
desirsble and comfort atmosphere. In the Me and Me Restaurant
in Berkeley, California, the interior of the restaurant has an
airy and uncluttered atmosphere- The ordering and serv ing area
is smal1; its components are colored an unobtrusive grey. There
are two eating sections beyond the counter - one for tables,
one with booths - both modest in size. The pallete of pinks,
coupled with 1ight finishes for the furniture, allows the
people carrying trays and eating quietly at their tables to
stand out attract ively. Pale green donkey-tail sedum hangs in
pots from the walls, and three blown up color photos of
appropriate Mediterranean foods complete the decor-
In dining areas, it is best to concentrate illumination
on the seats and tables and "perhaps on the special design
features. The cei1ings and waiIs should not be so brightly
1ight that they detract attent ion from the room. Foodservice
levels typically will range between 5 and 50 footcandles. with
30 to 50 footcandles usually used for breakfast and lunch. A
level of 5 to 30 footcandles depending on the atmosphere
decided, is used for serving meals.
TABLE 7.3. GUIDE TO COLOR USAGE IN FOODSERVICE FACILITIES
(1) The use of warm reds, browns, yellows, golds and oranges enhances the appearance of foods. , . . . I
(2) Where emphasis is to be placed on fast service and high turnover, warm colors should dominate the major areas. , ^ , i_ ^ j . i
(3) Use colors in dining areas that are flattering to people. Colors that tend to maJte people look pale (green and grey) should be avoided.
(4) Use light colors in small areas to create the impression of size. (5) Use warm colors in rooms that are wjndowle.ss. (6) High ceilings can be made to appear lower by using dark co ors. (7) Emphasizing horizontal lines by dark colors will make a ceiling appear lower. (8) l>ow ceilings can be overcome by emphasizing vertical linos with dark calnr^ (9) The end walls of long narrow rooms should be a warmer or deeper hue than the
other walls to make them approach and makt- the room seem s<|uarcr (10) Undesirable features ofa room can be painted the same color as their background
so as not to emphasize them. (11) Each room or area should have a mixture of warm and cool colors. (12) Adjoining rooms or areas are best painted in harmonious colors.
15
Other physical components of atmosphere are the level of
noise and type of noise present- The acoustical environment for
the facility should be planned so that the individual is not
aware of noise- For dining rooms, a satisfactory acoustical
environment has a reveberant sound level that is high enough to
be heard, but not so high that individuals at nearby tables can
distinguish what is being said-
In some instances, the source of the sounds can be
isolated by coverings or baffles. Kitchen areas arG^ very
difficult to sound-proof because of the materials used in the
construction of the room and the large amount of metal1ic
equipment present. In these areas, it is desirable to increase
the amount of sound absorbing materials as much as possible to
overcome the severe noise problem. Service doors leading to the
kitchen can be vestibuled to reduce the noise level from
reaching the dining room. Additional things that can be done to
minimize noise from the kitchen include the following:
1- Selecting mechanical equipment such as fans and compressors
for quiet operation.
2. Using installation techniques that minimize duct noises,
the sound of water flow, and water hammer.
3. Using silent closing devices on doors and drawers.
4- Providing rubber bumpers for mobile equipment.
5. Sound proof ing walis between k i tchen and d in ing areas,
6. Placing a service stat ion between the entrance to the
kitchen and the dining room.
7^
tl
7. Creating a quiet work environment to reduce employee noise-
Climate is another facet of atmosphere planning that
merits careful consideration. It is one of the important
factors affecting the comfort of people. The ideal climate for
dining consists of temperatures between 70 and 75° F with a
relative humid ity of 50%. Heating and air conditioning should
have sufficient capacity to maintain the desired temperature
and relat ive humidity. Air inlets and outlets should be placed
to avoid drafts. Climate control also includes the control of
odors. Odors have to be control led or they will blend and can
become quite offensive. Exhaust systems designed to rid tiie
interiors of smoke, fumes, and odors should be positioned to
avoid affect ing the immedlate exterior environment. This is
especially important for exterior waiIs and entrances into the
public areas.
KITCHEN / WORKPLACE DESIGN
One of the steps in planning a foodservice facility for
maximum efficiency and productivity is the design of
workplaces.
The functional planning for the various areas of
foodservice facilities may be accomplished in different ways.
The concept of flow helps to minimize the amount of movement
required for efficient operation. The flow diagram aids to
planner in physically locat ing the area where the functions
will ult imately be performed.
RECEIVING
GARBAGE STORAGE
DRY STORAGE
— 7 ^
BAKE SHOP
/\^\i
^-G—^^-^ POT WASHING
^:;^\^\..;:^\
T " W
MEAT PREPARATION
X ^
11 W w
MAIN COOKING
n n
LLi SANDWICH
PREPARATION
REFRIGERATED STORAGE
VEGETABLE PREPARATION
4
SALAD PREPARATION
SERVING FACILrnES
DINING AREA DISHWASHING
-e- -e- - © — e - -e- J • Food
• • » Food & Dishes
• • » Dishes
a a utensils
O O » Trash & Garbage
Figure 9-3 Kitchen flow chart.
Source: Conunerdai Kitchens, The American Gas Association, 1962 Edition, page 134.
76
Schematic layout based on relat ionship chart closeness ratings.
EMPLOYEE FACILITIES
FREEZER
UTILITY and
MISCELL
REFRIG. STORAGE
VEG and
SALAD PREP
REC DRY STORAGE
OFFICE
MEAT PREP BAKING
COOKING
SERVICE AND PICK UP
POT WASH.
DISHWASHING
DINING ROOM
The areas and sizes of each department used to develop the
layout are given in the following listing. /3
Department
Receiving Dry storage Refrigerated storage Freezer Meat preparation Vegetable and salad prep Baking
Cooking Serving and pick-up Dining Dishhfash ing Po t i^ash ing Office Employee facili ties Utility room and misc. TOTAL
Fe
so 200
84 56 40
93
160 WO
1800 130
56 50
160 104
3200
Dimensions
5 X 10 20 X ID 12 X 7
8 x 7 8 x 5 9 X 13
15 X 5 6 x 3
20 X 8 20 X 5 50 X 36 13 X 10
7x8 5 X 10
20 X 8 8 X 13
n^
The floor space required for a worker to accomplish
mannual tasks is frequently referred to as work aisle. The
amount of space required for a single person work aisle vareis
from 24 to 36". For situat ion where two workers will be
working back-to-back, the recommended minimum work aisle space
is 42" with 6 to 12" allowance for equipment projections.
General recommendations for work surface height tasks are 37 to
39" for women and 39 to 41" for men. Adjustable work-surface
heights to fit both workers and task are the ideal design. In
consideration of the normal and maximum work areas, the work
surface for most tasks performed in food fac ilit ies can be done
within a space 2 ft. deep and 4 ft. in wide. Chairs are
desirable in workplaces where the tasks require only hand and
arm movements and are repet it ive in nature. Seat heights
between 24 and 30" will be su i table for most variations of
workers and tasks. A minimum of 25" of clearance under the
table is recommended.
Light ing recommendat ions for workplaces are determined
by the amount of visual effort needed to accomplish a
particular task. The recommended 1ighting level for general
areas of a k itchen that are non work areas is 15 to 20
footcandles. Working surfaces require 30 to 40 footcandles for
most tasks. Tasks that involve reading and working with figures
should have a minimum of 50 footcandles. A wel1-planned
1ighting system for work places should provide enough
brightness for the worker to see everything he must see to
20
perform his task efficiently. This includes light for seeing
into drawers, shelves, cab inets and equipment. Light sources
are arranged in a manner that will illuminate the workplace
'5 uniformly, without shadows or dark spot.
Colors are used to enhance the worker's feeling of
well-being and consequently their work performance- Blue and
green colors avG. much easier on the eyes than warm colors. Red
can be used to identify moving parts of equipment or other
dangerous components. Green is generally used for first aid
equipment. Steps, landing and platforms coded with yellow paint
can reduce tripping and fal1ing.
Noise level of 50 decibels or less are recommended for
work areas. Most sources of noise can be prevented or
control led at acceptable levels by proper design. Effeeti ves
noise control is ach ived by reducing the transmission of
air-borne and structurally transmitted noise. Adequate
vent ilat ion of work areas is necesarry to remove smoke, odors,
moisture, and grease-laden vapor and to bring in fresh air- A
general recommendation for ventilation of foodservice work
areas is to apply 5 cfm of fresh air per square foot of floor
space This recommendat ion assumes the present of heat - and
n
moisture - producing equipment in the area.
Air-conditioning of work areas is needed to maintain to
the desired environmental conditions. In a sense, the work area
being heated and cooled at the same t ime. The air- condit ioning
system has to be designed wi th sensit ive controls to ma intain
the desired environmental conditions without causing and
overload for cooking equipment.
The floor which receive considerable abuse from carts
and trucks, spillage, crates, foot traffic and heat must remain
smooth and non-siip. Drains for cleaning and spillage should be
installed near reach-in and in walk-in refrigerators, by
ice-machine under fixed coolers, in all works and storage
sections, and located away from main traffic and work areas.
Any cement floors used in store rooms or receiving rooms should
be sealed and painted for easy cleaning and imperviousness to
moisture- Since any durable non-siip floor such as ceramic or
quarry tile or terrazo is apt to be hard on the feet of
workers, rubber, plastic or cork mats may be used in front of
work tables and at similarly often used stations. The mats
should be easily handled for clean ing.
In Howard Johnson's Restaurant, the kitchen layout uses
modern reconstituting equipment including convection ovens and
microwave ovens for heating frozen foods. All cooking equipment
is located so that a cook can reach it by pivoting or walking a
short distance. The range, charbroiler, fryers, and griddle are
so conveniently located adjacent to pick-up area. When orders
are prepared, they are placed on a pass shelf directly in front
of the cook's station.
The kitchen is supported by a pantry located directly
off the dining room and adjacent to the kitchen. A pass-through
shelf is placed between the kitchen and the pantry thus
n
providing more pick-up area for the waiteresses. The pantry
contains all the necessary equipment for coffee, rolls, pastry,
cocktails, and the like, eliminating the need for the
waitresses to enter the kitchen directly.
This design reflects the minimum space and equipment
required for a foodservice facility using primarily convenience
foods.
FOOD AREA COMPONENTS
The flow process is basically the same for every other
food operat ions, which include receiving, storage, meat
cutting, vegetable preparat ion, cooking, baking, serving, pot
and pan washing, dish washing, waste-disposal, employees'
facilities, restrooms, and coat rooms.
RECEIVING
The receiving of the incoming foods, beverages and
supplies is planned according to the types and volumes of
different materials handled- The use of carts, trucks and
conveyors will solve most materials-hand1ing problems. Mobile
carts and trucks can be used for handling good items and
conveyors can be used to handle dishes and other nonfood items.
STORAGE
Planning for the storage function in food facilities
includes dry storage, refrigerated storage, freezer storage and
33
storage for non food supplies.
The dry storage funct ion is necessary for the
on-the-site storage of frequently used materials- Dry storage
areas for food items are planned to maintain temperature
between 50 tO 70° F- The desired relative humidity is
approximately 50%-
Refigerated storage area maintaining temperatures of 35
to 40° F are required for fresh meats, vegetables and fruits,
dairy products, beverages and carry-over foods- Smaller but
numerous reach-in refrigerators strategically located
throughout the facility is preferable rather than one large
walk-in storage. The reach-ins are usually located adjacent to
preparation and product ion equipment or may be built-in under
tables or counters.
Temperatures of 10 to 20° F are needed to safely store
frozen foods. Freezers may be walk-in or and reach-in.
The design of storage areas for non-food iterns 1 ike
dishes, glasses, flatware, utensils, paper goods, 1inen,
cleaning supplies, and furniture can take many different forms.
They may be stored in rooms, on shelves, in cabinets, or on
specially designed racks. All chemicals, soaps, sanitizing
compounds, and other cleaning supplies should be stored
separately because of their danger to foods. Separate areas are
also desirable for cleaning equ ipment such as brooms, mops,
pails, scrubbers and polishes.
PREPARATION
The preparation functions for the food facility are meat
preparation, vegetable preparation, salad preparation and
sandwich preparation and may differ from any specialty
restaurants-
The meat preparation function consists of cutting,
chopping, grinding and portioning of meats and meat products to
ready them for further processing-
Typical tasks associated with fresh vegetable
preparation are trimming, peeling, washing, cutting and
chopping. The use of fresh vegetables will require the use of
cutters, choppers, siicers, peelers, and similar equipment.
Type and capacity will be designed to handle the volume of
vegetables to be prepared. Waste disposal is another aspect in
planning for the vegetable preparation function. Mechanical
waste d isposa1 un its are frequent1y used.
COOKING
The heart of all foodservice facilities is the main
cooking function, and special care in planning for it is
required. In addition to cooking all meat and vegetable items
the cook ing ar^a serves as the hub between the product ion and
service funct ions. In many table-service operations, the
pick-up of food for serving is directly adjacent to the main
cooking area.
BAKING
The advent of high quali ty preprepared unbaked goods
that require only thawing and baking has an impact on the
design of bak ing areas. Many of the preprepared items can be
processed in the main cooking area, eliminating the need for a
separate bak ing area complete.
SERVING
The different ways of performing the serving function
result in a variety of serv ing facilit ies that may be planned.
Basic table-service operations require pick-up area immediately
adjacent to the cooking battery - Separate pick-up areas are
used for salads, beverages and desserts. Several configurations
of serving lines can be used, depending on the total number of
people to be served and the t ime allowed for serving- Straight
line configurat ions are the most basic and are characterized by
easy access and wel1-defined traffic flow. The major problem
with the straight-1ine configuration is its limited serving
capacity per 1ine- Variations of the straight 1ine include the
U-shaped counter and the herringbone designs. These
configurations give more 1inear space and increase serving 1ine
•25 capacity.
DISHWASHING
The dishwashing function is usually performed in a
separate room or area that has to be well ventilated and
9fe
illuminated. Acoust ical tile and noise absorbing materials are
used to aid in lowering the high noise levels associated with
this function. Modern dishwashing machines can be obtained to
handle any volume of dinnerware-
The design of the dishwashing area is dependent upon the
total volume of dinnerware to be washed and the time required
to accomplish the washing.
POT AND PAN WASHING
The pot and pan washing funct ion is preferably done in a
separate area instead of combining it withother areas- The
basic pot and pan washing can be handled with a
three-compartment sink and sufficient space for storing soiled
utensils-
JANITOR CLOSETS
The food service area needs janitor closets which should
be similar to others in the buiIding. It needs mops and brooms
for the occasional cleaning which follows spi1lage and
breakage. Smal1 wel1-ventilated closet near slope sinks or
troughs, equ ipped with the necessary hooks or racks for hang ing
and a shelf or two storage, should suffice for these. Each work
area should contain such a un i t to encourage workers to keep
their areas clean.
EMPLOYEES' FACILITIES
Some facilities are needed for the food employees. Since
07
it is not desirable that they work around food in their street
clothes, 1ocker rooms with 1ockers large enough for the uniform
changes are needed. To i1et and wash bow1 shouId be prov ided,
and showers may appear desirablee in some situations- Separate
rooms are needed for both men and women. Such rooms should be
near to the employees' entrance and each should have a lounge
area for rest periods.
OFFICES
The offices of the food director and his staffs should
be similar to other offices in the faci1ity except that
supervisory personnel occupying offices in the food areas are
able to funct ion if they can look through glass walls into as
many diferrent areas as possible. A complete intercommunication
system connect ing all food areas is a necessity- Files of the
proper size for rec ipe fi1ing desreve consideration. Time
clock, racks and cards probably are loceted in the office or
near the employees' entrance.
SHOPPING
SHOPS AND STORES
The shopping area includes stores/shops such as food
shop; gift shop; bookstore and drugstore-
The layout and design of a store have an important role
to play in mot ivating the customers- First of all its location
ss
of the entrance must be clear and obvious. This means that the
entrance to the parking lot, and the fact the fact that parking
spaces are available, must be emphasized or that the parking
lot be placed in front of the structure and clearly visible to
passerby.
CIRCULATION AREAS
Circulation path in stores are usually defined very
simply with front-to-back or loop aisle. Circulation path
should be simple. Merchandise should be displayed in orderly,
efficient patterns that dictate simple circulation geometry.
Circulation must be simple and clear enough the shoppers
focuses on the displays, not the aisle. Designing adequately
size aisle space and adding ramps, rather than steps, will
permit the shoppers become buyers.
6S. (bmlowt o. b. *. 7hm$m drawings illuttratm mmlhod of dmtfmining
aiil9 width for evwtomfs and dorks.
I ' " I ••'? 1
secoHOJkav C U S T O M E R A i 3 t - &
AveR>^ce cu^TOAAet^ A I S U &
e U S T O M S R AlSUe-A M A I N " T R A ^ ^ I C .
SERVICE AREA
Service areas are cash counters, wrapping counters.
3i
offices, storage areas, sh ippi ng and receiving areas, washrooms
and etc. Service areas should be designed for maximum
efficiency. accessibility, and optimum equipment placement and
they are generally located at the back of the store. Delivering
area is at the rear of the store. It is best to segregate
service areas to the rear of the store for storeowners do not
want customer entering private areas. Location of cash counter
depends on the size of the store, the number of employees, and
whether the store is self-service.
If it can be accomodated, a wrapping counter that is a part of,
adjacent to, or behind cash counter is desirable- Offices can
be located in a back storage room and 1imited to a short
counter, space for file cab inet, and some she1ves-
u B
2-7. A cash counter may be located In one of three general store areas.
DISPLAY AREA
Display is the mechanism that presents the merchandise
io
to the shopper in its most favorable light that permits the
shoppers to evaluate and select products for purchase. It
requires sufficient space for shoppers to bypass browsers
standing in front of a display to give those people reviewing
products enough space.
LIGHTING
Good 1ight ing can enhance a product appearance,
accentuate a special display, balance the visual elements of a
store and create the proper mood. It attract shoppers to the
store.
FOOD STORE a6
Main categories of food shop and the produce are:
Greengrocer Fresh vegeubles, fruit, flowers, frozen vegetables. Fishmonger Fresh and frozen fish, cured fish, shell fish, poultry
and game. Butcher Fresh and fit>zcn meat, meat products, poultry
and game, fats. Grocer Bacon, eggs, cheese, fat, packaged frozen and
tinned foods, cereals, biscuits, beverages, dried fruits and preserves, sauces, spices, dry goods, soaps, detergents, cleaning materials, pet foods, paper products, chemists sundries, toilet and hygiene requisites.
Dairy Milk, eggs, cream, butter, cheeses. Baker Bread, cakes, biscuits, flour, pies. Confectioner Chocolates, sweets, cigarettes, cigars, tobacco,
newspapers.
Refuse 21600m
Servce entry 1 ^
2
3
4
7
a _2_ II
'—' 10
12
(EKn
r Li»
Lower floor Uft mohx room
Customer entry — *
Service _ ^ entry
Moll Soles
MOrtirm Stock
Section
Tyfncal layout of supermarket: I. Grocery store room; 2, Frozen foods store; 3, Service provisions store; 4, Meat preparation; J. Fruit/vegetable preparation; 6. Security cage; 7. Toilet/cloakrooms; 8. Manager's office; 9. Kitchen; 10. Staff room; IL Wine store; 12. General office; 13. Cooked meats/dairy; 14. Frozen meat; 15. Poultry; 16. Fish; 17. Honu freezer; 18. Ice cream; 19. Serviced provisions; 20. Fruit/vegetables; 21. Self service wine/spirits; 22. Promotions; 23. Trolleys
• ^ Moll 23
I n .
Out
Out
Out
48 600m
"TT 13
[3000 3 E
CP CP CP CP
• c ^ CP
Li
^ 0 0 ^ 2500
3 ^ = : 2500
Sfoir
29001—
2500 17 16 & I I I ^2000 18
a D 21
Office
Upper ftoor
4700
4J Stoir uft
Sto.r
f.'
However, for my facility the food store will only have:
fishmonger, butcher, bakery and confectioner. All the meat,
beef, chicken and lamb that sel1 in this store will be
slaughtered in an Islamic way. The meat department is usually
located at the rear of the store, near its own refrigerated
storage room and near the receiving and shipping entrance. Sea
food and poultry can be located adjacent to or part of the meat
department. All will require refrigerated sales cases, special
cutting blocks or tables, and weighing machines.
Ample wai1 shelving and floor counters will be needed to
provide an orderly, attractive display. The center of the sales
spaceis a good locat ion for island shelving units to hold
canned and packed groceries. Baked goods require specialized
sales fixtures and are sold on a serv ice bars-
Food store needs a high level of overall general
illumination in order to properly light both the sales space
and the open display merchandise about 100 ft - candles-
Flourescent 1ight is preferable to incandescent, as it
generates less heat. Refrigerator counters, wall fixtures, and
bakery showcases will all need special built-in lighting about
200 ft. candles-
Since food store merchandise is colorful in itself,
white is popular color as a background tone for walls and
ceilings- Building material finishes, fixtures and flooring
should be waterproof, greaseproof, easily cleaned and
maintained. To lessen noise in sales areas, it is best to use a
<J^
sound absorbing finish for ceilings and a resilient type of
flooring. Air condition is a valuable asset for customers
comfort and for perserving and protecting the goods on sale.'^^
BOOKSTORE
The function of the store is to sell books on Islamic
literatures, teachings and principles both for adults and
children. It also sells cassettes tapes on Islamic teachings
and Kor'anic recitation.
Paper Book Shop in Berne has concertina-like all-glass
facade that affords the public ready access to bookstands
stocked with recent publications, without blocking the people
right of way. The interior design consists of virtually the
books themselves, as their standard size determines the height
of the shelves. The walls of books are^ clearly arranged and can
easily be kept under surveillance. The store has an acoustic
ceiling panels extend into the arcade itself and make the shop
appear larger that it actually is.
Book Shop in Dusseldorf occupies a deep, narrow room
about 14 * high. The rectangular space is frammed on three sides
by shelves extending the ful1 height of the room. Three desks
were placed in the center of the shop, their free sides flanked
by book she1ves 3' high- The dark green color of the cei1ing
makes the room appear lower- The books are displayed on
adjustable prefabricated shelves in a self-supporting steel
framework; the effect is one of order and calm. Floors are
93
c o v e r e d w i t h g r e y s h e e t p . v . c . ; t h e i r o n w o r k p a i n t e d m a t t
b l a c k ; a n d a l l wooden s u r f a c e s p a n e l l e d w i t h wenge wood.
F l o u r e s c e n t l i g h t a n d b i g , s p h e r i c a l , o v e r h a n g i n g l a m p s a r e
b e i n g u s e d t o l i g h t t h e s h o p .
DRUG STORE
In a typical drug store, prescriptions account for 8 to
1636 of sales volumes, soda fountain and variety merchandise 50^
and drugs the remainder - These sales elements are
convent ionally arranged in departments and located as follows:
1. cigar, cigarrettes and cashier - often near the entrance,
but at the rear in many of new stores-
2- soda fountain - near the entrance
3. cosmetics - opposite the fountain and near the entrance
4. drugs, sundries, and household goods - after cosmet ies
5. book department - in the rear
6. prescription department - in the rear
7- telephones - in the rear
Interior counters, tables, stock cases and signs should be
organized into groups or into a pattern-
Drug store designed for The Kawneer Com- In turn, each sales unit has been given ideal dls- Customer traffic routes have been well organized pany by Ketchwn Gini & Sharp Architects. H re play. All share in the chance to catch the window- ,nside and out. On the street, the corner display .J that fine old American mstitution - the corner ihoppefs eye as he passes by the glass entrance lobby acts as an outdoor sales room that will pull dnji store - revitalized and ready for modern wall on Main Street or the glazed entrance on the customers inside. In the sales area, the cigars, merchandising. In size location, and type of sales, side street. The soda fountain, in particular, counts cigarettes, and cashier have been located at the this store is typical of the all-purpose drug store. at an outside display. rear counter to draw shoppers past the rest of the whether located In a large cty or a small town. General merchandise sales are also visible from sales departments. At the same time, this location Sales and senrke departments have been carefully Mam Street: in addition, they are given outiide g.ves the cashier visual control of the sales floor organized - the first fundamental in good store showcases in the lobby and on the side street and of the two entrances to the store. Planning The soda fountain is placed along a facade. The importance of the prescription depart- Light is the llfebtood of retail showmanship. Good mirrored wall; general merchandise, including cos- ment is emphasized by the large picture window general illumination pours down on the entrance metlcs. perfumes, household drugs, and sich room behind which can be seen the pharmacist com- tobby and sales interior from an over-all pattern supplies, i . located opposite: prescription, are pounding drugs. of ceMing fiKtures. Built-in Ighting raws at ^^^^^ made up and sold at the rear of the store. All these <» the merchandise on display. Light bnghtens the
y .Mu >w«j «t J ^ ^ I |gt|j|. By ^ay or night, this store departments v e read y accessible from either • . L, / . / ' .. ^ u d have mammum advertising value.
street entrance-, all are visible to sidewalk pedestrians.
^ r
READ ING/STUDY ING/LEARN ING
LIBRARY
THE AREAS OF THE LIBRARY
While designing any area, constant thought must be given
to the layout of furniture equipment if the area is to function
properly- The attempt to fit in the furnishings after the plan
has been crystallize will result unnecessary compromises-
%\
THE FLOW DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE BASIC AREA RELATIONSHIPS
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Emrath Branch at Lansdowne the branch library building in the
Lexington Library System building covers an area of 7,095
sq.ft. shows different areas in the library such as the adult's
1 ibrary. chiIdren's 1ibrary, meet ing room, lounge, control
3*2 room, restrooms, storage and workroom.
ENTRANCE
The entrance of the 1ibrary should be an attractive,
inviting and orienting experience. The entrance should be
located at or near the area of greatest street activity. The
entrance must be invit ing to al1 and should be especially
accessible to the aged and the handicapped, including those in
wheel chairs. For this reason, do not have steps leading to the
entrance- The entrance door should be protected from the wind
by its locat ion or by a wind baffle of some kind. Use a double
door vestibule to prevent drafts and heat loses. Entrance mats
to clean snow and moisture off people * s feet are very useful. A
Pedi-Mat, incorporating carpet strips mounted on aluminum and
separated by narrow openings for dirt to drop down through the
mat, is unusually effective and easy to clean and maintain.
Doors must be easy to open, for use by children and
bundle-laden shoppers-
MATERIAL RETURN LOCATION
Once inside the doors of the library, it is natural for
users entering the building to want to drop materials and
f7
equipment as soon as they enter, and it is also probably
natural for them to enter on the right of the exit and to look
to their right upon entering for a return area- It is
economical to place the check-out and return area between the
34 entrance and exit. "
THEFT DETECTION
Devices for theft detection have specific entry design
requirements- Entrance and exit doors should be separated with
some device to prevent the entry door from being used as an
exit. The device must incorporate a shear pin so that in panic
emergency situat ions the entrance door can be used as an exit.
The exit path must be narrow enough for the theft detector to
work.
ART EXIHIBITS AREA
Displays and exhibits ar^a are best located in an area
through which everyone will have to pass, and therefore where
everyone will have to see them. Locate the exhibit area between
the entrance and the circulation desk. The displays can make
the entrance to the library one of the most inviting, cheerful
and colorful area of the building.
Displays can take the form of suspended pegboard planes.
builet in boards, pedestal, open shelves, closed cases,
floor-to-ceiling pipes with adjustable and interchangeable
surfaces- Ceilings and floors should be nuetral colors to avoid
qe
^6 competing with the art works.
READING AREA
The reading area should have an inviting but quiet
atmosphere with:
- Acoustical ceilings and wall treatment.
- Carpeting with thick, sound absorbent underlayment.
- Wood with non-glare surface.
- Coat hooks and trash basket for public convenience.
- Careful heat control, 2** variations and 20 to 30% relative
hum id i ty min imum.
- A variety of seating and group arrangements in small groups-
- Carrels with full sides but low backs and no shelves.
- Table for four.
- A high level of uniform lighting, 75 fc, but parawedge
37 louvers to prevent glare-
In selecting 1ibrary chairs, several characteristics
should be considered- Durability: it is important to select
fabric material that will last a long time. High grades of
vinyl will often last indefinitely, metal frame chairs, milnyes
and other artificial fabric will also durable. Comfort: chairs
should be extremely comfortable and conform to human body since
people spend a great deal of time in 1ibrary chairs.
The reading area in the library should be different or
separate for both men and women.
f^
INFORMAL READING AREA
The browsing or informal area is for leisure reading or
study as well as for readers who drop in for relaxation and a
brief interlude in a busy schedule. The location must be
convenient for coming and going without disturbing the main
reader's area. The browsing area can be defined by freestanding
bookshelves, light and low. Seating area for six to eight
persons should be adequate. The chairs should be comfortable
enough to lounge in for a relatively short time. A scatter rug
can help to define the area.
CIRCULATION AREA
The circulation area is divided into:
1. public: Counter where library users check-out books and
separate return counter, nonglare. Located for one person
staffing. Check-out station with electrical outlets for
charging machine and telephone, 30" high on staff side, 39" on
public side. Lockable cash drawer- Acessible storage for book
trucks to receive returns, coat and umbrella racks-
2. staff: Work area for overdue retrieval, addressing,
mailing, mending. This area should have counter space and a
sink; wall shelving; and a 30" high counter with lockable purse
drawer, swivel chair, and typewriter with electrical outlets-
loo
CATALOG
The catalog is used by everyone- It must be located in an
area acessible to the circulation desk, the books and the
reader's area. Allow space for ciculation around the catalog- A
horizontal rather than a vertical tray is preferable- It should
be no more than five drawers high, with the top drawer 50" from
the floor. Recommended drawer heights for card catalog would be
29 to 54 inches. The top surface and the sliding reference
drawers at the base of the catalog must be durable. '
CHILDREN'S SECTION
The children * s section in the 1ibrary must be inviting
and friendly. Included in children's services are: reading
services and a children's story-tel1ing area. The area must be
accessible from the main entrance, and children must pass the
desk and reach the i r sect ion w i thout cross ing adult's area. Use
low shelving for both easy access and visual control; and
locate shelves so that the spaces between them articulate
specific activities area. Carpet the entire area for it will
help to control noise and will encourage the children to sit on
the floor to examine their books.
MEETING ROOM
A meeting room is a desirable asset to any library
building no matter how small it is. Meeting room can be located
in the main floor, in the mezzanine or in the basement-
101
Provisions should be made for the showing of films and si ides.
These include storage for equipment, and ideally a screen
should be installed- An electrical outlet and light switch near
the projections will be convenience. The meeting will be
equipped with table between 6 to 7 ft. long and seating up to
eight persons. One person needs an area of 15 sq. ft. to be
comfortable. Draperies, upholstery and other materials should
be fireproof, waste basket should be empty and smoking is not
permitted. Floor should be non-slip.
Windows should permit proper ventilation without
inflicting drafts on those using the room. Since notes may be
taken in this room, 1ighting should cover al1 areas with a
minimum illumination level at desk height of 30 fc. Acoustic
ceiling assists in limiting the transfer of sound, as do wall
drapes, cork flooring and acoustic walls-
REFERENCE AREA
The reference area should be located and designed for
future expansion. It should include:
Seating for librarians and the public on opposite sides of a
counter and adjustable storage on the staff side underneath.
High intensity 100 fc. lighting with glare-free louvers because
of the need for continuous concentrated staff and public use.
Local acoustical separation for several adjacent conversation
to take place.
Design should concentrate staff services and develop small
10^
reader groupings while maintaining good supervision.
The reference area should be emphasized by lighting and
graphics, while the circulation area is less prominent.
Materials requiring staff assistance, such as reference books
and indexes, must be grouped close to the information center.
BOOKSTACKS
Easy access to books requires compact, orderly shelving
in a well-1ighted, unified area. Lights should be hung from the
stacks and brightness shielded with parawedge louvers. Graphics
on end-panels and shelves must be flexible, well-1ighted, and
easily visible. Temperature is not critical in this area. A 5**
variation is acceptable. Acoustical treatment is not critical
but carpeting and acoustical ceilings would control noise
usefully.
In order to simplify public access to books, it is
useful for this space to be single unit with stacks running in
the same direction and graphic signs on both shelves and
end-panels. This is the largest public service area in the
library, and it will be essential to design the building
arround this area.
Bookstack design should include these considerations:
1. Each section of books is 3 ft- long and 90" high.
2. A double-faced section holds 300 volumes if seven shelves
on each side are utilized.
3. Stacks must be braced across the top and secured to the
103
walls.
4. A range of shelving should be a minimum of six sections
long to make it possible for readers to move easily from one
aisle to the next. Ranges should be 5 ft. on centers. This will
leave and aisle 44" wide if 8" shelving is utilized, or 40"
wide if 10" shelving is installed. Each range will hold 1,800
books.
5. Studies have shown that flourescent lighting (mounted about
3" above the top of stacks), shielded by angled egg-crate
parawedge louvers, will provide optimum 1ighting with minimum
glare.
6. Seating should not be combined with stacks because this 4-5
would require a wider aisle and a larger area.
LIBRARIAN OFFICE
This is the only room in the building where the
1ibrarian can find privacy to work, to interview and to discuss
problems with patrons and staffs. The room should be easily
accessible from the reading room and conveniently located to
the ciculation desk.
The room should be large enough to contain a large
pedestal desk, 1ibrarian's swivel chair, 2 or 3 chairs for
visitors or staff, a 4-drawer vertical file, a waste basket,
bookshelves, an electric clock, a telephone extension, a buzzer
and a desk lamp. The room should be carpeted and well-1ighted.
!Cf4-
STAFF ROOM
The room should be near the circulation/reference area
and visible to and from that area. The room should have a wall
cabinet and drawer base, a small lounge 15'x 15', coke machine,
trash barrel, table and 4 chairs, sofa, under-the counter
refrigerator, sink, stove, coffee maker, coat hooks and
electrical wall clock.
JANITOR S SPACE
Locate this important room as centrally as possible. It
must be large enough to allow for the following activities and
equipment: slop sink, floor-to-ceiling shelving; 12" deep and
with 12" between shelves for cleaning supplies; a janitor's
clothes closet, adequate shelving 24" deep and 12" between
shelves for light bulbs, paper towels, soaps, and other
building supplies; a mop, broom, and brush rack; space for
vacuum cleaner, buffing machine, janitor's cart, mop bucket on
casters, and 6' and 14' stepladders; and a desk or work table
and tool storage area for minor repairs. Doors should be 4 ft.
wide for ease of moving equipment in and out the space.
Provide floor drain and slope the floor so that the
water will drain to it. Floor must be painted cement or quarry
tile- Ceiling light providing a minimum of 40 fc. From
Architectural Graphic Standard, the optimum janitor closet
should be 6' x 9' and the minimum janitor closet 41/2' x 8.The
requirement of the janitor's space will be the same throughout
the facility.
lo5
MISCELLANEOUS
Coat racks; distributed the building, simple pegs on
boards.
Drinking fountain near toilets at entry-
Public telephone; open shelf with acoustical privacy
screens.
Copying machine; coin-operated, 15 amp. circuit-
Toilets; cantilevered bowls for easy cleaning, no legs
to touch the floor; rails and doors for the handicapped. 120
fc. of 1ight; stainless, unbreakable mirrors; rough texture
walls; built-in fixtures-soap, towels, trash; tiles and
built-in drain for easy cleaning; and dark booth walls.
CRANE LIBRARY, NEW ENGLAND
BUILDING PROGRAM SUMMARY 47
entry/display reading reference adult bookstacks children staff multipurpose nonassignable
Totals
area sq.ft
300 280 600 150
1200 400 250 750 300
4180
books
1300
1500 600
18000 5250
26650
public seats
9 6
6 8
29
occupy (public)
3 9-20 12 6 10 25 1/2 50
staff
1
1
1 1/2
(OG
ADMINISTRATING - ADMINISTRATION AREA
ENTRANCE/RECEPTION
The area must at once welcome and guard for it is the
one area that al1 visitors will see, be they bank presidents,
messengers or intruders. Since the area must be relatively
large to receive diverse traffic, it can also be the one
monumental or formal space in the facility. Its plan must be
obvious and signage should be visible and distinctive.
The space should have a desk or counter or 75 to 85 ^% {+
working station with a single chair. It should also have
telephone outlet. This area should be located adjacent to the
lobby area for the visitors to wait and to sit.
Gensler and Associates Architect modified an old San
Francisco warehouse for Young and Rubican, leaving most
surfaces pure white and adding bright color for vitality- Here
the reception area is a distinct first stop for visitors.
LOBBY
The flexibility of the lobby is governed by its size. It
is a little more than a large vestibule into which corridors,
coat room and display area can be located. In the first
instance, lounge furn iture, carpet ing, side tables and other
equipment should be as flexible as possible to permit of
multiplicity of use.
The lobby should be well lighted in view of the fact that
those entering from bright sunlight encounter some difficulty
{tr
in adjusting to interior lighting. Good lighting assists in
creating a welcoming atmosphere and enhances the attractiveness
of the decor. Acoustic ceilings absord some of the sounds of a
normally noisy area. The area should provide 6 to 8 seating
spaces, tables or end tables. The foor should be non-slip and
durable.
The lobby's function is that of receiving arrivals and
aiding in distribution throughout the building. Building and
activity directories should be prominent and explicit to permit
for most of those to enter to find their own way. The area
should be wide enough to prevent the conservation groupings
which inevitably gather here from obstructing others using the
area. Drinking fountains and restrooms should be located
nearby.
CONFERENCE ROOM
The table determines the shape of this room and the tone
of the meeting. Full participation work meetings are most
effective with seven or fewer members seated at a 60" diameter
round table. The space between the participants at large table
tables insures formality and uneven participation. The height
of the table should be 28" and given 2 1/2 to 3 ft, of space at
table for each participants. Chairs can be swivel. Floors
should bw non-slip. Waste basket and slide presentations
equipment should be provided in the room. The area should have
good ventilation and acoustical treatment. Diamond Shamrosk's
log^
Industrial Chemical Group in Dallas has a glass wall to
maintain acoustical privacy and carpeting floor, A minimum of
35 to 40 footcandles illumination level should be provided to
meet the tasks in this room, mostly reading and writing.
Effective conference configurations.
OFFICES
Private offices' requirements will be for the Amir (the
leader for the Muslim community), an accountant, assistants and
working stations with partition walls.
For routine clerical areas such as accounting and
stenograph, 75 to 85 sq.ft per working station are recommended,
a working station being a single clerical chair and a desk.
Each working station is allowed not more than 1 1/2 lineal feet
of file and storage. Modular office furniture which consists of
variuos standard size tops designed to be assembled with any of
a variety of bases offers almost unlimited combinations for
office growth and change. Folding and movable partitions
separating this section from the offices would assure less
M
confusion.
Office lighting planned to fit into a flexible scheme
provides an even level of light throughout the area rather than
focusing spots of light on previously planned locations, the
later course prebuilding a rigidity into the structure which
can be eliminated only by future electrical changes. With long
flourescent 1ighting elements and overall difussing ceiling now
available, wel1 spread illumination can be provided in all
corners of the office. Most intensive office work requires
about 50 fc. of illum inat ion at the work ing 1evel, but some
private offices and conference rooms may get by with only 30
fc. An office staff should be housed in an area well
ventilated, free from drafts and relatively noise-free. The
appearance of the areas is as important as that of the public
spaces. Rooms 1ighted by north or east 1ight are recept ive to
warm colors, while cool colors are best suited for rooms
1ighted from south or west. The 1ighter, more nuetral waiIs
should face workers; the more deeply colors can be located
behind them.
OTHER SERVICES WITHIN THE FACILITY
TOILET ROOMS
The number of fixtures in a toilet would be different in
each building according to the number of people using the
building. Thus, one water closet for each 150 women and 300 men
may be required in the mosque area with a urinal for each 300
fio
men and one lavatory for each 150 women and 300 men. Library
restrooms should allow at least 6 water closet for every 150
men and women and 5 lavatory for every 125 men and women with
one fixture for additional 45 persons. Urinals in men's room
may be provided in lieu of water closets but for not more than
1/3 of the required number of water closets. Drinking fountain
in the 1ibrary should be provided at least one for each 75
persons. Office areas should allot a water closet for each 15
to 20 persons, with a lavatory for each 2 water closets and a
urinal in addition for each 2 water closets in men's rooms.
All urinals and toilets should be of vitreous china with no
sharp corners. Urinal outlets should be properly screened to
catch such debris as cigarettes and matches, unless they have
large outlets and power flushing- Toilet seats should be sturdy
and imperviuos with open front seats on top of the elongated
toilet bowls - Hose outlets for cleaning should supply hot and
cold water and all piping should be non-corrosive to permit
longevity. Pressure within the building should be great enough
to prevent drops in faucet pressures when toilets are flushed.
The floors of the restrooms should be non-slip. The
amount of water used will cause wet, slippery floors and the
chemical action of urine on cement not only cause deterioration
but also unpleasant odors. Non-slip terrazo, quarry or ceramic
tile are sastifactory floor materials. Floor drains and hose
outlets make cleaning easier as do wall and ceiling hung
/ / /
fixtures such as basins, urinals, toilets and toilet
partitions. Forced ventilation with separate ducts is necessary
for toilet rooms to permit the proper exhaust of odors from the
area and the building.
Sunlight is desirable, with the window area equal to
about one-eight of the floor area. Artificial light should be
available in sufficient quantity with 120 fc. illumination
level. Placement of the mirrors away from the wash basins
assists in eliminating some of the drain clogging problem which
result from hairs in the traps. Sanitary napkin vendors should
be installed in the women's rooms with sanitary receptacles in
each booth.
PLAYLOT
The playlot is a small area set aside for the play
activity of the young people age up to 6 years old under
immeadiate adult supervision. The playlot will to serve some 30
children with some selection of equipment in a play space about
1400 sq.ft.; this area, plus additional space circulation and
play space divider. Some of the facilities are:
Equipment Number of pieces Play space requirements
slide seesaw sandboxes climber swings (4 swings)
10' X 25' 10' X 25' 10' X 15' 10' X 25' 16' X 32'
The playlot should be surrounded by a low enclosure with
m
supplemental planting, and provided with one entrance-exit.
Traffic flow should be planned to encourage movement throughout
the playlot in a safe, orderly manner. This traffic flow may be
facilitate with walls, plantings, low walls and benches-
Durable trash containers should be provided and conveniently
located to maintain a neat, orderly appearance- Non-movable
benches should be conveniently located to assure good
visibility and protection of the children at play. Trees and
plantings will be helpful for shaded area and quiet activities.
tl3
ENDNOTES
' Michell, G. ed. Architecture of the Islamic World- London:
Thames and Hudson. 1978. pl6
^ Davies, J. Temples, Churches and Mosques- New York: Pilgrim
Press. 1982. pl20
Ibid, pll9
Ibid, pl20
' Deasy, C. Designing Places for People. New York: Billboard
Pub. Inc- 1985- pl04
^ Ibid, pl05
^ Kazarian, E. Foodservice Facilities Planning- Conn.: AVI
Pub. Inc. 1983. pl82
^ Ibid, pl83
Ibid, pl25
Ibid, pll7
Ibid, pl23
Ibid, pl24
Ibid, p210
Ibid, P137
Ibid, pl45
Ibid, pl46
Ibid, pl46
Ibid, pl47
Ibid, p218
Ibid, p90
Ibid, p91
/ /f
Ibid, p92
Ibid, p94
Ibid, p99
Beddington, N. Design for Shopping Centers. London:
Butterworth Scientific. 1982. p50
Ketchum, M. Shops and Stores. New York: Reinhold Pub. Corp.
1957. pl70
Nicholson, E. Contemporary Shops in the United States. New
York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. Inc. 1945- p46
Ibid, p48
Ketchum, M. pl73
MyHer, R. The Design of the Small Public Library. New York
and London: R.R. Bowker Co. 1966. p44
Nyren, K- New Public Library. New York: Library Joutnal,
RR- Bowker Co. 1945. pl4
Myller, R. p44
Lushington, N. Libraries Design for Users. New York:
Gaylord Prof- Pub. 1979. p88
Ibid, p89
Myller, R. p45
Lush ington, N- p245
Ibid, pl44
Myller, R. p50
Lushington, N- p244
Myller, R- p52
Ibid, p54
AWINI3TRATIQN AREA
//6
naK of total # of I of h e i ^ eauioKnt lignt. vent soace
soace sq.ft . root users ^t, fc. c f i enciasure
t inforMtion/ t50 t - -3
recepticr
3 conference
roQi
<jesk, chair, 30 teleohone) olants
2 icdby 250 t 1-S '0 olants, Loi/»ge 35
seating,
recessed ruOoer
lutt ing
150 t 7-9 conference tabie^ 70 a swivel chairsT chalk Dd., slide screen, naste casket
30 caroeting on *laor
^0 carpeting fleer sound absorbing Malls i ceiling
25-50 as «2
4 offices 200 •-3 3 i^hositered chairs 70 tO-30
desk, ^ile cabinets,
teleohone, t«aste Casket
ash-tray
as *2
COmSCIAl FACILITIES
^ drug store tOOO t 10 5-3 sneives, ca- '00 j-t? shier, coirters, snoM cases
tile floor, sound aosor-bing walls % ceiiinq
2 gift shop 1500 t 10 i0-'2 shelves, desks 200 5-^5 cashier, shou cases
carpeting *'lcor, sound aosortiing «aiis & ceiiLng
3 dookstore 1200 1 10 10-^5 shelves, book- 200 stands, desk,cash counter
5-15 saw as *2
* foodstore 1250 1 12 20-24 storage, recei- 100- 5-t5 ving, shipping, 200 refrigerated sale cases, tables, shelves, Meighing lachine, daker^ snow cases, cashio*
resilient ^ype flooring, sound aosor-oing Mails I ceiling
/ / • /
naw of total « of heig^ • of space so ft rooa ft users
equioaent
stc
lighting vent fc cfii
space enclosure
5 restaurants 1500 12 50-30 Chairs, tables, 30 snvice counters, cashier aachines, plants
10-15 asohait tile floor,cork lat, sound absorbing Malls and ceiling
6 kitchens 1400 5 10 10-15 receiving area, storage, dishwashing, eiplo-'^'s soace, preoaration area. gamage and trash, office
40 10-15 zjBont -loor, cork mats, souno aosorbing wails and ceiling
LIBRARY
1 entrance '50 1 10 ^-3 entrance lats plants
10-30 ti le flooring
2 inforiai SOO t reading area
10 3-5 plants, sofa, table, sneives pjg
40 '0-iO carpeting floor, sound aosortiing walls i ' ceiling
3 reading 280 1 area
4 staf* 250 1
12 9-20 tables, cnairs, 35 10-3C studio carrels
2-4 2 taoies,4 chairs, 50 cabinets, teleohone, sofa, trasn, coke nacnine, coffee iiaker, under-counter refrigerator
10-10
rarpeting 'loor, souno aosorbing wails and ceiling
=aae as #3
:/3
naae of total # of neignt # of space sq ft rooa ft users
equioaent iigntmg if*
^ent soace cf» enclcsure
5 catalog 150 l area
6 stacks 1200 i area
7 children's 400 ' section
8 leeting 150 l rooi
9 exhibit 300 i area
10 refefetite 600 1 area
11 copy 80 1 •achine area
12 librarian 150 1 office
13 janitor '00 1 closet
14 circu- 150 1 lation area
12
12
10
9
15
10
9
9
8
to
10-15
10-'5
25-30
7-g
8-12
5-5
2-3
1-2
•-2
3-4
sraiiers, cnairs sliding reference drawers
shelves, books
sneives, pilioHS, sofa, DOQks, sneives
table,a cnairs, trasn, asntray, cnaikboard, slide screen, waste oasket
bulletin coards, olantings, closed cases, Goen shelves, pedestal
cnairs, tables
cooy lacnines, oesk, cutter
desk, 2 cnairs file cabinets, shelves, waste basket
shelves, sink, vacuiB cleaner, steoladder, waxes cleaners
sneives, count«^ drawers, telephone wail clock, chairs cooy aacnine, typewriters
70
30
T^
35
:o
'•:o
30
50
40
^
10-30
10-30
'0-30
25-50
15
tO-30
30
10-30
00
10-30
saw as #3
carpeting floor,
acoustical ceiling ft wall treatment
saw as #6
cork flooring acoustical walls ft ceiling
saw as *3
saw as 46
cewnt floor, sound absor-cing walls ft ceiling
saw as #3
ceraaic walls sainted snawl ceiling, cera-(lic floor
saw as ^
II ^
naw of total # of height space soft rooa ft
• of MuiDwnt lighting vent user fc cfd
soace enclosure
15 ptiiiic 8 3 phone
1-2 directory, shelf, 70 teleohone
50 cnalkbd. wall sound absor-aing ceiling, cewnt 'loor
16 restrooK 190 2 8 5-8 water closets, 20 urinals, lavatories
00 tile walls, cera»ic tile
floor, ceiling Doard, oartition
NtmJE
1 sen's 4000 1 2^ 450 prayer rugs, 35 prayer shelves, stands hail ^ the duran.
5- 5 :aroeting floor, souno absorbing walls and ceiling
2 wown's ora- 1800
yer hall
12 200 as #1 5-15 as #1
3 entrance '50 i
4 iuB's stuly *20 t area
12 3-5 snoe racks, 30 to-30 entrance lats
1-2 desk, chair, 35
sneives, ^ile
caoinets
10-30
t i le *loor
saw as #1
5 children's 130 i section
9 8-10 sneives, aats, 30 '0-30
oiankets, p i l
lows, cabinets,
f i rst -a id oox
6 classrooBS 600 2 Cwn and wown)
9 30-40 cnalkboard,
bookshelves,
tackboard, rows
of taoles 18"
neight
150 10-30
7 ciassrooK 300 2
(boys and gir ls)
saw as #1
as #'
8 :6-20 saw as 46 i5C '0-30 saw as »'
8 ten's wash 140 2 8 15-20 rows of taps 25 40 tile walls, ceraiic tile •loor
•?f:
f^ip jf total • of Height • of equiownt lighting v^nt ^o^ce jpjce sdft rooi f t '^er c cfm enclosure
MOMTT'S »ash 0 1 8 5-*0 raws of taos 25 40 saw as *8
pestrooB 130 2 9 5-9 *aten:losets, 20 ^0 u i e walls, cera-ur inais, lava- l ic : i l e floors, tones :ei l ing, board,
oartition
ADJACENCY MATRIX
l'2-l
Q) L a o ; 0 0 u -» £ 0
cn u) w m
50 4J ^ J <M 0 U '^ 0 T: 00 13
a; u 0 4J
cn -0 0 0
(4^
c 0
• 1 - 1
cn w 4J fU c u ro ^ L. cn 3 -H fU c J -H
cn s OJ -0 L ru
0) u
cni3
d r u g s t o r e g i f t s h o p b o o k s t o r e food s t o r e r e s t a u r a n t s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n mosque l i b r a r y
I s o l i d - h i g h i n t e r a c t i o n
A o p e n - medium i n t e r a c t i on
v a c a n t - no i n t e r a c t i o n
MOSQUE
n^
-H c ^ (0 0 F - ^ ^ - l - l
i: u u (U 0)
OJ (0 > u cn (0 a * u c a cn OJ
OJ
u c c OJ cn B > 0 0 3 n
cn —I
H C bo 0
cn fO cn c "D -
4-)
c a;
c e -^ OJ 0 x: e 3 u
s 0 0 u cn
a cn (0 (0 B -H
c 0
• H 4-)
3 I I 4J (-H
3 13
e 0 0
B B 0 0 0 0 U L cn cn cn cn (0 ^
B - t 0 ^ 0
cn cn cn " (0 c
(0 cn
to 4-» 0 (U U 0 u cn
u u u
cn B
0] 0 bO 0 ro U
0 cn
cn L.
entrance men's prayer hal 1 women's prayer hal 1 children's sect ion imam's study area c1assroom - men classroom - women classroom - boys classroom - girls men's ablut ion women's ablut ion men's coat room women's coat room storage restrooms
I sol id - high interaction
^ open - medium interact ion
vacant - no interaction
V 3
LIBRARY
tlO ^ -M -H U c cn 4J tM c •^ OJ CJ (0 tM ft XJ "D OJ OJ 0
t r O f O i n B U fliQj O J O J O J c 0 ( 0 cn c c u u L o c n o - B - H o ro(o -H - ^ { u c o i c r cn
aJ - f - p c u f t j o u a s UP&OfOftJ&OOJQOC -HUtO C O c*H c B - ^ o u c o J c n u B u o o rC-Q-rHL3-HX3-HL.^(0«w - H p t , L-M-o 0 U r O ^ P O ) U U<M > ^ . H 4 J *J-C(U**-»L,4J-p-(aj(H(0^a3Q.^CCn cxo) c-H(oi:ajQj4J'H+j osm oj oJOJU-'HouuBt-cn-Hcnua'-jL.
entrance • ^ exhibit area • ^ ^ reading area il, informal reading c irculat ion desk catalog children's section meeting room
J AA
1 '*2 \ ^ A r e f e r e n c e a r e a jk ^^\Ji(A ^ ^ J K i ^ ^
s t a c k s 1 i b r a r i a n ' s o f f i c e s t a f f room copy m a c h i n e a r e a p u b l i c phone j a n i t o r r e s t r o o m s
a wk A A.
AAA A AA
• solid - high interaction
A open - medium interaction
vacant - no interaction
/'^f
BUILDING COST
Space I Cost/sq ft I Total sq ft I Total Cost
Restaurants I $79.95 1 14,500 I $1,159,275.00
Retail Stores I $39.05 I 4,950 I $193,297.50
19,450 $1,352,572.50
Mosque 1
Library & 1 Adroinistratio
$61.00
$71.00
1 7,860
1 6,094
14,954
1 $479.460
1 $432,674
$912,134
TOTAL PROJECT AREA 34,404 sq.ft
TOTAL BUILDINGS COST $2,264,706.50
PROJECT COST
Mosque, library & administration
Building cost $912,134.00 Land value (18%) 164,184.12 Site Work (18%) ^^'^'^^i'io Fees ft Permits (7%) 63,849.38 Carrying cost (8%) ^^'^^A n? Start-up a contingency 27,364.02 Total $1,404,686.36
n^
PROJECT COST.
Restaurants and Retai1 Stores
Building cost $ 1,352,572.50 Land Value (18%) 243,463.05 Site work (1856) 243,463.05 Fees & Permit (7%) 94,680.08 Carrying Cost (8%) 108,205.80 Start-up & Contingency (3%) 40,577.18
Total $ 1,596,035-55
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Restaurants and Retai1 Stores
(1) Market rent / sq ft / yr $20.00 Gross building area 19,450 sqft Building efficiency ratio 9096
(2) Gross leasable area 17,505 sqft Potential gross income $350,100
(3) Gross income multiplier 4.56yrs Total project value *1,596,035.55
(4) Project building ratio 1.18
Building budget $1,352,572.50
(5) Gross building area 19,450 sqft
(6) Building area cost/sqft $69.50
TOTAL PROJECT COST $3,000,721.91
/>4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ardalan, Nader. "On Mosque Architecture." Architecture and
Community Building in the Lslamic World Today. Islamic
Pub. Ltd. 1983.
Beddington, Nadine. Design for Shopping Centers. London :
Butterworth Scientific 1982.
Brawne, Michael. Libraries : Architecture and Equipment.
New York. Washington. London : Praeger Pub. 1970.
Davies, J. G. Temples, Churches and Mosques. New York :
Pilgrim Press, 1982.
Deasy, C M . Designing Places for People. New York : Billboard
Pub. Inc. 1985.
Doshi, Balkrishna V. "Towards an Appropriate Living
Environment: Question on Islamic Development." Places of
Public Gathering in Islam. 1980
Green, William R. The Retail Store Design and Construction. New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1986
Hoag, Joan D. Islamic Architecture. New York: Harry N. Abrams,
Inc., Pub. 1977
Kaspar, Karl. Shops and Showrooms: An International Survey. New
York. Washington: Frederick A. Praeger, Pub. 1967
Kazarian, Edward A. Foodservice Facilities Planning.
Connecticut: AVI Pub. Inc. 1983
Ketchum, Morris. Shoos and Stores. New York: Reinhold Pub.
Corp. 1957
Khan, Fazhur R. "The Islamic Environment: Can the Future Learn
i^l
from the Past." Towards an Architecture in the Spirit of
Islam. 1978
Lari, Suhail and Yasmee. "Architecture and Community." Building
in the Islamic World. 1978
Lushington, N. and Mills, W. Libraries Designed for Users. New
York: Gaylord Professional Pub. 1979
Mazria, Edward. The Passive Solar Energy Book. Pa: Rodale Press
1977
McGuinness, Stein and Reynolds. Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment for Buildings 6th ed. New York: John Wiley
Sons. 1980
^ Means Bui Iding Construct ion Cost. 1987
Michell, George ed. Architecture of the Islamic World. London:
Thames and Hudson. 1978
Myller, Rolf. The Design of the Small Public Library. New York
and London: R.R. Bowker Co. 1966
Nicholson, Enr ich. Contemporary Shops in the United States. New
York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. Inc. 1945
Nyren, Karl ed. Mew Public Library Buildings. New York: Library
Journal, R.R. Bowker Co. 1979
Parnes, Dr Louis. Planning Stores That Pay. F.W. Dodge Corp.
1948
Redstone, Louis G. New Dimensions in Shopping Centers and
Stores. Mc Graw-Hill Book, Co. 1973
"Ismail i Jamatkhana and Center Burnaby." Architectural
Record. Aug. 1986. pp90-95
"Report from Rome: Mosque Planned for Rome."
1^12
Architectural Record. June 1985. pp50-51
Thiem, Walter R. "On the Road to Jedda" Progressive
Architecture- Dec. 1974. pp79-83
Thompson, Godfrey. Planning and Design of Library Buildings.
New York: Reinhold Pub. Corp. 1958
Williams, Wayne R. Recreation Places. New York: Princeton
University Press. 1973
/ I f
DOCUMENTATION
PROGRAM MODIFICATIONS
Spaces added to program
1 Arabic section area in the library - for arable speaking people and
those who might interested in learning arable language.
2 Multipurpose room both for men and women in the mosgue - spaces for
any gathering or activities to take place.
PROGRAM SOLUTION
Since the purpose of this project is to create an Islamic environment
to for the Muslim community in Arlington, Texas, 1 eame out with the idea of
Arab village that plays with the sequence of spaces i.e. one space leads to
another space and long narrow passage leads to an open large area. There
are also two main axes in organizing the buildings to make them harmonize as
a whole. Firstly, the mosgue has to be oriented towards 43 21 North of
East which is the direction of Mecca and the second axis is the access to
the area from the street. At the intersection of the axes stands the
minaret to form as a focal point of the center.
The most important building at the center is the mosque, thus, it is
placed on the highest level of the site. Next important buildings are the
library and the administration area, and lastly, the restaurant and the
retail areas. The mosque having to be the main building at the center has
its own concept. All religous activities to be held within the mosgue will
segregate men and women by layers - 1st. level is for men and 2nd. level is
for the women. The mosque also stretches two arms to invite people to come
in and pray.
/30
The entrance to the center has two rows of covered walkway to invite and
welcome people to the center. It is even reinforced by the series of arches
stand infront of the entrance,
I chose concrete as the material of the buildings because of its
massiveness that reminds to the characteristics of arab village. In addition
I chose white and the touch of blue as the buildings' color because they
symbolize the color of purity.
Finally, I really enjoy designing this project. 1 think it is the best
project I have ever designed so far and I satisfied with the result.